Study of Submerged Jet for Suction of Fluid

This paper deals with the study of a submerged jet for the suction of unwanted fluid. This submerged jet is caused by the fluid coming out from a source. The presence of a sink in front of this source facilitates the suction of the fluid depending upon the source and sink flow rates, the axial and lateral separations of the source and sink, and the angle between the axes of the source and sink. The main purpose is the determination of the sink flow rate for 100% removal of the source fluid as a function of these parameters. The experiments have been carried using a source nozzle 6 mm in diameter and two sizes for the sink pipe diameter: 10 mm and 20 mm. The main diagnostics used are flow visualization using dye and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The dependence of the required suction flow rate to obtain 100% effectiveness on the suction tube diameter and angle is relatively weak compared to the lateral separation. DOI: 10.1115/1.4007266]

Low temperature and rapid deposition of ZnO nanorods on Si(100) substrate with tunable optical emissions

This research article describes the large scale fabrication of ZnO nanorods of various shapes on Si(100) substrate, by using metalorganic precursor of Zn in solutions with microwave as the source of energy. This is a low temperature, environmental friendly and rapid thin film deposition process, where ZnO nanorods (1-3 mu m length) were grown only in 1-5 min of microwave irradiation. All as-synthesized nanorods are of single crystalline grown along the < 0001 > crystallographic direction. The coated nanorods were found to be highly dense having a thickness of similar to 1-3 mu m over the entire area 20 mm x 20 mm of the substrate. The ZnO thin film comprising of nanorods exhibits good adhesion with the substrate. A possible mechanism for the initial nucleation and growth of ZnO is discussed. A cross over from a strong visible light emission to an enhanced UV emission is observed, when the nature of the surfactants are varied from polymeric to ionic and nonionic. The position of the chromaticity coordinates in yellow region of the color space gives an impression of white light generation from these coatings by exciting with a blue laser.

EXPERIENCE OF OPERATING OPEN TOP BIOMASS GASIFIER USING A LOW DENSITY FUEL-COCONUT FRONDS

Use of fuel other than woody generally has been limited to rice husk and other residues are rarely tried as a fuel in a gasification system. With the availability of woody biomass in most countries like India, alternates fuels are being explored for sustainable supply of fuel. Use of agro residues has been explored after briquetting. There are few feedstock's like coconut fronts, maize cobs, etc, that might require lesser preprocessing steps compared to briquetting. The paper presents a detailed investigation into using coconut fronds as a fuel in an open top down draft gasification system. The fuel has ash content of 7% and was dried to moisture levels of 12 %. The average bulk density was found to be 230 kg/m3 with a fuel size particle of an average size 40 mm as compared to 350 kg/m3 for a standard wood pieces. A typical dry coconut fronds weighs about 2.5kgs and on an average 6 m long and 90 % of the frond is the petiole which is generally used as a fuel. The focus was also to compare the overall process with respect to operating with a typical woody biomass like subabul whose ash content is 1 %. The open top gasification system consists of a reactor, cooling and cleaning system along with water treatment. The performance parameters studied were the gas composition, tar and particulates in the clean gas, water quality and reactor pressure drop apart from other standard data collection of fuel flow rate, etc. The average gas composition was found to be CO 15 1.0 % H-2 16 +/- 1% CH4 0.5 +/- 0.1 % CO2 12.0 +/- 1.0 % and rest N2 compared to CO 19 +/- 1.0 % H-2 17 +/- 1.0 %, CH4 1 +/- 0.2 %, CO2 12 +/- 1.0 % and rest N2. The tar and particulate content in the clean gas has been found to be about 10 and 12 mg/m3 in both cases. The presence of high ash content material increased the pressure drop with coconut frond compared to woody biomass.

A low-power, low-cost soil-moisture sensor using dual-probe heat-pulse technique

This paper presents the development and testing of an integrated low-power and low-cost dual-probe heat-pulse (DPHP) soil-moisture sensor in view of the electrical power consumed and affordability in developing countries. A DPHP sensor has two probes: a heater and a temperature sensor probe spaced 3 mm apart from the heater probe. Supply voltage of 3.3V is given to the heater-coil having resistance of 33 Omega power consumption of 330 mW, which is among the lowest in this category of sensors. The heater probe is 40 mm long with 2 mm diameter and hence is stiff enough to be inserted into the soil. The parametric finite element simulation study was performed to ensure that the maximum temperature rise is between 1 degrees C and 5 degrees C for wet and dry soils, respectively. The discrepancy between the simulation and experiment is less than 3.2%. The sensor was validated with white clay and tested with red soil samples to detect volumetric water-content ranging from 0% to 30%. The sensor element is integrated with low-power electronics for amplifying the output from thermocouple sensor and TelosB mote for wireless communication. A 3.7V lithium ion battery with capacity of 1150 mAh is used to power the system. The battery is charged by a 6V and 300 mA solar cell array. Readings were taken in 30 min intervals. The life-time of DPHP sensor node is around 3.6 days. The sensor, encased in 30 mm x 20 mm x 10 mm sized box, and integrated with electronics was tested independently in two separate laboratories for validating as well as investigating the dependence of the measurement of soil-moisture on the density of the soil. The difference in the readings while repeating the experiments was found out to be less than 0.01%. Furthermore, the effect of ambient temperature on the measurement of soil-moisture is studied experimentally and computationally. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electrochemical deposition of manganese oxide-phosphate-reduced graphene oxide composite and electrocatalysis of the oxygen evolution reaction

A composite of manganese oxide and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is prepared in a single step electrochemical reduction process in a phosphate buffer solution for studying as an electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The novel composite catalyst, namely, MnOx-Pi-rGO, is electrodeposited from a suspension of graphene oxide (GO) in a neutral phosphate buffer solution containing KMnO4. The manganese oxide incorporates phosphate ions and deposits on the rGO sheet, which in turn is formed on the substrate electrode by electrochemical reduction of GO in the suspension. The OER is studied with the MnOx-Pi-rGO catalyst in a neutral phosphate electrolyte by linear sweep voltammetry. The results indicate a positive influence of rGO in the catalyst. By varying the ratio of KMnO4 and GO in the deposition medium and performing linear sweep voltammetry for the OER, the optimum composition of the deposition medium is obtained as 20 mM KMnO4 + 6.5% GO in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution of pH 7. Under identical conditions, the MnOx-Pi-rGO catalyst exhibits 6.2 mA cm(-2) OER current against 2.9 mA cm(-2) by MnOx-Pi catalyst at 2.05 V in neutral phosphate solution. The Tafel slopes measured for OER at MnOx-Pi and MnOx-Pi-rGO are similar in magnitude at about 0.180 V decade(-1). The high Tafel slopes are attributed to partial dissolution of the catalyst during oxygen evolution. The O-2 evolved at the catalyst is measured by the water displacement method and the positive role of rGO on catalytic activity of MnOx-Pi is demonstrated.

Application of Similarity Theory to the Characterization of Non-Transferred Laminar Plasma Jet Generation

Laminar-flow non-transferred DC plasma jets were generated by a torch with an inter-electrode insert by which the arc column was limited to a length of about 20 mm. Current–voltage characteristics, thermal efficiency and jet length, a parameter which changes greatly with the generating parameters in contrast with the almost unchangeable jet length of the turbulent plasma, were investigated systematically, by using the similarity theory combined with the corresponding experimental examination. Formulae in non-dimensional forms were derived for predicting the characteristics of the laminar plasma jet generation, within the parameter ranges where no transfer to turbulent flow occurs. Mean arc temperature in the torch channel and mean jet-flow temperature at the torch exit were obtained, and the results indicate that the thermal conductivity feature of the working gas seems to be an important factor affecting thermal efficiency of laminar plasma generation.

Investigation of critical state in melt processed YBa2Cu3O7-δ thick films

The magnetic moment of square planar melt processed YBa2Cu3O7-δ thick films is observed to scale with the cube of the sample width at 4.2 K, suggesting that current flow on the length scale of the film determines its magnetization at this temperature. A well-defined discontinuity in slope in the scaling data at a sample width corresponding to the average grain size (≈2 mm) implies the coexistence of distinct intra- and inter-grain critical current densities of 1.1 × 105Acm-2 and 0.4 × 105Acm-2 at 1 T and 4.2 K. The presence of a critical state in the films at 4.2T is confirmed by removing the central section from a specimen. The observed change in magnetic moment is in excellent agreement with theory for fields greater than ≈2 T. A critical state is not observed at 77 K which suggests that the grains are only weakly coupled at the higher temperature. © 1994.

Experimental Investigation Of Particle Velocity Distributions In Windblown Sand Movement

With the PDPA (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer) measurement technology, the probability distributions of particle impact and lift-off velocities on bed surface and the particle velocity distributions at different heights are detected in a wind tunnel. The results show that the probability distribution of impact and lift-off velocities of sand grains can be expressed by a log-normal function, and that of impact and lift-off angles complies with an exponential function. The mean impact angle is between 28 degrees and 39 degrees, and the mean lift-off angle ranges from 30 degrees to 44 degrees. The mean lift-off velocity is 0.81-0.9 times the mean impact velocity. The proportion of backward-impacting particles is 0.05-0.11, and that of backward-entrained particles ranges from 0.04 to 0.13. The probability distribution of particle horizontal velocity at 4 mm height is positive skew, the horizontal velocity of particles at 20 mm height varies widely, and the variation of the particle horizontal velocity at 80 mm height is less than that at 20 mm height. The probability distribution of particle vertical velocity at different heights can be described as a normal function.

Efecto de tres láminas de riego por goteo en época seca sobre el estímulo de la floración y producción de café (Coffea arábica L. Var. CATRENIC), finca San Dionisio, San Marcos, Carazo 2013

El cultivo de café es el principal rubro de exportación de Nicaragua, así mismo es vulnerable ante la amenaza de cambio climático. Según modelos climáticos predicen que para el año 2050 habrá un aumento de temperaturas en 3 °C por tal razón es necesario evaluar alternativas ante esta situación. El uso de sistema de riego en países como Brasil y Cuba ha mostrado resultados alentadores en cuanto a productividad y rentabilidad económica. Actualmente en Nicaragua, se ha iniciado a evaluar dicha estrategia para enfrentar los probables efectos climáticos. Se estableció el experimento en la finca “San Dionisio” ubicada en el municipio de San Marcos, departamento de Carazo en las coordenadas 11° 53' 80’’ LN y 86°14‘ 05’’ LO con el propósito de evaluar el crecimiento, desarrollo y producción de café bajo tres niveles de agua de riego por goteo en época seca. Las variables evaluadas fueron desprendimiento de frutos, índice de área foliar, crecimiento de bandolas, formación de nudos potenciales y producción. El diseño experimental fue un bloque completo al azar con cuatro tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones, a todas las variables se les realizo un ANDEVA y la prueba de rangos múltiples de Tukey con un nivel de desconfianza del 5 %. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el riego por goteo tiene influencia y favorece el crecimiento vegetativo, la formación de estructuras productivas y productividad, para esta ultima el nivel de 20 mm fue el que obtuvo un mayor rendimiento Los tratamientos que se regaron tienen un mayor porcentaje de derrame productivo que el testigo.

Crecimiento y curvas de acumulación de nutrientes en frutos de café (Coffea arábica L.) cultivar CATRENIC con riego complementario, San Marcos, Carazo Nicaragua, 2013

Para determinar el crecimiento y la acumulación de nutrientes en frutos de café (Coffea arábica L.) cv. CATRENIC, se evaluaron tres láminas de riego por goteo: 10 mm, 20 mm y 30 mm más un testigo (0 mm). El ensayo se realizó en un periodo comprendido entre marzo de 2013 a enero de 2014 en la finca San Dionisio, ubicada en San Marcos, Carazo, Nicaragua. El diseño experimental utilizado fue una distribución de bloques completos al azar (BCA). El análisis de varianza no mostró efecto de los tratamientos para el diámetro polar, diámetro ecuatorial y peso seco del fruto al finalizar el ensayo. La correlación entre los diámetros evaluados fue 98.87 % y la correlación entre el peso fresco y peso seco de los frutos fue 93.15 %. En cuanto a la acumulación de nutrientes el orden de los macro elementos fue: K > Mg > P > Ca > Ny respecto a la concentración el orden fue: Mg > K> P > Ca > N. Los modelos utilizados para el ajuste de curvas fueron el no Lineal Exponencial para el crecimiento del fruto y para el peso seco el modelo probit normal.

Evaluación de indicadores agroecológicos en el cultivo del café (Coffea arabica L.) var. CATRENIC, bajo riego complementario por goteo a pleno sol y micro aspersión bajo sombra, San Marcos, Carazo, Nicaragua, 2013-2014

El cultivo de café es uno de los principal es rubro s de exportación de Nicaragua, el cual aporta el 33.6 % del Producto Interno Bruto, y que se encuentra vulnerable ante la amenaza de l cambio climático al igual que todos los ecosistemas en el mundo. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar el comportamiento de los indicadores agroecológicos de sostenibilidad en el cultivo de café, bajo riego complementario en la Finca San Dionisio, municipio de San Marcos, Carazo , Nicaragua. Se estableció un diseño de Bloques Completo al Azar (BCA) unifactorial para riego por goteo y un Diseño Completo al Azar (DCA) unifactorial para las técnicas de riego por micro aspersión, a todas las variables se les realizo un ANDEVA y la prueba de rango s múltiples de Tukey (α=0.05), las variables evaluadas afectaron Índice de área foliar, el mejor tratamiento fue el riego encima del café y la lámina de 30 mm, Derrame productivo, Nudos potenciales, Nudos productivos, Longitud de bandola encontrando difere ncias estadísticas siendo superior los tratamientos con riego en comparación al testigo, calidad física del grano de café no mostraron efecto significativos e n los tratamientos evaluados, en la variable rendimiento los tratamientos que obtuvieron los mayor es resultados fueron la lámina de 20 mm (1 428.73 kg ha - 1 ) y riego en la superficie 0.25 m del suelo con (1 304.57 kg ha - 1 ) , los indicadores agroecológicos salud del cultivo y calidad del suelo se obtuvieron promedios superiores a 7 por encima del umbral a groecológico en el tratamiento riego por micro aspersión bajo sombra y el presupuesto parcial, relación beneficio costo de cada uno de los tratamientos se obtuvieron en el testigo.

Evaluación de indicadores agroecológicos en el cultivo del café (Coffea arabica L.) var. CATRENIC, bajo riego complementario por goteo a pleno sol y micro aspersiòn bajo sombra, San Marcos, Carazo, Nicaragua, 2013-2014

El cultivo de café es uno de los principales rubros de exportación de Nicaragua, el cual aporta el 33.6 % del Producto Interno Bruto, y que se encuentra vulnerable ante la amenaza del cambio climático al igual que todos los ecosistemas en el mundo. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar el comportamiento de los indicadores agroecológicos de sostenibilidad en el cultivo de café, bajo riego complementario en la Finca San Dionisio, municipio de San Marcos, Carazo, Nicaragua. Se estableció un diseño de Bloques Completo al Azar (BCA) unifactorial para riego por goteo y un Diseño Completo al Azar (DCA) unifactorial para las técnicas de riego por micro aspersión, a todas las variables se les realizo un ANDEVA y la prueba de rangos múltiples de Tukey (α=0.05), las variables evaluadas afectaron Índice de área foliar, el mejor tratamiento fue el riego encima del café y la lámina de 30 mm, Derrame productivo, Nudos potenciales, Nudos productivos, Longitud de bandola encontrando diferencias estadísticas siendo superior los tratamientos con riego en comparación al testigo, calidad física del grano de café no mostraron efecto significativos en los tratamientos evaluados, en la variable rendimiento los tratamientos que obtuvieron los mayores resultados fueron la lámina de 20 mm (1 428.73 kg ha-1) y riego en la superficie 0.25 m del suelo con (1 304.57 kg ha-1), los indicadores agroecológicos salud del cultivo y calidad del suelo se obtuvieron promedios superiores a 7 por encima del umbral agroecológico en el tratamiento riego por micro aspersión bajo sombra y el presupuesto parcial, relación beneficio costo de cada uno de los tratamientos se obtuvieron en el testigo.

Aquiculture and Marketing of the Florida Bay Scallop in Crystal River, Florida

The overall goal of this study was to develop a new fishery resource product through open-water aquaculture for the west coast of Florida that would compete as a non-traditional product through market development. Specific objectives were as follows: I. To grow a minimum of 50, 000 juvenile scallops to a minimum market size of40 mm in a cage and float system in the off-shore waters of Crystal River, Florida. 2. To determine the growth rate, survival, and time to market size for the individuals in this system and area to other similar projects like Virginia. 3. To introduce local fishermen and the aquaculture students at Crystal River High School to the hatchery, nursery, and grow-out techniques. 4. To determine the economic and financial characteristics of bay scallop culture in Florida and assess the sensitivity of projected costs and earnings to changes in key technical, managerial, and market related parameters. 5. To determine the market acceptability and necessary marketing strategy for whole bay scallop product in Florida. (PDF has 99 pages)

Aquaculture and marketing of the Florida Bay Scallop in Crystal River, Florida

The overall goal of this study was to develop a new fishery resource product through open-water aquaculture for the west coast of Florida that would compete as a non-traditional product through market development. Specific objectives were as follows: I. To grow a minimum of 50, 000 juvenile scallops to a minimum market size of40 mm in a cage and float system in the off-shore waters of Crystal River, Florida. 2. To determine the growth rate, survival, and time to market size for the individuals in this system and area to other similar projects like Virginia. 3. To introduce local fishermen and the aquaculture students at Crystal River High School to the hatchery, nursery, and grow-out techniques. 4. To determine the economic and financial characteristics of bay scallop culture in Florida and assess the sensitivity of projected costs and earnings to changes in key technical, managerial, and market related parameters. 5. To determine the market acceptability and necessary marketing strategy for whole bay scallop product in Florida. (PDF has 99 pages.)

Codend selection of winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus

Codend selection of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in 76-127 mm mesh codends was examined from experiments conducted in Long Island Sound during the spring of 1986-87. The results show a slightly larger size at selection than was found in earlier work as indicated by the selection factor, 2.31 in the present study compared with 2.2 and 2.24 from previous studies. Diamond mesh was found to have a length at 50% retention about 1 cm longer (Lso =22.6 cm), and a selection range (3.4 cm) about 1 cm narrower, than square mesh in 102-mm codends. Tow duration varied from 1 to 2 hours using 114-mm diamond mesh. As has been found in previous studies, tow duration and Lso are positively related, with I-hour tows averaging 24.6 cm and 2-hour tows averaging 26.6 cm. The importance of the slope of the selection curve was examined in yield-per-recruit analyses by comparing knife-edge and stepwise recruitment. In all mesh sizes, stepwise recruitment provides a more conservative estimate of yield in the presence of a minimum size limit. Differences in yield estimates between the two models were generally small (1-7%), except in the largest mesh size, 127 mm, where yield is overestimated by 10% when assuming knife-edge recruitment. (PDF file contains 16 pages.)