Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Phomopsis sp., an Endophytic Fungus from Senna spectabilis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Sistemas bioinspirados aplicados no estudo de interação e sensoriamento de derivados xantênicos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Degradação química e fotoquímica do organofosforado paraoxona

Pós-graduação em Química - IBILCE

Spermatic and testicular damages in rats exposed to ethanol: Influence of lipid peroxidation but not testosterone

Chronic consumption of ethanol causes morphological and physiological changes in the reproductive system of mammals. Vitamin C has an antioxidant role in organisms by neutralizing the ROS (reactive oxygen species) produced by oxidizing agents and this vitamin has an important function in the male reproductive system. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether vitamin C could prevent or attenuate the alterations in the male reproductive system caused by ethanol consumption. To test this hypothesis, male rats were divided into three experimental groups and treated by gavage for 63 days. The ethanol (E) and ethanol +vitamin C (EC) groups received 2 g/kg of ethanol (25% v/v) daily. In addition to ethanol, the EC group received vitamin C at a dose of 100 mg/day, diluted in water. The control group (C) received only the vehicle. On the 64th experimental day, the animals were anesthetized and euthanized, and blood was collected for plasmatic hormonal analysis. The testis, epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles were removed and weighed. Sperm from the vas deferens was submitted to morphological and motility analysis. The testis and epididymis were used for oxidative stress and histopathological analysis, sperm count, morphometric analysis of the testis, and stereological analysis of the epididymis. The results showed that vitamin C has a protective effect in the testes of adult male rats, entirely normalizing the parameters of sperm count, spermatogenesis kinetics, lipid peroxidation levels, and sperm motility, as well as partially normalizing the histopathological damage in the testis, epididymis, and sperm morphology. Thus, we concluded that lipid peroxidation is a major mechanism by which ethanol affects the testes and sperm, whereas no plasmatic testosterone alterations were found.

Alterations to oxidative stress markers in dogs after a short-term stress during transport

While methods to evaluate antioxidant capacity in animals exist, one problem with the models is induction of oxidative stress. It is necessary to promote a great enough challenge to induce measurable alterations to oxidative parameters while ensuring the protocol is compatible with animal welfare. The aim of the present study was to evaluate caged transport as a viable short-term stress that would significantly affect oxidative parameters. Twenty adult Beagle dogs, maintained on the same diet for 60 d prior to the transport, were included in the study. To simulate the stress, the dogs were housed in pairs in transport cages (1·0 m × 1·0 m × 1·5 m), placed on a truck coupled to a trailer and transported for a period of 15 min. Blood collection was performed immediately before and again 3 h after the transportation to evaluate oxidative parameters in blood serum, including thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), sequestration activity of the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH•), protein carbonylation (PC), total sulfhydryl groups (SH), alpha-tocopherol (αToc) and retinol (Ret). PC, SH and αToc were not significantly changed in the study; however, TBARS, TAC and DPPH increased, whereas Ret decreased after the transport. Although the lack of a control group of dogs not submitted to transport is a limitation to be considered, we conclude that the transport model is effective in inducing an antioxidant response in dogs and relevant blood parameters show sensitivity to this proposed model.

Synthesis and Photodynamic Effect of New Highly Photostable Decacationically Armed [60]- and [70]Fullerene Decaiodide Monoadducts To Target Pathogenic Bacteria and Cancer Cells

Novel water-soluble decacationically armed C-60 and C-70 decaiodide monoadducts, C-60- and C-70[>M(C3N6+C3)(2)], were synthesized, characterized, and applied as photosensitizers and potential nano-PDT agents against pathogenic bacteria and cancer cells. A high number of cationic charges per fullerene cage and H-bonding moieties were designed for rapid binding to the anionic residues displayed on the outer parts of bacterial cell walls. In the presence of a high number of electron-donating iodide anions as parts of quaternary ammonium salts in the arm region, we found that C-70[>M(C3N6+C3)(2)] produced more HO center dot than C-60[>M(C3N6+C3)(2)], in addition to O-1(2). This finding offers an explanation of the preferential killing of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by C-60[>M(C3N6+C3)(2)] and C-70[>M(C3N6+C3)(2)], respectively. The hypothesis is that O-1(2) can diffuse more easily into porous cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria to reach sensitive sites, while the less permeable Gram-negative bacterial cell wall needs the more reactive HO center dot to cause real damage.

Comparative study of beta-carotene and microencapsulated beta-carotene: Evaluation of their genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects

beta-Carotene (BC) is one of the natural pigments that is most commonly added to food; however, the utilization of BC is limited due to its instability. Microencapsulation techniques are commonly used because they can protect the microencapsulated material from oxidization. Nevertheless, the properties of the encapsulated compounds must be studied. We compared the antigenotoxic potential of pure and microencapsulated beta-carotene (mBC) in Wistar rats. Two doses of BC or mBC (2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg) were administered by gavage over a period of 14 days. The final gavage was followed by an injection of doxorubicin (DXR). After 24 h the animals were euthanized. The micronucleus test results showed that when both mBC and DXR were given, only the higher dose was antigenotoxic. The results of the comet assay show that when given in association with DXR, mBC had protective effects in the liver. The differences between the results obtained with BC and mBC suggest that possibly the carotenoid biodisponibility was modified by the process of microencapsulation. In conclusion, mBC does not lose its protective properties, but higher doses must be used to observe antigenotoxic effects. This is the first time that the genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of a microencapsulated compound was evaluated in vivo. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Photo-induced electron transfer in supramolecular materials of titania nanostructures and cytochrome c

In the present paper, we report on the molecular interaction and photochemistry of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and cytochrome c systems for understanding the effects of supramolecular organization and electron transfer by using two TiO2 structures: P25 TiO2 NPs and titanate nanotubes. The adsorption and reduction of cytochrome c heme iron promoted by photo-excited TiO2, arranged as P25 TiO2 NPs and as nanotubes, were characterized using electronic absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and atomic force microscopy. In an aqueous buffered suspension (pH 8.0), the mass of cytochrome c adsorbed on the P25 TiO2 NP surface was 2.3 fold lower (0.75 mu g m(-2)) than that adsorbed on the titanate nanotubes (1.75 mu g m(-2)). Probably due to the high coverage of titanate nanotubes by adsorbed cytochrome c, the low amount of soluble remaining protein was not as efficiently photo-reduced by this nanostructure as it was by the P25 TiO2 NPs. Cytochrome c, which desorbed from both titanium materials, did not exhibit changes in its redox properties. In the presence of the TiO2 NPs, the photo-induced electron transfer from water to soluble cytochrome c heme iron was corroborated by the following findings: (i) identification by EPR of the hydroxyl radical production during the irradiation of an aqueous suspension of TiO2 NPs, (ii) impairment of a cytochrome c reduction by photo-excited TiO2 in the presence of dioxane, which affects the dielectric constant of the water, and (iii) change in the rate of TiO2-promoted cytochrome c reduction when water was replaced with D2O. The TiO2-promoted photo-reduction of cytochrome c was reverted by peroxides. Cytochrome c incorporated in the titanate nanotubes was also reversibly reduced under irradiation, as confirmed by EPR and UV-visible spectroscopy.

Photophysical properties and interactions of xanthene dyes in aqueous micelles

Photosensitizers (PS) photodynamic activities are regulated by their location in the biological target, which modulates their photophysical and photochemical features. In this work the PS partition for the Xanthene Dyes Fluorescein (FSC), Eosin Y(EOS), Erythrosin B (ERY) and Rose Bengal B (RBB) in biomimetic models (SDS, CTAB and Pluronic P-123 micelles) and the effects on their photophysical characteristics are evaluated. The hydrophobic and electrostatic forces that govern the PS-micelle interaction are analyzed. At physiological pH (7.25), the ability of the dianionic protolytic form of the dyes to be positioned into the micelle palisade and its micelle interaction depends not only on the hydrophobicity of the dye but also on the micellar surface charge. The Binding Constants obey exactly the same order of the Partition Coefficients for the dyes in P-123 and CTAB micelles. The Stern-Volmer treatment pointed out that dyes are located inside the micelle, especially ERY and RBB. The magnitude of the dye-micelle interaction increased from SDS, P-123 and finally CTAB micelles due to the charges between dye and micelle, and among the xanthenes, their hydrophobic characteristics. Within the micelle pseudo phase, ERY and RBB are still very efficient photosensitizers exhibiting high quantum yield of singlet oxygen, which turns them very attractive especially with P-123 polymeric system as drug delivery systems in photodynamic therapy. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Photo-activated phase separation in giant vesicles made from different lipid mixtures

Using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) made from POPC. DPPC, cholesterol and a small amount of a porphyrin-based photosensitizer that we name PE-porph, we investigated the response of the lipid bilayer under visible light, focusing in the formation of domains during the lipid oxidation induced by singlet oxygen. This reactive species is generated by light excitation of PE-porf in the vicinity of the membrane, and thus promotes formation of hydroperoxides when unsaturated lipids and cholesterol are present. Using optical microscopy we determined the lipid compositions under which GUVs initially in the homogeneous phase displayed Lo-Ld phase separation following irradiation. Such an effect is attributed to the in situ formation of both hydroperoxized POPC and cholesterol. The boundary line separating homogeneous Lo phase and phase coexistence regions in the phase diagram is displaced vertically towards the higher cholesterol content in respect to ternary diagram of POPC:DPPC:cholesterol mixtures in the absence of oxidized species. Phase separated domains emerge from sub-micrometer initial sizes to evolve over hours into large Lo-Ld domains completely separated in the lipid membrane. This study provides not only a new tool to explore the kinetics of domain formation in mixtures of lipid membranes, but may also have implications in biological signaling of redox misbalance. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Pigmentbindung verschiedener Mitglieder der erweiterten Chlorophyll a/b-Proteinfamilie und des wasserlöslichen Chlorophyll-Proteins WSCP

In dieser Arbeit wurde die Pigmentbindung verschiedener Pflanzenproteine untersucht, um daraus Rückschlüsse auf ihre Funktion zu ziehen. PsbS, die S-Untereinheit des Photosystems II, konnte mit Pigmenten isoliert werden. Es wurde kein Hinweis auf eine spezifische Wechselwirkung der Chromophore gefunden, Ergebnisse wie pigmentabhängig stärkere Helixbildung unterstützen jedoch die Vermutung, PsbS fungiere als transienter Pigmentcarrier. Die Sequenzverwandten OHP, Sep1 und Sep2 binden entweder keine Pigmente oder nur so schwach, dass eine Bindung mit den verwendeten Methoden nicht nachweisbar ist.WSCP aus Blumenkohl ist ein wasserlösliches chlorophyllbindendes Protein mit unbekannter Funktion. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein rekombinantes WSCP mit N-terminal angehängtem His-Tag hergestellt und überexprimiert. WSCP-his tetramerisiert pigmentabhängig und bindet Chlorophylle, nicht aber Carotinoide. In seinen biochemischen und spektroskopischen Eigenschaften gleicht das rekombinante dem nativen WSCP und kann als Werkzeug für Untersuchungen zur Funktion herangezogen werden. Rekonstitutionsexperimente mit Chlorophyll-Derivaten zeigten, dass der Phytolrest für die Oligomerisierung des Proteins verantwortlich ist. WSCP bindet außerdem die Chlorophyll-Vorstufen Chlorophyllid und Mg-Protoporphyrin IX. Es könnte sich um ein Carrierprotein handeln, welches die Vorstufen von der Chloroplastenhülle durch das Stroma zur Thylakoidmembran transportiert. Der Fall eines chlorophyllbindenden Pflanzenproteins ohne Carotinoide ist einmalig. Messungen zu Photostabilität und Singulettsauerstoffbildung zeigten, dass es dennoch gebundenes Chlorophyll vor photooxidativer Schädigung schützt.

Sintesi di nuovi derivati tri-componente per target photodynamic therapy della neoplasia prostatica

Therapies for the treatment of prostate cancer show several limitations, especially when the cancer metastasizes or acquires resistance to treatment. In addition, most of the therapies currently used entails the occurrence of serious side effects. A different therapeutic approach, more selective and less invasive with respect either to radio or to chemotherapy, is represented by the photodynamic therapy (PDT). The PDT is a treatment that makes use of photosensitive drugs: these agents are pharmacologically inactive until they are irradiated with light at an appropriate wavelength and in the presence of oxygen. The drug, activated by light, forms singlet oxygen, a highly reactive chemical species directly responsible for DNA damage, thus of cell death. In this thesis we present two synthetic strategies for the preparation of two new tri-component derivatives for photodynamic therapy of advanced prostate cancer, namely DRPDT1 and DRPDT2. Both derivatives are formed by three basic elements covalently bounded to each other: a specific ligand with high affinity for the androgen receptor, a suitably chosen spacer molecule and a photoactivated molecule. In particular, DRPDT2 differs from DRPDT1 from the nature of the AR ligand. In fact, in the case of DRPDT2 we used a synthetically engineered androgen receptor ligand able to photo-react even in the absence of oxygen, by delivering NO radical. The presence of this additional pharmacophore, together with the porphyrin, may ensure an additive/synergistic effect to the photo-stimulated therapy, which than may act both in the presence of oxygen and in hypoxic conditions. This approach represents the first example of multimodal photodynamic therapy for prostate cancer.

Photo- and redox-active supramolecular systems containing metal complexes

The aim of this Ph.D. project has been the photophysical and photochemical characterization of new photo- and redox-active supramolecular systems. In particular we studied two different classes of compounds: metal complexes and dendrimers. Two different families of bis-cyclometalated neutral Ir(III) complexes are presented and their photophysical properties are discussed. The first family of complexes contains two 2-phenylpyridyl (ppy) or 2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridyl (F2ppy) cyclometalated ligands and an ancillary ligand constituted by a phenol-oxazoline (phox), which can be substituted in the third position with a fluorine group (Fphox). In the second part of this study, we present another family of bis-cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes in which the ancillary ligand could be a chiral or an achiral bis-oxazoline (box). We report on their structural, electrochemical, photophysical, and photochemical properties. Complexes containing phox and Fphox ancillary ligands show blue luminescence with very high quantum yield, while complexes with box ligands do not show particularly interesting photophysical properties. Surprisingly these complexes give an unexpected photoreaction when irradiated with UV light in presence of dioxygen. This photoreaction originates a stable, strong blue emitting and particularly interesting photoproduct. Three successive generations of a family of polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-coated Pd(II) tetrabenzoporphyrin (PdTBP)-based dendritic nanoprobes are presented, and their ability to sensitize singlet oxygen and inflict cellular photodamage are discussed. It was found that the size of the dendrimer has practically no effect on the singlet oxygen sensitization efficiency, that approximate the unity, in spite of the strong attenuation of the triplet quenching rate with an increase in the dendrimer generation. Nevertheless, when compared against a commonly used singlet oxygen sensitizer, as Photofrin, the phosphorescent probes were found to be non-phototoxic. The lack of phototoxicity is presumably due to the inability of PEGylated probes to associate with cell surfaces and/or penetrate cellular membranes. The results suggest that protected phosphorescent probes can be safely used for oxygen measurements in biological systems in vivo. A new family of two photoswitchable (G0(Azo) and G1(Azo)) dendrimers with an azobenzene core, two cyclam units as coordination sites for metal ions, and luminescent naphthalene units at the periphery have been characterized and their coordination abilities have been studied. Because of their proximity, the various functional groups of the dendrimer may interact, so that the properties of the dendrimers are different from those exhibited by the separated functional units. Both the naphthalene fluorescence and the azobenzene photoisomerization can be observed in the dendrimer, but it has been shown that (i) the fluorescent excited state of the naphthalene units is substantially quenched by excimer and exciplex formation and by energy transfer to the azobenzene units, and (ii) in the latter case the fluorescence quenching is accompanied by the photosensitized isomerization of the trans → cis, and, with higher efficiency, the cis → trans reaction. Complexation of these dendrimers, both trans and cis isomers, with Zn(II) ions shows that complexes of 1:1 and 2:1 metal per dendrimer stoichiometry are formed showing different photophysical and photochemical properties compared to the corresponding free ligands. Practically unitary efficiency of the sensitized isomerization of trans → cis and cis → trans reaction is observed, as well as a slight increase in the naphthalene monomer emission. These results are consistent with the coordination of the cyclam amine units with Zn(II), which prevents exciplex formation. No indication of a concomitant coordination of both cyclam to a single metal ion has been obtained both for trans and cis isomer.

Einzelmolekülspektroskopie an einer homologen Reihe von Rylendiimiden und an einem bichromophoren Modellsystem für elektronischen Energietransfer

In dieser Arbeit wurden Untersuchungen zur Fluoreszenzdynamik und zum Mechanismus des Photobleichens einzelner Farbstoffmoleküle einer homologen Reihe von Rylentetracarbonsäurediimiden durchgeführt. Mit der Erweiterung des elektronischen π-Systems verringert sich die HOMO/LUMO-Energiedifferenz, so dass strahlungslose Relaxationsprozesse gemäß des Energielückengesetzes zunehmen. Die konfokale Einzelmolekülspektroskopie in Kombination mit zeitkorrelierter Einzelphotonenzählung ermöglicht es, Fluktuationen der inneren Konversionsrate zu detektieren. Der limitierende Faktor jedes Einzelmolekülexperiments ist die Photostabilität der Moleküle. Für die homologe Reihe konnten mindestens zwei Photobleichmechanismen identifiziert werden. Wenn Singulett-Sauerstoff durch Selbstsensibilisierung erzeugt werden kann, ist unter Luft die Photooxidation der wahrscheinlichste Mechanismus. Unter Ausschluss von Luftsauerstoff spielt die Bildung langlebiger Dunkelzustände eine entscheidende Rolle, die bevorzugt über höher angeregte Triplett- und Singulett-Zustände abläuft. Es wird angenommen, dass es sich hierbei um einen reversiblen Ionisierungsprozess handelt, bei dem das Radikal-Kation der Rylendiimide gebildet wird. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass durch eine geeignete Wahl der Anregungsbedingungen die Dunkelzustandspopulierung verhindert und zugleich die Photostabilität der Fluorophore deutlich erhöht wird. Durch die Verknüpfung der beiden niedrigsten Homologen erhält man ein Donor-Akzeptor-Modellsystem, bei dem die Anregungsenergie mit hoher Effizienz vom Donor- auf den Akzeptor-Chromophor übertragen wird. In der Fluoreszenz einzelner Bichromophore wurden bei selektiver Anregung des Donors kollektive Auszeiten beobachtet, die durch effiziente Singulett-Triplett-Annihilation verursacht werden.

Funktionsaufklärung von Atmungsproteinen in Insekten

Globine sind kleine globuläre Proteine mit nahezu ubiquitärem Vorkommen in allen Tiergruppen. Sie weisen eine typische Sandwichstruktur auf, die in der Regel aus acht α-Helices mit einer zentralen prosthetischen Häm-Gruppe besteht und die Proteine zur Bindung gasförmiger Liganden befähigt. Die Funktionen der Globine reichen von O2-Transport und – Speicherung, über eine Beteiligung bei der Entgiftung reaktiver Sauerstoff- und Stickstoffspezies bis hin zu sensorischen physiologischen Aufgaben. Innerhalb der Klasse der Insekten schien das Vorhandensein von Globinen zunächst auf Insekten mit offensichtlich hypoxischen Habitaten beschränkt zu sein. Die Entdeckung des Globins glob1 in Drosophila melanogaster deutete jedoch eine sehr viel weitere Verbreitung der Globine in Insekten an, die sich durch die Identifizierung von Globingenen in einer Vielzahl von normoxisch lebenden Insekten, wie z.B. Apis mellifera oder Aedes aegypti bestätigte. D. melanogaster besitzt drei Globine, glob1, glob2 und glob3. Glob1 ist eng mit anderen intrazellulären Insektenglobinen verwandt, was zu der Annahme führte, dass es sich bei glob1 um das ursprüngliche und bei glob2 und glob3 um abgeleitete D. melanogaster Globine handelt. Glob1 wird in allen Entwicklungsstadien exprimiert, wobei die Hauptexpressionsorte der Fettkörper und das Tracheensystem sind. Die Transkription des glob1 startet von zwei alternativen Promotoren (Promotor I und II), wodurch in Kombination mit alternativem Splicing vier Transkriptvarianten (Isoform A-D) entstehen, deren Translation jedoch in einer Proteinvariante (glob1) resultiert. Hypoxische Bedingungen führen zu einer vermutlich HIF (=‚hypoxia-inducible factor‘) -vermittelten Abnahme der glob1 Genexpression, wohingegen Hyperoxie eine leichte Zunahme der glob1 mRNA Menge bewirkt. Der mithilfe des UAS/Gal4- Systems erzeugte, RNAi-vermittelte glob1 Knockdown führt zu einer schlechteren Überlebensrate adulter Fliegen unter hypoxischen Bedingungen, einer verkürzten Erholungszeit nach hypoxischem Stupor in Weibchen sowie zu einer erhöhten Resistenz gegenüber dem ROS (=‘reactive oxygen species‘) -generierenden Herbizid Paraquat in Larven und adulten Weibchen. Diese Beobachtungen sprechen für eine Funktion des Drosophila glob1 innerhalb der O2-Versorgung. Unter hyperoxischen Bedingungen hingegen wurde kein Unterschied zwischen Fliegen mit wildtypischer und manipulierter glob1-Expression festgestellt, wodurch eine Beteiligung des glob1 bei der Entgiftung reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies als mögliche Funktion vorerst ausscheidet. Bei glob2 und glob3 handelt es sich um duplizierte Gene. Auf phylogenetischen Rekonstruktionen basierend konnte die Entstehung der Globin-Duplikate auf ein Duplikationsereignis vor der Radiation des Subgenus Sophophora vor mindestens 40 Millionen Jahren zurückgeführt werden. Die durchgeführten Analysen zur molekularen Sequenzevolution der Globin-Duplikate deuten darauf hin, dass glob2 und glob3 nach der Duplikation eine Kombination aus Sub- und Neo-Funktionalisierungsprozessen durchlaufen haben. Glob2 und glob3 zeigen eine deckungsgleiche mRNA Expression, die auf die männliche Keimbahn beschränkt ist. Aufgrund des hohen Konservierungsgrads der für die Häm- und O2-Bindung essentiellen Aminosäuren kann von der Funktionalität beider Proteine ausgegangen werden. Die streng auf die männliche Keimbahn begrenzte Expression von glob2 und glob3 deutet auf eine Rolle der Globin-Duplikate innerhalb der Spermatogenese hin, die möglicherweise in einem Schutz der Spermatogenese vor oxidativem Stress besteht. Auch eine Beteiligung beim korrekten Ablauf der Spermien-Individualisierung, beispielsweise durch Regulation von Apoptoseprozessen wäre denkbar.