979 resultados para quanto option
Resumo:
In this paper we study the dynamic behavior of the term structureof Interbank interest rates and the pricing of options on interest ratesensitive securities. We posit a generalized single factor model withjumps to take into account external influences in the market. Daily datais used to test for jump effects. Qualitative examination of the linkagebetween Monetary Authorities' interventions and jumps are studied. Pricingresults suggests a systematic underpricing in bonds and call options ifthe jumps component is not included. However, the pricing of put optionson bonds presents indeterminacies.
Resumo:
Among the underlying assumptions of the Black-Scholes option pricingmodel, those of a fixed volatility of the underlying asset and of aconstantshort-term riskless interest rate, cause the largest empirical biases. Onlyrecently has attention been paid to the simultaneous effects of thestochasticnature of both variables on the pricing of options. This paper has tried toestimate the effects of a stochastic volatility and a stochastic interestrate inthe Spanish option market. A discrete approach was used. Symmetricand asymmetricGARCH models were tried. The presence of in-the-mean and seasonalityeffectswas allowed. The stochastic processes of the MIBOR90, a Spanishshort-terminterest rate, from March 19, 1990 to May 31, 1994 and of the volatilityofthe returns of the most important Spanish stock index (IBEX-35) fromOctober1, 1987 to January 20, 1994, were estimated. These estimators wereused onpricing Call options on the stock index, from November 30, 1993 to May30, 1994.Hull-White and Amin-Ng pricing formulas were used. These prices werecomparedwith actual prices and with those derived from the Black-Scholesformula,trying to detect the biases reported previously in the literature. Whereasthe conditional variance of the MIBOR90 interest rate seemed to be freeofARCH effects, an asymmetric GARCH with in-the-mean and seasonalityeffectsand some evidence of persistence in variance (IEGARCH(1,2)-M-S) wasfoundto be the model that best represent the behavior of the stochasticvolatilityof the IBEX-35 stock returns. All the biases reported previously in theliterature were found. All the formulas overpriced the options inNear-the-Moneycase and underpriced the options otherwise. Furthermore, in most optiontrading, Black-Scholes overpriced the options and, because of thetime-to-maturityeffect, implied volatility computed from the Black-Scholes formula,underestimatedthe actual volatility.
Resumo:
By means of Malliavin Calculus we see that the classical Hull and White formulafor option pricing can be extended to the case where the noise driving thevolatility process is correlated with the noise driving the stock prices. Thisextension will allow us to construct option pricing approximation formulas.Numerical examples are presented.
Resumo:
Experiments in which subjects play simultaneously several finite prisoner's dilemma supergames with and without an outside optionreveal that: (i) subjects use probabilistic start and endeffect behaviour, (ii) the freedom to choose whether to play the prisoner's dilemma game enhances cooperation, (iii) if the payoff for simultaneous defection is negative, subjects' tendency to avoid losses leads them to cooperate; while this tendency makes them stick to mutual defection if its payoff is positive.
Resumo:
By means of classical Itô's calculus we decompose option prices asthe sum of the classical Black-Scholes formula with volatility parameterequal to the root-mean-square future average volatility plus a term dueby correlation and a term due to the volatility of the volatility. Thisdecomposition allows us to develop first and second-order approximationformulas for option prices and implied volatilities in the Heston volatilityframework, as well as to study their accuracy. Numerical examples aregiven.
Resumo:
O presente trabalho intitula-se como “ Satisfação do Cliente quanto a Qualidade do Serviço Bancário: tendo como estudo de caso os Bancos Comerciais na Cidade da Praia”, pretendendo verificar o grau de satisfação do cliente quanto a qualidade dos serviços bancários que são sendo oferecidos pelos bancos comerciais. A questão da satisfação dos clientes é uma das principais preocupações dos gestores da atualidade. Desta forma, as empresas do sector bancário não tem medido esforços para alcançar a excelência, a começarem pela qualidade dos serviços oferecidos aos seus clientes. Neste estudo pretendeu-se analisar como é que a satisfação dos clientes com a qualidade dos serviços bancários é afectada pela percepção dos clientes em relação a qualidade dos serviços prestados pelos bancos comerciais na Cidade da Praia. Trata-se de um tema pertinente e que irá permitir o conhecimento real sobre a satisfação dos clientes quanto a qualidade dos serviços prestados pelos bancos comerciais. Para a fundamentação desta pesquisa, optou-se por fazer uma pesquisa bibliográfica dividida em três pontos principais: clientes, serviços e o enquadramento no sector bancário, devidamente relacionados com o tema.A metodologia empregue para a realização deste trabalho foi a aplicação do inquérito, por via do questionário com uma amostra representativa de 155 clientes, devidamente analisados e tratados através de programa statístical Package for the social science ( SPSS) , versão 15.0. Propondo desta forma analisar a satisfação do cliente quanto a qualidade dos serviços bancários, direccionada a utilizadores de quatro bancos nacionais, o BCA ( a ) , CECV ( b) , BI ( c ) e o BCN, tendo como estudo de caso os bancos comerciais na cidade da praia, aplicados aos jovens da universidade Jean Piaget de Cabo Verde. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os clientes dos bancos comerciais estão satisfeitos com a qualidade dos serviços prestados, cerca de 126 clientes, mas existindo alguns pontos que devem ser melhorados para uma melhor satisfação.
Resumo:
A seleção de plantas tolerantes ao Al é uma alternativa para solos que apresentam Al em níveis tóxicos. Neste contexto, vinte e cinco genótipos de café foram estudados quanto à tolerância ao Al avaliada pela inibição no crescimento da parte áerea e das raízes e pelo teste de coloração das raízes com hematoxilina. Avaliou-se, também, a alocação do Al nas pontas das raízes. Após 35 e 75 dias de cultivo em solução nutritiva, na ausência ou presença de Al, foram avaliados o comprimento da raiz principal e, aos 80 dias, a produção de biomassa seca da parte aérea e das raízes. Os resultados expressos em percentagem de inibição causada pelo Al foram analisados pela técnica multivariada, e os genótipos foram separados em classes: tolerante, intermediária e sensível. O teste de coloração com hematoxilina foi realizado após 80 dias de cultivo em solução nutritiva, e os genótipos foram avaliados de acordo com a intensidade de coloração da ponta da raiz. Apenas três genótipos foram tolerantes ao Al e seis foram sensíveis, enquanto a maioria deles pertenceu à classe de tolerância intermediária. O teste de coloração com hematoxilina não permitiu a adequada diferenciação dos genótipos quanto à tolerância ao alumínio. Em cortes transversais das pontas das raízes do genótipo mais tolerante, observou-se a localização do alumínio apenas nas células epidérmicas, enquanto, no genótipo de tolerância intermediária, o Al localizou-se nas células epidérmicas e em várias camadas de células do córtex.
Resumo:
Although some projects and most LMS still rely on IEEE LOM, this standard is not yet an option. We suggest some lessons to learn.
Resumo:
O P é um dos elementos mais críticos para a produção agrícola, pois, além de sua grande importância para as plantas, sua disponibilidade é cada vez mais limitada em virtude da progressiva escassez das suas jazidas. A diferenciação de genótipos quanto à tolerância à deficiência de P permite investigar os mecanismos atuantes e o desenvolvimento de genótipos que combinem diferentes mecanismos, aumentando o nível de tolerância. O objetivo deste trabalho foi diferenciar, em solução hidropônica, genótipos de trigo contrastantes quanto à tolerância à deficiência de P. Foram realizados três estudos. No primeiro, avaliou-se o efeito da retirada do endosperma na resposta de plântulas à limitação de P. No segundo estudo, foram avaliadas características de plântulas, submetidas a diferentes doses de P, dos cultivares Anahuac, sensível, e Toropi, tolerante. No terceiro estudo, foram avaliadas cinco linhagens recombinantes do cruzamento entre Toropi e Anahuac. A remoção do endosperma da semente é necessária para diferenciar genótipos quanto à tolerância à deficiência de P em solução nutritiva, aos 10 dias da germinação. A diferenciação de genótipos é feita pelo cálculo da razão entre a concentração de fosfato livre (Pi) na parte aérea obtida nas doses de 10 e de 1.000 µmol L-1 de P, ficando, nos genótipos tolerantes, essa razão próxima de 1,0 e, nos sensíveis, próxima de 0,5. As quantidades de Pi na parte aérea ou total na plântula também podem ser utilizadas. O cultivar Toropi e os genótipos NYW 865-016, NYW 865-081 e NYW 865-086 são mais tolerantes à deficiência de P em solução nutritiva, quando comparados aos do cultivar Anahuac e aos genótipos NYW 865-084 e NYW 865-073. A tolerância de Toropi nas condições avaliadas não se deve ao volume do sistema radicular, mas possivelmente a fatores relacionados com o transporte e uso de Pi internamente.
Resumo:
It is very well known that the first succesful valuation of a stock option was done by solving a deterministic partial differential equation (PDE) of the parabolic type with some complementary conditions specific for the option. In this approach, the randomness in the option value process is eliminated through a no-arbitrage argument. An alternative approach is to construct a replicating portfolio for the option. From this viewpoint the payoff function for the option is a random process which, under a new probabilistic measure, turns out to be of a special type, a martingale. Accordingly, the value of the replicating portfolio (equivalently, of the option) is calculated as an expectation, with respect to this new measure, of the discounted value of the payoff function. Since the expectation is, by definition, an integral, its calculation can be made simpler by resorting to powerful methods already available in the theory of analytic functions. In this paper we use precisely two of those techniques to find the well-known value of a European call
Resumo:
It is very well known that the first succesful valuation of a stock option was done by solving a deterministic partial differential equation (PDE) of the parabolic type with some complementary conditions specific for the option. In this approach, the randomness in the option value process is eliminated through a no-arbitrage argument. An alternative approach is to construct a replicating portfolio for the option. From this viewpoint the payoff function for the option is a random process which, under a new probabilistic measure, turns out to be of a special type, a martingale. Accordingly, the value of the replicating portfolio (equivalently, of the option) is calculated as an expectation, with respect to this new measure, of the discounted value of the payoff function. Since the expectation is, by definition, an integral, its calculation can be made simpler by resorting to powerful methods already available in the theory of analytic functions. In this paper we use precisely two of those techniques to find the well-known value of a European call
Resumo:
Like many states, Iowa faces significant challenges on the energy front. Energy prices have surged in recent years to record levels before declining precipitously following the financial crisis that broke in September 2008. Despite this pullback, the fundamentals that contributed to higher energy prices are expected to return once economies rebound. Oil prices have gone up on increased demand, driven in large part by developing countries such as China and India, whose economies have been rapidly expanding. Natural gas prices have also fluctuated dramatically, trading in a range from $4.50 to $13.00/MMBtu over the past year, but are unlikely to remain at low levels over the long term. As shown in our analysis later on in this report, the difference in levelized cost of electricity from a gas‐fired combined cycle plant can vary significantly depending on the fuel cost. Dependence on others for energy supply involves significant risks and uncertainties. Thus, if Iowa wishes to reduce its dependence on others – or even achieve energy independence – Iowa needs to pursue actions on a numbers of fronts. Following the status quo is not an option. A carbon tax would change the energy landscape in Iowa. Since Iowa is currently 75% dependent on coal, a carbon tax could mean that generators, and in turn ratepayers, could be on the hook for higher electricity prices, though it remains to be seen exactly what the tax scheme will be. In addition to existing plants, a carbon tax would also have a significant impact on the cost of new generation plant. We have modeled carbon taxes ranging from $0‐50/ton in our analysis in the Appendix. However, if a more aggressive carbon policy came into play resulting in market values of for example, $100/ton or even $200/ton, then that could raise the cost of coal‐ and gas‐fired generation significantly, making alternatives such as wind more economical.
Resumo:
BACKGROUND: Interleukin 6 is involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis via its broad effects on immune and inflammatory responses. Our aim was to assess the therapeutic effects of blocking interleukin 6 by inhibition of the interleukin-6 receptor with tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: In this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel group phase III study, 623 patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis were randomly assigned with an interactive voice response system, stratified by site with a randomisation list provided by the study sponsor, to receive tocilizumab 8 mg/kg (n=205), tocilizumab 4 mg/kg (214), or placebo (204) intravenously every 4 weeks, with methotrexate at stable pre-study doses (10-25 mg/week). Rescue therapy with tocilizumab 8 mg/kg was offered at week 16 to patients with less than 20% improvement in both swollen and tender joint counts. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with 20% improvement in signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis according to American College of Rheumatology criteria (ACR20 response) at week 24. Analyses were by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00106548. FINDINGS: The intention-to-treat analysis population consisted of 622 patients: one patient in the 4 mg/kg group did not receive study treatment and was thus excluded. At 24 weeks, ACR20 responses were seen in more patients receiving tocilizumab than in those receiving placebo (120 [59%] patients in the 8 mg/kg group, 102 [48%] in the 4 mg/kg group, 54 [26%] in the placebo group; odds ratio 4.0 [95% CI 2.6-6.1], p<0.0001 for 8 mg/kg vs placebo; and 2.6 [1.7-3.9], p<0.0001 for 4 mg/kg vs placebo). More people receiving tocilizumab than those receiving placebo had at least one adverse event (143 [69%] in the 8 mg/kg group; 151 [71%] in the 4 mg/kg group; 129 [63%] in the placebo group). The most common serious adverse events were serious infections or infestations, reported by six patients in the 8 mg/kg group, three in the 4 mg/kg group, and two in the placebo group. INTERPRETATION: Tocilizumab could be an effective therapeutic approach in patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis. FUNDING: F Hoffmann-La Roche, Chugai Pharmaceutical.