1000 resultados para precipitação máxima
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OBJETIVO: Avaliar, por meio da dilatação mediada por fluxo da artéria braquial, em que tempo ocorre a máxima dilatação da artéria braquial e se existe diferença nesta avaliação ao comparar mulheres gestantes e não gestantes, fumantes e não fumantes. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, no qual o diâmetro da artéria braquial foi avaliado em quatro tempos após estímulo pressórico (30, 60, 90 e 120 segundos) em quatro grupos de mulheres entre 20 e 30 anos de idade assim distribuídos: mulheres gestantes entre 24 e 28 semanas de idade gestacional não fumantes (n = 47) e fumantes (n = 33), e mulheres não gestantes não fumantes (n = 34) e fumantes (n = 19). RESULTADOS: A avaliação da dilatação da artéria braquial nos diferentes tempos após o estímulo pressórico foi máxima para todos os grupos no tempo "60 segundos" após a desinsuflação (p < 0,01). A dilatação mediada por fluxo da artéria braquial foi maior entre as mulheres gestantes não fumantes em comparação às fumantes (p = 0,03), assim como no grupo de mulheres não gestantes não fumantes em comparação às fumantes (p = 0,03). CONCLUSÃO: O hábito de fumar não interferiu no tempo em que ocorre a máxima dilatação da artéria braquial.
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In the oil industry, the paraffination phenomenon is a major problem during oil production, displacement and treatment. Paraffin deposition in subsea flowlines, surface equipment, production string or even in the reservoir, can cause significant and increasing oil losses. To minimize paraffin precipitation, the application of magnetic field in the petroleum path has been suggested based on empiric studies. In this study, we assembled a labscale magnetic conditioner to determine the influence of magnetic field on the physical-chemical properties of two fluids : oil and a paraffin mixture. We observed that magnetic field reduce sample aparent viscosity due to crystal morphology alteration.
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A new method for determination of potassium in honey samples of different colors was developed as an alternative method for determination of this metal. Analysis of genuine honeys attested by the qualities and quantities tests officially adopted in Brazil, showed that the concentration of potassium ranged from 181 to 315 mg/kg for light honeys, from 393 to 570 mg/kg for medium honeys and from 791 to 915 mg/kg for dark honeys. Recoveries making use of spikes of potassium added to the honey samples and to the deionized distilled water showed results close by hundred percent at pH <= 2,0 under temperature bellow 20°C.
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The effects of chloride and nitrate anions and their respective concentrations, as well as urea presence, on solid phase morphologies were investigated. Zinc hydroxide carbonate was prepared by aging diluted zinc salt solution in presence of urea at 90ºC. Samples were identified by X-ray powder diffractograms showing the characteristic patterns of hydrozincite. The crystallinity was correlated with the concentrations of reagents. Spherulitic-type aggregates and single acicular particles were obtained from diluted chloride and nitrate solutions while porous aggregates of uniform size were formed from solutions with high chloride and urea concentrations.
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This work reports the preparation, characterization and study of the ion exchange behavior of hydrous niobium oxide prepared by a homogeneous precipitation method. The precipitating agent was obtained in aqueous solution by thermal decomposition of urea or ammonium carbonate. The compounds were chemically and physically characterized by X-ray diffractometry, thermal analysis (TG/DTG), surface area measurements and ion exchange behavior with sodium. The materials prepared with ammonium carbonate presented a higher degree of crystallinity and better ion exchange capacity with sodium than materials prepared with urea. In the homogeneous precipitation method, materials were obtained with specific surface area of 123 - 224 m² g-1. A variation of the preparation process produced hydrous niobium oxide with a different degree of hydration and specific surface area. This provided materials with different physico-chemical properties.
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The present work is a preliminary study of total and wet precipitation in the Candiota region, RS. The samples were collected from January to June 2001 at four different sites. The following variables were analysed: pH, conductivity, alkalinity, Cl-, NO3-, F-, SO4(2-), Na+, K+, Mg2+, NH4+, Ca2+ and Zn, Cu, Fe, Al, Mn. The results showed slightly acidic precipitation and higher concentrations of NH4+, Na+, Cl- and SO4(2-). Factor analysis applied to the variables studied allowed identifying the major sources. Na+, Cl- and Mg2+ have their origin in sea salts and NH4+, Ca2+, K+, SO4(2-) and NO3- are from local anthropogenic sources.
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The construction and analytical evaluation of a coated graphite-epoxy electrode sensitive to the zinc-1,10-phenantroline complex based on the [Zn(fen)3][tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate]2 incorporated into a poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) matrix are described. A thin membrane film of this ion-pair, dibutylphthalate (DBPh) and PVC were deposited directly onto an electrically conductive graphite-epoxy support located inside a Perspex® tube. The best PVC polymeric membrane contains 65% (m/m) DBPh, 30% (m/m) PVC and 5% (m/m) of the ion-pair. This electrode shows a response of 19.5 mV dec-1 over the zinc(II) concentration range of 1.0 x 10-5 to 1.0 x 10-3 mol L-1 in 1,10-phenantroline medium, at pH 6.0. The response time was less than 20 seconds and the lifetime of this electrode was more than four months (over 1200 determinations by each polymeric membrane). It was successfully used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric precipitation titration of zinc(II) ions.
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This article describes the preparation and characterization of the cellulose/ hydrated zirconium oxide composites prepared by conventional precipitation (PC) and homogeneous solution precipitation (PSH) methods. The composite obtained by the PC method was prepared by using an ammonia solution as the precipitating agent, while the composite obtained by the PSH method was prepared by using urea as the precipitating agent. The adsorption of dichromate ions on the composites was studied using factorial design 2³. The variables were: initial concentration, agitation time and mass of the composite. The data obtained agree better for the composite obtained by the PC method.
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In this paper, we present procedures for the treatment and final disposal of residual solutions containing chromium, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical precipitation of the metal and the potential of the glass encapsulation technique, using broken laboratory glassware. The results demonstrated that pH-values convenient for chemical precipitation are between 10 - 11. With regard to Cr(OH)3 encapsulation, the leaching and solubilization tests allowed to classify the waste as non-dangerous and non-inert. Finally, it is pointed out that the adoption of waste management practices in universities should be encouraged, helping to train professionals skilled in good laboratory practices.
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This paper describes the adsorption of heavy metals ions from aqueous solution by hydrous niobium oxide. Three heavy metals were selected for this study: cadmium, lead and silver. Adsorption isotherms were well fitted by Langmuir model. Maximum adsorption capacity (Q0) for Pb2 +, Ag+ and Cd2 + was found to be 452.5, 188.68 and 8.85 mg g-1, respectively.
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The post-preparative size-selective precipitation technique was applied in CdTe and CdSe semiconductor nanocrystals prepared via colloidal route in water. The synthesis of CdTe and CdSe nanoparticles and the effect of the post-preparative size-selective precipitation have been characterized mainly by mean of ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis). It was demonstrated that the size-selective precipitation are able to isolate particles of different sizes and purify the nanoparticles as well.
Composição química da precipitação úmida da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, Brasil, 2005- 2007
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This work aims to quantify the wet precipitation the Metropolitan Area of Porto Alegre (MAPA), in southern Brazil, through the analysis of major ions (by ion chromatography) and metallic elements (ICP/AES). By principal components analysis and cluster analysis was possible to identify the influence of natural and anthropic sources in wet precipitation. The results indicated of the higher contribution to the ions NH4+, SO4(2-) and Ca2+. Thus it was possible to identify the contribution of anthropogenic sources in wet precipitation in the study area, such as power plants, oil refineries, steel and vehicle emissions.
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Caracterizou-se a evolução de variáveis relacionadas à clorose variegada dos citros em plantas de três regiões do Estado de São Paulo (Noroeste, Centro e Sul), visando determinar diferenças no padrão sazonal do patógeno, dos vetores, do hospedeiro e da doença. Foram avaliadas mensalmente 20 plantas sintomáticas em talhões de laranja (Citrus sinensis) 'Pêra' enxertada em limão (Citrus limonia) 'Cravo', em três regiões do Estado de São Paulo, no período de dezembro de 1998 a dezembro de 2000, utilizando-se as seguintes variáveis: número de brotações novas (bn); percentagem de ramos sintomáticos (prs); percentagem de ramos assintomáticos infetados (prai); percentagem total de ramos infetados (ptri) e estimativa de concentração bacteriana (ecb). Em cada região foram obtidas as variáveis temperatura mínima, temperatura máxima, precipitação pluviométrica e número de cigarrinhas capturadas em armadilha amarela. Para a determinação de correlação entre variáveis, utilizou-se a análise de Lags Distribuídos e para a comparação de regiões e estações do ano, a análise de Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman e o teste de Nemenyi (p<0,005). As variáveis relacionadas à doença (prs, prai, ptri e ecb) apresentaram padrões sazonais, mas não se observou diferença estatística entre as estações do ano. O pomar da Região Noroeste apresentou maior quantidade de brotações novas e maior quantidade de ramos sintomáticos. O pomar da Região Sul apresentou maior quantidade de ramos com infecção assintomática. Não houve diferença de concentração bacteriana entre os pomares das três regiões.
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Neste trabalho determinou-se a dispersão anemófila de conídios de Lasiodiplodia theobromae, agente causal da queima das folhas do coqueiro (Cocos nucifera), e sua relação com a precipitação pluviométrica. Para tanto, cinco armadilhas cata-vento e uma armadilha tipo Burkard, coletoras de esporos, foram instaladas nas entrelinhas de um coqueiral, a 1,80 m de altura do solo. Os conídios foram capturados em fitas transparentes, untadas com solução adesiva de gelvatol e vaselina. Semanalmente, as fitas foram retiradas das armadilhas e remontadas em lâminas para microscopia, onde era contado o número de conídios capturados, com auxilio de um microscópio. Esses dados foram coletados durante um ano e relacionados com dados pluviométricos obtidos na área experimental. Para as armadilhas cata-vento, a maior quantidade de conídios foi de 231 unidades, no mês de outubro. Para a armadilha Burkard, a maior quantidade capturada foi de 3.072 conídios, no mês de junho. Em geral, durante todo o ano, houve predominância na liberação de esporos no período diurno, ocorrendo maior captura entre 6:00 e 10:00 h. O número de conídios capturados pelos dois tipos de armadilhas relacionou-se com a precipitação de forma positiva entre 25 e 80 mm, e após 80 mm, negativamente. Foram estabelecidas curvas de tendências da quantidade de conídios capturados nos dois tipos de armadilhas, em função da pluviosidade mensal, através de equações de regressões cúbicas. As curvas apresentaram formatos semelhantes. A liberação dos conídios foi estimulada sempre que a pluviosidade mensal atingia o mínimo de 25 mm. O ponto de máxima da curva, correspondente a 80 mm de chuva, indica que acima deste volume os conídios são precipitados do ar.