Potencial do óleo de Aloysia citriodora Palau no controle de fitopatógenos e na indução de resistência ao tombamento de plântulas de feijão, pepino e beterraba

The crops are affected by pests and diseases that decrease productivity. Among them are the damping off of seedlings that can occur in pre and post-emergence. In bean crops, cucumber and beet these diseases occur, being caused by various pathogens, especialy fitopathogenic fungi. Several measures are used for the controle of such diseases, among them, is the chemical seed treatment fungicides. However, society has become increasingly concerned about the quality and food and environmental contamination, generation a growting search for sensitive products to humans and the environment. The use of essential oils to control plant pathogens is an example of alternative tested by science in the search for less aggressive technologies. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the use of essential oil Aloysia citriodora, in control of pathogens causing damping off in beans, cucumber and beet. This thesis was divided in four chapters, the introductory first, and the other addressing the control of Pythium sp. in beans, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on cucumber, and Fusarium sp. on beet. The methodology consisted of four experiments in each pathosystem, with all the work done at the Federal Technological University of Parana, Campus Dois Vizinhos. In the first experiment evaluated the fungistatic and fungicidal effect of the essential oil of A. citriodora on PDA in vitro in mycelial growth of pathogens studied. In the second experiment evaluated the in vitro effect of essential oil concentrations of A. citriodora in BD medium on microscope slides, on the germination of sporangia Pythium sp. and conidia Fusarium sp., and in Petri dishes with PDA medium, the sclerotia germination speed index of S. sclerotiorum. In the third experiment, we evaluated in germination test in paper roll (PR), the phytotoxic effect or not the use of essential oil concentrations of A. citriodora in dry bean seed, cucumber and beet. The variables used to assess this experiment were the germination percentage, mediun green mass per plant and average length of seedlings. In the fourth experiment we assessed the effect of treating bean seeds, cucumber and beet with essential oil contents of A. citriodora, seeds in their subsequent substrates contamined with pathogens studied, Pythium sp., S. sclerotiorum and Fusarium sp. In this experiment we used the following variables: percentage of emergence, percentage of post-emergence damping off, green average mass per plant, average length per plant and biochemical analyzes. The biochemistry of plant tissues evaluated were as follows: protein content, enzymatic activities of peroxidases, phenylalanine ammonia-liase (PAL), chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases. The in vitro results show that the essential oil has fungistatic and fungicidal effect on mycelial growth, on sporangia germination, conidia and sclerotia of the pathogens studied in this work, wich may be related to its major components, citral and limonene. The oil also exhibits low phytotoxicity to seeds of the species studied, only in beans decreases germination in most studied dosage (0,25%), cucumber also in the higher dosage (0,25%) reduce the length of seedlings, and beet there were no negative effects to the seedlings. In the test in substrate contaminated with the pathogens, the use of essential oil: increased germination and decreased post emergence damping off of beans seedlings; at a concentration of 0,0625% decreases post emergence damping off in cucumber. In biochemical analyzes found an increase in the enzymatic activity of peroxidases and β-1,3-glucanases on beans, and glucanases on cucumber, and increased enzyme activity of peroxidases on beet, showing action in resistance induction at damping off.

Influência do sistema anteoxidante da catalase no ciclo do glioxilato durante o estabelecimento pós-germinativo de cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.) e de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.)

Oilseeds are a high-value natural resource, due to its use as a substitute for petroleum. However, the storage time can reduce seed viability and oil quality. Therefore, scientific efforts have been made to provide a increment of storage time, germination rates and plant establishment of high-value oilseeds. The seedling establishment depends of the plant pass over the functional transition stage, characterized by a metabolic change from heterotrophic condition to autotrophic one. The storage oil mobilization is performed by β-oxidation process and the glyoxylate cycle. Also, the functional transition involves acclimation to photosynthetic condition, which generally includes the participation of antioxidant system and the reactive oxygen species, the latter are produced in various reactions of primary and secondary metabolism. In the present study, Catalase was inhibited during the functional transition of sunflower and safflower, after were performed many analyzes to elucidate the effects caused on the SOD and APX antioxidant systems. Also, were checked the changes in expression pattern of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes markers, ICL and MLS. It was observed that after CAT inhibition, the SOD and APX antioxidant systems allow the seedling establishment. Besides, was verified that both oilseeds can be accelerate the reverse mobilization and the photosynthetic establishment when Catalase activity has dramatically decreased

Estudo da imobilização das proteases aspárticas da flor de Cynara cardunculus L. Reologia da coalhada

Mestrado em Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Engenharia de Recursos Naturais, Univ. do Algarve, 2005

Fitotoxicidade da fase orgânica e do composto majoritário obtidos da polpa dos frutos de Crescentia cujete L. (Bignoniaceae).

Avaliou-se a itotoxicidade do extrato etanólico (CETOH), da fase orgânica (CEA) e do composto majoritário, o ácido (E)-cinâmico (AC), obtidos da polpa dos frutos da espécie popularmente conhecida como cujuba, cuieira e/ou cabaça (Crescentia cujete L.) sobre a inibição da germinação de sementes, desenvolvimento do hipocótilo e radícula das plantas invasoras Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby (mata-pasto) e Mimosa pudica Mill. (malícia). A fase orgânica na concentração de 0,5% inibiu em 100% a germinação das sementes das duas plantas invasoras. O AC que foi obtido da fase orgânica inibiu a germinação das sementes de S. obtusifolia em 95% e de M. pudica em 99% na concentração de 0,1%, com concentração (%) tóxica para inibição de 50% (CI50) da germinação das sementes iguais a 0,063 e 0,037%, respectivamente; e nos bioensaios de crescimento de plântula, o AC foi mais eiciente sobre a radícula da planta S. obtusifolia (com CI50 igual a 0,009%) e para a planta M. pudica os valores de CI50 foram de 0,097% e 0,117% para a radícula e hipocótilo, respectivamente. Essa pesquisa reforça o potencial itotóxico do ácido (E)-cinâmico, veriicado inicialmente na fase orgânica em acetato de etila (CEA) rica nesse fenilpropanoide.

Mortalidade em plântulas de pepino atacadas pela Liriomyza sativae.

A mosca minadora Liriomyza sativae vem causando sérios prejuízos a diversas culturas de hortaliças, perfurando e abrindo minas nas folhas. Quando o ataque é intenso, há sêca e queda das folhas de plantas desenvolvidas; em plântulas pode ocasionar a morte. Com o objetivo de testar o efeito do uso de armadilha adesiva amarela e do piretroide Decis na redução da mortalidade em plântulas de pepino, foi instalado no campus do CNPDA um experimento em blocos casualizados, com 6 repetições, constando dos seguintes tratamentos: Armadilha passada diariamente, Decis aplicado semanalmente, armadilha diária + Decis semanal e testemunha. O pepino foi foi plantado no espaçamento 1,0 x 0,5 m, cada medindo 6,0 x 3,0 m, com 72 covas. As medias de mortalidades em plântulas/tratamentos foram 5,33, 18,16, 16,66, e 29,66 respectivamente. Não há diferenças significativas ao nível de 5% pelo teste SNK, entre os tratamentos, mas a testemunha diferiu de modo significativo em relação ao tratamento passagem de armadilha. As aplicações de Decis não resultaram em redução significativa da mortalidade em relação a testemunha, talvez devido ao desenvolvimento de resistência dos minadores ao produto.