Diversions

The article provides information on the misconceptions in solving perimeter, area, volume and mass and on their respective interventions. Solving the perimeter of a rectangle of a lesser area through multiplication using its formula but may double the sum of its length and width to get its answer. Working out for the area of an irregular figure or a loop is solved by counting the unit-squares contained in the loop.

Ripple effect : an improved geographic routing with local connectivity information

One of the key challenges in geographic routing is how to deal with dead-ends, where greedy routing fails to find a neighbor node which is closer to the destination. Most existing geographic routing algorithms just switch to the deterministic face routing or limits its face searching range. In this paper, we demonstrate that we can improve routing performance by considering local connectivity status at each node before making routing decision. We present a protocol, Density Ripple Exchange (DRE), that maintains local density information at each node, and a new geographic routing algorithm, Geographic Ripple Routing (GRR), that achieves better routing performance in both hop stretch and transmission stretch than existing geographic routing algorithms by exploiting available connectivity information. Our simulations demonstrate that we increased the performance for GRR over Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) by about 15%. The cost of this improved performance is a small amount of additional local connectivity information required for our algorithm.

Modelling the combined effect of grain size and grain shape on plastic anisotropy of metals

Within each columnar grain of a metallic film, the resistance to dislocation glide varies in function of the orientation of the slip plane with regard to the grain long axis. Plastic slip is impeded across grain boundaries and this contributes to the anisotropy of the overall mechanical response. A simplified (Taylor-type) crystal plasticity model is proposed that accounts for such effect of grain shape on the slip system selection. Assuming that dislocation density gradients are normal to the grain boundaries, backstresses developed at the onset of plasticity are estimated based on two definitions of the effective grain boundary spacing ‘‘seen’’ by individual slip systems. The first one reduces to the mean area-to-perimeter ratio of cross-sections of the grain cut parallel to the slip plane. Closed-form expressions of the average backstresses developed inside grains with spheroidal shapes are introduced in the crystal hardening law. The model reproduces the very high plastic anisotropy of electro-deposited pure iron with a strong c-fiber and a refined columnar grain structure [Yoshinaga, N., Sugiura, N., Hiwatashi, S., Ushioda, K., Kada, O., 2008. Deep drawability of electro-deposited pure iron having an extremely sharp h111i//ND texture. ISIJ Int. 48, 667–670]. It also provides valid estimates of the texture development and the influence of grain size on the yield strength.

Developing a facility for glass façade performance testing

This research aims to investigate whether real spaces can support legitimate measurements on glazing energy and thermal comfort analysis. This paper presents the development of a research facility for doing this. It will test simple to complex glazing and shading systems in a real (occupied) interior office environment. The purpose of this research project is to compare measured results with those being simulated with existing software and to discover discrepancies between simulation and real measured results. What parameters characterize a glazing system, whether simple or complex? Can these parameters be used to predict the energy transfer and comfort in the space? One must begin with simple glazing systems and verify measured with readily known simulated results. It is, at present, very difficult to use geometric based software with thermal based software to predict the performance of complex glazing systems. However, if we can characterize glazing systems with a set of reliable measurements, we can provide the data necessary for predicting performance in a live space. Specifically, the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) is a variable parameter based upon solar incident angle to a glazing system and is intended to be measured in its integral components: solar transmittance and inward-flowing fraction (radiative/convective) heat gain. A new instrumental approach through variable surface coated heat flux meters is being investigated to provide the measurement of interior glazing surface radiative and convective heat gain. The results suggest that this instrumentation may support be a viable method of testing inward-flowing heat gains from the interior glass surface. The test set-up also considers the application of a well-known B&K 1221 Comfort Meter for determining thermal comfort responses in the ‘perimeter zone’ on the interior side of a façade. This work requires further investigation, but is intended to be used in conjunction with solar pyranometers measuring transmittance as well as the heat flux meter and surface temperature instrumentation.

The gardens on Anlaby - a utopian dream

Anlaby Station is the oldest sheep stud in South Australia (SA) dating back to 1839. The gardens have been noted as significant exemplars, Beames & Whitehill (1992), Swinbourne (1982), and in Pastoral Homes of Australia (1911) published by The Pastoral Review, wherein Anlaby was described as “being of no particular beauty architecturally . But the gardens are unique.” The Anlaby property is on the SA State Heritage Register and the Anlaby Gardens are listed in the Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens (2002). The beginnings of Anlaby in 1839 are integral to the colonial expansion of the interior of South Australia. Anlaby at this time was a completely self-contained community within a sheep station containing a survival garden, much like a self- contained English manor-village. The process of land sales offered by the SA government enabled Anlaby to expand, wherein wealth flowed and gradually the survival garden style at Anlaby was transformed into an extensive decorative garden style. This enabled the garden to act as a backdrop for major South Australian society and public gatherings. The driving force behind the garden during its height was the fashionable plant trends in the United Kingdom. This is evidenced by the inclusion of an extensive stove house, grotto, roses and the Gardenesque style of plantings. Traditional English head gardeners were also employed to manage the garden. The realisation of the beauty of native plants was never allowed in the inner world of this landscape; it always remained on the perimeter. The owner’s vision of the garden was Utopian, however, due to climatic forces, the dream was not fully realised. The challenge now lies in preserving this Utopian dream for future generations. This paper considers the historical evolution of the property, its context as a historical exemplar and the challenges facing its future conservation having regard to Adelaide peri-urban, climate change, and differing owner economic circumstances.

Unauthorised human use of an urban coastal wetland sanctuary: current and future patterns

Urban expansion brings profound impacts and challenges to many ecosystems, including wetlands. Unauthorised public access to wetland sanctuaries can lead to a number of management problems, such as increasing disturbance to migratory shorebirds. We investigate unauthorised human use of a coastal urban wetland located in Melbourne, Australia, and use current results to predict future patterns of visitation under different management and urban development scenarios. Despite being officially closed to the public, 20.8% of the 574 ha wetland experienced human intrusions during the sampling period. These were most frequent in the section which directly abuts residential development where over 50% of the wetland experienced intrusions. The most frequently observed activities were walking (4.8 ± 4.9 intrusions per observation day), dog walking (8.5 ± 4.5), cycling (3.0 ± 1.8) and motorised trail bike riding (2.5 ± 1.0). There were significant negative relationships between the occurrence of intrusions and distance from the wetland boundary and access points. Walkers and dog walkers were likely to intrude more deeply into the wetlands than other users. We predict that once residential development is completed around the entire perimeter of the wetland that 48% of the total area will be subject to intrusions. This will increase to 58.8% if internal management tracks are opened for public use. We recommend that the current access policy is maintained, and compliance is enhanced through education and additional physical barriers. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sprint interval and moderate-intensity continuous training have equal benefits on aerobic capacity, insulin sensitivity, muscle capillarisation and endothelial eNOS/NAD(P)Hoxidase protein ratio in obese men

Key points: Skeletal muscle capillary density and vasoreactivity are reduced in obesity, due to reduced nitric oxide bioavailability. Sprint interval training (SIT) has been proposed as a time efficient alternative to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), but its effect on the skeletal muscle microvasculature has not been studied in obese individuals. We observed that SIT and MICT led to equal increases in capillarisation and endothelial eNOS content, while reducing endothelial NOX2 content in microvessels of young obese men. We conclude that SIT is equally effective at improving skeletal muscle capillarisation and endothelial enzyme balance, while being a time efficient alternative to traditional MICT. Sprint interval training (SIT) has been proposed as a time efficient alternative to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), leading to similar improvements in skeletal muscle capillary density and microvascular function in young healthy humans. In this study we made the first comparisons of the muscle microvascular response to SIT and MICT in an obese population. Sixteen young obese men (age 25 ± 1 years, BMI 34.8 ± 0.9 kg m-2) were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of MICT (40-60 min cycling at ∼65% V˙O2 peak , 5 times per week) or constant load SIT (4-7 constant workload intervals of 200% Wmax 3 times per week). Muscle biopsies were taken before and after training from the m. vastus lateralis to measure muscle microvascular endothelial eNOS content, eNOS serine1177 phosphorylation, NOX2 content and capillarisation using quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy. Maximal aerobic capacity (V˙O2 peak ), whole body insulin sensitivity and arterial stiffness were also assessed. SIT and MICT increased skeletal muscle microvascular eNOS content and eNOS ser1177 phosphorylation in terminal arterioles and capillaries (P < 0.05), but the latter effect was eliminated when normalised to eNOS content (P = 0.217). SIT and MICT also reduced microvascular endothelial NOX2 content (P < 0.05) and both increased capillary density and capillary-fibre perimeter exchange index (P < 0.05). In parallel, SIT and MICT increased V˙O2 peak (P < 0.05) and whole body insulin sensitivity (P < 0.05), and reduced central artery stiffness (P < 0.05). As no significant differences were observed between SIT and MICT it is concluded that SIT is a time efficient alternative to MICT to improve aerobic capacity, insulin sensitivity and muscle capillarisation and endothelial eNOS/NAD(P)Hoxidase protein ratio in young obese men.

Bone structure and density via HR-pQCT in 60d bed-rest, 2-years recovery with and without countermeasures

We examined the effects of bed-rest, recovery and exercise countermeasures on bone density and structure at the distal tibia and radius as measured via high-resolution peripheral computed tomography. 24 subjects underwent 60-days of head-down tilt bed-rest and performed either resistive vibration exercise (RVE; n = 7), resistive exercise only (RE; n = 8) or no exercise (n = 9; 2nd Berlin BedRest Study; BBR2-2). Measurements were performed regularly during and up to 2-years after 60d bed-rest. At the distal tibia marked reductions in cortical area, cortical thickness and bone density but increases in periosteal perimeter and trabecular area were seen (p all<0.001). Recovery of most parameters occurred within 180d after bed-rest. At the distal radius, persistent increases in cortical area, cortical thickness, cortical density and total density and decreases in trabecular area were seen (p all ≤ 0.005). A significant effect of RVE (p = 0.003), but not RE, was seen on cortical area at the distal tibia, with few effects of the countermeasures observed on the remaining parameters. The current study represents the first implementation of high-resolution peripheral computed tomography in bed-rest in male subjects and helps to understand the patterns of bone remodeling due to bed-rest and recovery.

Fish responses to experimental fragmentation of seagrass habitat

Understanding the consequences of habitat fragmentation has come mostly from comparisons of patchy and continuous habitats. Because fragmentation is a process, it is most accurately studied by actively fragmenting large patches into multiple smaller patches. We fragmented artificial seagrass habitats and evaluated the impacts of fragmentation on fish abundance and species richness over time (1 day, 1 week, 1 month). Fish assemblages were compared among 4 treatments: control (single, continuous 9-m(2) patches); fragmented (single, continuous 9-m(2) patches fragmented to 4 discrete 1-m(2) patches); prefragmented/patchy (4 discrete 1-m(2) patches with the same arrangement as fragmented); and disturbance control (fragmented then immediately restored to continuous 9-m(2) patches). Patchy seagrass had lower species richness than actively fragmented seagrass (up to 39% fewer species after 1 week), but species richness in fragmented treatments was similar to controls. Total fish abundance did not vary among treatments and therefore was unaffected by fragmentation, patchiness, or disturbance caused during fragmentation. Patterns in species richness and abundance were consistent 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after fragmentation. The expected decrease in fish abundance from reduced total seagrass area in fragmented and patchy seagrass appeared to be offset by greater fish density per unit area of seagrass. If fish prefer to live at edges, then the effects of seagrass habitat loss on fish abundance may have been offset by the increase (25%) in seagrass perimeter in fragmented and patchy treatments. Possibly there is some threshold of seagrass patch connectivity below which fish abundances cannot be maintained. The immediate responses of fish to experimental habitat fragmentation provided insights beyond those possible from comparisons of continuous and historically patchy habitat.

Integrating edge effects into studies of habitat fragmentation: a test using meiofauna in seagrass

Habitat fragmentation is thought to be an important process structuring landscapes in marine and estuarine environments, but effects on fauna are poorly understood, in part because of a focus on patchiness rather than fragmentation. Furthermore, despite concomitant increases in perimeter:area ratios with fragmentation, we have little understanding of how fauna change from patch edges to interiors during fragmentation. Densities of meiofauna were measured at different distances across the edges of four artificial seagrass treatments [continuous, fragmented, procedural control (to control for disturbance by fragmenting then restoring experimental plots), and patchy] 1 day, 1 week and 1 month after fragmentation. Experimental plots were established 1 week prior to fragmentation/disturbance. Samples were numerically dominated by harpacticoid copepods, densities of which were greater at the edge than 0.5 m into patches for continuous, procedural control and patchy treatments; densities were similar between the edge and 0.5 m in fragmented patches. For taxa that demonstrated edge effects, densities exhibited log-linear declines to 0.5 m into a patch with no differences observed between 0.5 m and 1 m into continuous treatments. In patchy treatments densities were similar at the internal and external edges for many taxa. The strong positive edge effect (higher densities at edge than interior) for taxa such as harpacticoid copepods implies some benefit of patchy landscapes. But the lack of edge effects during patch fragmentation itself demonstrates the importance of the mechanisms by which habitats become patchy.

Cariometria digital em adenocarcinoma de pâncreas

O adenocarcinoma de pâncreas continua sendo uma doença com alta mortalidade apesar dos avanços na ciência e na tecnologia. O diagnóstico é tardio, na maior parte dos casos, impossibilitando uma abordagem com fins curativos. Os estudos em busca de um método para o diagnóstico precoce ou mesmo um tratamento eficaz, até o momento, não revelaram mudanças significativas. Atualmente, pesquisas em biologia molecular apontando alterações em determinados genes nos tumores de pâncreas parecem ser promissoras. Neste sentido, porém seguindo uma outra linha de pesquisa, o estudo atual que objetiva a determinação das características nucleares das células neoplásicas através da cariometria por análise digital, constitui um passo inicial para futuras especulações. Recentemente, estudos em outros tecidos como o prostático, o mamário e o endométrio vêm demonstrando existir eficácia na diferenciação entre seus tecidos normais e neoplásicos e também uma forte relação entre as alterações encontradas na cromatina de seus núcleos celulares e a agressividade de seus respectivos tumores. Utilizando-se tecido pancreático estocado em parafina por até onze anos no laboratório de Patologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), foram determinadas as características nucleares em mil e trezentos núcleos de células ductais de adenocarcinoma de pâncreas e de tecido pancreático normal. Noventa e três características da cromatina foram estudadas por análise digital. Onze características apresentaram valores diferentes entre os dois grupos e estas diferenças foram estatisticamente significativas. A média para o valor da ÁREA nuclear nos tumores foi de 977.78 e de 336.60, no tecido normal; a da RLM278 foi de 353.23 e 97.07; a da RLM266 de 99.32 e 28.06; a do PERIM de 125.58 e 65.05; a do ROUND de 1.37 e 1.04; a da IOD de 123.49 e 107.97; a da FRACDIM de 1.22 e 1.05; a da DENSMIN de 0.01 e 0.14; a da DENSMAX de 0.53 e 0.62; a da DENSSD 0.25 e 0.10 e a da DENS20P de 0.49 e 0.33, respectivamente para os núcleos dos tumores e para os do tecido normal. Sete destas características serviram como marcadores ideais de neoplasia. Estes achados permitiram a criação de uma assinatura digital específica para cada um dos dois tipos de tecido estudado.

Análise gráfica de estruturas porosas sobre a ótica da estereologia

In this work we developed a computer simulation program for physics porous structures based on programming language C + + using a Geforce 9600 GT with the PhysX chip, originally developed for video games. With this tool, the ability of physical interaction between simulated objects is enlarged, allowing to simulate a porous structure, for example, reservoir rocks and structures with high density. The initial procedure for developing the simulation is the construction of porous cubic structure consisting of spheres with a single size and with varying sizes. In addition, structures can also be simulated with various volume fractions. The results presented are divided into two parts: first, the ball shall be deemed as solid grains, ie the matrix phase represents the porosity, the second, the spheres are considered as pores. In this case the matrix phase represents the solid phase. The simulations in both cases are the same, but the simulated structures are intrinsically different. To validate the results presented by the program, simulations were performed by varying the amount of grain, the grain size distribution and void fraction in the structure. All results showed statistically reliable and consistent with those presented in the literature. The mean values and distributions of stereological parameters measured, such as intercept linear section of perimeter area, sectional area and mean free path are in agreement with the results obtained in the literature for the structures simulated. The results may help the understanding of real structures.

Simulação computacional de medidas estereológicas em estruturas de metal duro (WC-Co)

This work focuses on the creation and applications of a dynamic simulation software in order to study the hard metal structure (WC-Co). The technological ground used to increase the GPU hardware capacity was Geforce 9600 GT along with the PhysX chip created to make games more realistic. The software simulates the three-dimensional carbide structure to the shape of a cubic box where tungsten carbide (WC) are modeled as triangular prisms and truncated triangular prisms. The program was proven effective regarding checking testes, ranging from calculations of parameter measures such as the capacity to increase the number of particles simulated dynamically. It was possible to make an investigation of both the mean parameters and distributions stereological parameters used to characterize the carbide structure through cutting plans. Grounded on the cutting plans concerning the analyzed structures, we have investigated the linear intercepts, the intercepts to the area, and the perimeter section of the intercepted grains as well as the binder phase to the structure by calculating the mean value and distribution of the free path. As literature shows almost consensually that the distribution of the linear intercepts is lognormal, this suggests that the grain distribution is also lognormal. Thus, a routine was developed regarding the program which made possible a more detailed research on this issue. We have observed that it is possible, under certain values for the parameters which define the shape and size of the Prismatic grain to find out the distribution to the linear intercepts that approach the lognormal shape. Regarding a number of developed simulations, we have observed that the distribution curves of the linear and area intercepts as well as the perimeter section are consistent with studies on static computer simulation to these parameters.

Efeito de um extrato de chrysobalanus icaco na marcação de constituíntes sanguíneos com tecnécio-99m, na morfologia de hemácias, na topologia plasmidial e na ação do cloreto estanoso no dna plasmidial

The use of radionuclides has contributed for advances in Health Sciences, to research or to the diagnosis and/or treatment of diseases. These advances have been possible with the utilization of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc). Stannous chloride (SnCl2) has the main reducing agent utilized to obtain radiopharmaceuticals labeled with technetium-99m. It has been reported that several natural or synthetic drugs are capable to alter the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc, as well as the red blood cells morphology. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible alterations of Chrysobalanus icaco extract on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc, on the morphology of RBC of blood of Wistar rats, on the breakage of plasmid DNA and on the effects of stannous chloride on plasmid DNA. The results showed significant (P<0.05) alteration of the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc, as well as, modification of the morphology and morphometry (perimeter/area ratio) of the RBC in presence of the extract. These data suggest that this abajeru extract could alter the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc by its chelating/antioxidant action and/or effects on membrane structures. Moreover C. icaco extract altered the electrophoretic profile and decreased significantly (p<0.05) the effect of SnCl2 on plasmid DNA. The results obtained in this work could indicate a dose-dependent protective action against the SnCl2 and a genotoxic effect of C. icaco extract on plasmid DNA

Comparação de efeitos dos extratos de Hypericum perforatum (Hipérico) e de Mentha crispa (Hortelã) em diferentes modelos experiemtais

Several clinic evaluations have been possible with radiobiocomplexes labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc). Some natural and synthetic drugs are capable of to interfere on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc, as well as on the biodistribution of radiobiocomplexes. Authors have also reported about the toxicity of several natural products. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the Mentha crispa (hortelã) and of the Hypericum perforatum (hipérico) in different experimental models. On the labeling of red blood cells (RBC) and plasma and cellular proteins with 99mTc, both extracts were capable of to decrease the radioactivity percentage on the cellular compartment and on the fixation on plasma and cellular proteins. On the morphometry of the RBC, only the hortelã was capable to alter the shape and the perimeter/area ratio of the RBC. On the biodistribution of the radiobiocomplex sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4), the hortelã increased the Na99mTcO4 distribution in the kidney, spleen, liver and thyroid, meanwhile the hipérico decreased the Na99mTcO4 distribution in the bone, stomach, lungs and thyroid, and increased the Na99mTcO4 distribution in the pancreas. On the bacterial cultures survival, the hipérico was capable of to protect the bacteria against the stannous chloride (SnCl2) effect. The hipérico did not alter the topology of plasmidial DNA and did not protect the plasmidial DNA against the SnCl2 action. Probably, the effects presented by both extracts could be due to chemical compounds of the extracts that could alter the morphology of the RBC and the plasma membrane ions transport, and/or by phytocomplexes that could be formed with different effects dependent on the biological system considered