How does the tobacco industry attempt to influence marketing regulations? A systematic review

BACKGROUND: The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control makes a number of recommendations aimed at restricting the marketing of tobacco products. Tobacco industry political activity has been identified as an obstacle to Parties' development and implementation of these provisions. This study systematically reviews the existing literature on tobacco industry efforts to influence marketing regulations and develops taxonomies of 1) industry strategies and tactics and 2) industry frames and arguments. METHODS: Searches were conducted between April-July 2011, and updated in March 2013. Articles were included if they made reference to tobacco industry efforts to influence marketing regulations; supported claims with verifiable evidence; were written in English; and concerned the period 1990-2013. 48 articles met the review criteria. Narrative synthesis was used to combine the evidence. RESULTS: 56% of articles focused on activity in North America, Europe or Australasia, the rest focusing on Asia (17%), South America, Africa or transnational activity. Six main political strategies and four main frames were identified. The tobacco industry frequently claims that the proposed policy will have negative unintended consequences, that there are legal barriers to regulation, and that the regulation is unnecessary because, for example, industry does not market to youth or adheres to a voluntary code. The industry primarily conveys these arguments through direct and indirect lobbying, the promotion of voluntary codes and alternative policies, and the formation of alliances with other industrial sectors. The majority of tactics and arguments were used in multiple jurisdictions. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco industry political activity is far more diverse than suggested by existing taxonomies of corporate political activity. Tactics and arguments are repeated across jurisdictions, suggesting that the taxonomies of industry tactics and arguments developed in this paper are generalisable to multiple jurisdictions and can be used to predict industry activity.

Overcoming The Impotency Of Marketing

In his dialogue titled - Overcoming The Impotency Of Marketing - K. Michael Haywood, Assistant Professor, School of Hotel and Food Administration, University of Guelph, originally reveals: “Many accommodation businesses have discovered that their marketing activities are becoming increasingly impotent. To overcome this evolutionary stage in the life cycle of marketing, this article outlines six principles that will re-establish marketing's vitality.” “The opinion of general managers and senior marketing, financial, and food and beverage managers is that the marketing is not producing the results it once did and is not working as it should,” Haywood advises. Haywood points to price as the primary component hospitality managers use to favor/adjust their marketability. Although this is an effective tool, the practice can also erode profitability and margin he says. Haywood also points at recession as a major factor in exposing the failures of marketing plans. He adds that the hotel manager cannot afford to let this rationale go unchallenged; managers must take measures to mitigate circumstances that they might not have any control over. Managers must attempt to maintain profitability. “In many hotels, large corporate accounts or convention business generates a significant proportion of occupancy. Often these big buyers dictate their terms to the hotels, especially the price they are prepared to pay and the service they expect,” Haywood warns. This dynamic is just another significant pitfall that challenges marketing strategy. The savvy marketing technician must be aware of changes that occur in his or her marketplace, Haywood stresses. He offers three specific, real changes, which should be responded to. “To cope with the problems and uncertainties of the hotel business during the remainder of the decade, six components need to be developed if marketing impotency is to be overcome,” says Haywood in outlining his six-step approach to the problem. Additionally, forward thinking cannot be over-emphasized. “A high market share is helpful in general, but an even more crucial factor is careful consideration of the market sectors in which the company wants to operate,” your author advises. “Taking tactical initiatives is essential. Successful hotels act; unsuccessful ones react. The less successful marketing operations tend to be a hive of frantic activity. Fire-fighting is the normal way of life in such organizations, Haywood observes. “By contrast, successful firms plan and execute their tactical marketing activity with careful timing and precision so as to create the maximum impact,” he extends in describing his fruitful marketing arabesque.

Hypertension, poor glycemic control, and microalbuminuria in Cuban Americans with type 2 diabetes

Purpose: To investigate to what degree the presence of hypertension (HTN) and poor glycemic control (GC) influences the likelihood of having microalbuminuria (MAU) among Cuban Americans with type 2 diabetes (T2D).Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in Cuban Americans (n = 179) with T2D. Participants were recruited from a randomly generated mailing list purchased from KnowledgeBase Marketing, Inc. Blood pressure (BP) was measured twice and averaged using an adult size cuff. Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c) levels were measured from whole blood samples with the Roche Tina-quant method. First morning urine samples were collected from each participant to determine MAU by a semiquantitative assay (ImmunoDip).Results: MAU was present in 26% of Cuban Americans with T2D. A significantly higher percentage of subjects with MA had HTN (P = 0.038) and elevated A1C (P = 0.002) than those with normoalbuminuria. Logistic regression analysis showed that after controlling for covariates, subjects with poor GC were 6.76 times more likely to have MAU if they had hypertension compared with those without hypertension (P = 0.004; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.83, 23.05). Conclusion: The clinical significance of these findings emphasizes the early detection of MAU in this Hispanic subgroup combined with BP and good GC, which are fundamentals in preventing and treating diabetes complications and improving individuals’ renal and cardiovascular outcomes.

Modelos de conformación de la imagen de destinos turísticos y empresas de alojamiento: análisis del control del turoperador en las estrategias de promoción y precio

Programa de doctorado: Perspectivas científicas sobre el turismo y la dirección de empresas turísticas. La fecha de publicación es la fecha de lectura

Marketing de relacionamento em um provedor de internet: um estudo comparativo que considera a visão gerencial e a percepção dos clientes

The current paper aims at analyzing customer retention in Internet provider services. For this study, we sought to understand what are the client's expectations regarding the services available and compare them with management perception in relation to the use of those services. Identifying the coherence level between the two points of view, management and client, it is possible to pinpoint how service is assessed in real conditions. Then, from this point on, a new vision can be implemented on available services, and new customer service strategies aiming at best serving to their expectation and need, can be rethought. The exploratory research was utilized. It was based on case study, and quantitative and qualitative methods were used. The quantitative method was done by applying the cluster technique with six variables of control derived from the six main services, whose definition was done through qualitative survey of the internal management team. Then, an structured interview with 443 clients, from a probabilistic sample of 800 costumers. The total number of active clients of the internet provider is of 10.677. Client perception in relation to services varied, if compared with the four services that were under the managerial metric method, this comparison showed a more positive evaluation than the real use of the service. Thus, it was observed that the value of each service available for the client depends on his/her perception of it, regardless of using or not the offered service. As a result, it is possible to understand which services offered by the company under study effectively contribute to a good client-company relationship, and the upkeep of those clients

Licenciamento Ambiental: uma ferramenta de marketing - O caso de uma empresa agro-alimentar

Mestrado em Gestão e Empreendedorismo

Marketing de relacionamento em um provedor de internet: um estudo comparativo que considera a visão gerencial e a percepção dos clientes

The current paper aims at analyzing customer retention in Internet provider services. For this study, we sought to understand what are the client's expectations regarding the services available and compare them with management perception in relation to the use of those services. Identifying the coherence level between the two points of view, management and client, it is possible to pinpoint how service is assessed in real conditions. Then, from this point on, a new vision can be implemented on available services, and new customer service strategies aiming at best serving to their expectation and need, can be rethought. The exploratory research was utilized. It was based on case study, and quantitative and qualitative methods were used. The quantitative method was done by applying the cluster technique with six variables of control derived from the six main services, whose definition was done through qualitative survey of the internal management team. Then, an structured interview with 443 clients, from a probabilistic sample of 800 costumers. The total number of active clients of the internet provider is of 10.677. Client perception in relation to services varied, if compared with the four services that were under the managerial metric method, this comparison showed a more positive evaluation than the real use of the service. Thus, it was observed that the value of each service available for the client depends on his/her perception of it, regardless of using or not the offered service. As a result, it is possible to understand which services offered by the company under study effectively contribute to a good client-company relationship, and the upkeep of those clients

Diseño de un programa de comunicación de marketing integral, para generar demanda de los servicios eco-agroturístico ofertados por el hostal y restaurante lempa mar, ubicado en comunidad la pita, municipio de Tecoluca, departamento de San Vicente.

El Grupo Bajo Lempa, fue creado después de la firma de los acuerdos de paz, gracias a la cooperación de CORDES (Asociación para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Comunal de El Salvador), el grupo está conformado por 50 comunidades en la costa del Océano Pacífico entre los departamentos de La Paz y San Vicente. Precisamente en éste último está ubicado el municipio de Tecoluca, ahí se encuentra ubicada la comunidad La Pita, comunidad que antes de los acuerdo de paz sus historias no eran más que de tristeza y mucho sacrificio. La Asociación Lempa Mar, surge del Grupo Bajo Lempa, con la iniciativa de aprovechar el potencial turístico de la zona; pero es hasta el año 2001, que comienzan a gestionarse proyectos para la construcción de cabañas que servirían de alojamiento y la búsqueda de un lugar que serviría para la construcción de un restaurante, esto dió paso al surgimiento del Hostal y Restaurante Lempa Mar. En la actualidad el Hostal y Restaurante Lempa Mar, recibe unos 200 visitantes por mes a los cuales se le ofrecen servicios de alojamiento y alimentación, así como actividades relacionadas con el eco-agroturismo. Sin embargo a pesar del trabajo realizado en estos años no se ha concretado un plan encaminado, a la captación de nuevos visitantes, por lo que la demanda de los servicios que se ofrecen es muy irregular, por esta razón se ha propuesto un Programa de Comunicación de Marketing Integral, para generar demanda de los servicios que allí se ofrecen. Para realizar la investigación se utilizó el método científico específicamente el método descriptivo, ya que su propósito es describir situaciones y variables para explicar cómo se manifiesta el fenómeno de interés. Para la recolección de datos se utilizaron encuestas, entrevistas así como también la observación directa, una vez recolectada la información se procedió al análisis de los datos, obteniendo así las fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas a las cuales se enfrenta el Hostal. A través del diagnóstico realizado se determinaron las causas que provocan la falta de demanda, tales como la falta de un adecuado plan de promoción, la explotación inadecuada de los recursos naturales de la zona; otro aspecto es la falta de utilización de publicidad no pagada. En función de los resultados de la investigación se diseñó un Programa de Comunicación de Marketing integral, que propone el desarrollo de estrategias creativas a corto plazo, que conlleven a lograr un posicionamiento y una ventaja diferencial. Finalmente se establece la forma de implementación, evaluación y control del programa.

Diseño de un plan de marketing dirigido al sector agroindustrial de harina de maíz mixtamalizado, para la introducción y comercialización de harina de maíz con alta calidad proteica QPM en el municipio de Soyapango.

La elaboración del presente trabajo de graduación, comprende el diseño de un plan de marketing dirigido al sector agroindustrial de harina de maíz nixtamalizado, para la introducción y comercialización de una nueva harina de maíz con alta calidad proteica QPM en el municipio de Soyapango, con el objetivo de lograr el posicionamiento de la nueva harina de maíz QPM, logrando de esta forma que los consumidores obtengan mejores beneficios nutricionales por su consumo y que hagan que la diferencien de las demás harinas que actualmente se comercializan en el mercado. Para la realización del plan de marketing, se efectuó un estudio de campo en el municipio de Soyapango, permitiéndonos elaborar un diagnóstico, conociendo por parte de los comerciantes, las opiniones e inquietudes que tienen actualmente sobre la harina de maíz, como a la vez identificar los gustos y preferencias de los consumidores finales. Para elaborar el diagnóstico a los dos objetos de estudio (Comerciantes y Consumidores Finales), se utilizó el método científico; haciendo uso del análisis, la síntesis y la deducción, el tipo de investigación fue descriptiva; ya que busca y especifica las partes importantes de los elementos de estudio, las técnicas de investigación que se utilizaron fueron: la observación directa; en la área geográfica de estudio, la encuesta; que fue dirigida a los comerciantes y consumidores, y la entrevista; a la gerente del departamento de mercadeo, de la empresa HARISA, S.A. de C.V.; con la finalidad de plantear los factores externos del fenómeno de investigación. La encuesta estaba constituida por dos cuestionarios, uno dirigido a los comerciantes y otro a los consumidores, formulados con preguntas semi abiertas como cerradas, obteniendo información valiosa que nos permitió conocer las preferencias, características importantes del producto y sus inquietudes sobre la nueva harina de maíz QPM. Con la información obtenida, se determinaron aspectos importantes para la investigación como son; análisis de la situación actual del mercado, determinando las principales características que observan, tanto los comerciantes como el consumidor final, al momento de comprar cualquier marca de harina de maíz, los cuales son: el precio y la calidad del producto, a la vez existe una costumbre radical por parte de los comerciantes y consumidores, con respecto a la clase de harina que actualmente se comercializa en el mercado y que consideran que satisfacen sus necesidades, acompañado también del miedo por parte del comerciante de colocar en el mercado la nueva harina de maíz, debido a ignorar información básica y fundamental de la procedencia de la harina. La ejecución del plan de marketing, será responsabilidad del sector agroindustrial y de la empresa en estudio, a fin que la harina de maíz QPM se comercialice en el mercado a nivel nacional, e implementar las estrategias propuestas; 1) para que se cumplan los objetivos del plan de marketing, 2) para mejorar las actividades de marketing y 3) asegurar, sostener y obtener competitividad de la materia prima, tomando en consideración los planes de acción a implementar a largo plazo y corto plazo. La empresa modelo que se tomó para el caso ilustrativo, proporcionó información importante y necesaria , que fue utilizada para elaborar el análisis FODA, así como la realización de los presupuestos, tomando como base la información histórica desde los años 2000 al 2006. Asimismo deben de considerar los presupuestos propuestos, para que tomen las medidas necesarias que ayuden a minimizar los costos y de esta forma mejorar sus utilidades, partiendo del análisis del punto de equilibrio determinado para el 2009, como una herramienta de planeación financiera. Con la implementación, evaluación y control del plan de marketing, la empresa determinará si se cumplen las expectativas preestablecidas. Se recomienda al sector agroindustrial de harina de maíz nixtamalizado como a la empresa HARISA, S.A. de C.V., ejecutar el plan de marketing, para lograr el posicionamiento de la nueva harina de maíz QPM en el municipio de Soyapango y a largo plazo a nivel nacional, para que la población en general se vea beneficiada con el consumo de está ya que mejorará su alimentación diaria proporcionando gran cantidad de nutrientes de forma natural.

Consorcio Cultural Caribbean Dreams: desarrollo de un plan de marketing para su posicionamiento en el mercado nacional

Universidad de Costa Rica. Posgrado en Administraci?n y Direcci?n de Empresas. Maestr?a Profesional en Administraci?n y Direcci?n de Empresas, 2015

Creación de marca mediante la utilización de mecanismos estratégicos comunitarios y marketing

El presente documento pretende mostrar la manera como se debe ejecutar la creación de marca mediante la utilización de mecanismos estratégicos comunitarios y marketing. El objetivo del estudio se basa en encontrar los mecanismos adecuados para el desarrollo y creación de una marca enfocándose en el análisis de las principales prácticas y modelos desarrollados en el área del marketing, examinando el impacto que la marca pueda generar en la comunidad en la cual la organización está incluida, estableciendo además un conexión directa con el modo de vida de los consumidores. Durante el desarrollo del documento se demuestra que las estrategias de marketing aplicadas por cada compañía, sirven para construir una relación estrecha y fuerte con todos los agentes involucrados en la construcción de una marca, principalmente con los clientes, ya que la forma más efectiva de establecer relaciones a largo plazo, es enfocándose exclusivamente en las necesidades desarrolladas por los consumidores, y a partir de ellas ajustar los valores (misión, visión, cultura organizacional, objetivos) de la organización. Estas estrategias comunitarias son también influenciadas por varios factores internos y externos a la organización, los cuales deben ser tenidos en cuenta al momento de elegir la estrategia adecuada. Los mecanismos estratégicos que desarrollan las empresas pueden cambiar significativamente de un sector comercial a otro, la importancia de las necesidades que se deben suplir y el consumidor final se deben evaluar desde un aspecto comunitario, entendiendo como comunidad como el conjunto de grupos sociales y comerciales que tienen relación directa o indirecta con la empresa. Con la investigación llevada a cabo acerca de las estrategias que deben aplicar las compañías se concluye que las marcas reflejan la imagen que la empresa transmite a sus compradores estableciendo una relación emocional entre los consumidores y la marca desarrollada, además de estimular la oferta y demanda del negocio. Se espera que por medio de la obtención de información teórica y conceptual, se pueda aclarar la manera como se puede desarrollar la creación de una marca por medio de la correcta utilización de mecanismos estratégicos comunitarios y de marketing.

Temporomandibular Dysfunction Post-craniotomy: Evaluation Between Pre- And Post-operative Status.

To identify risk factors associated with post-operative temporomandibular joint dysfunction after craniotomy. The study sample included 24 patients, mean age of 37.3 ± 10 years; eligible for surgery for refractory epilepsy, evaluated according to RDC/TMD before and after surgery. The primary predictor was the time after the surgery. The primary outcome variable was maximal mouth opening. Other outcome variables were: disc displacement, bruxism, TMJ sound, TMJ pain, and pain associated to mandibular movements. Data analyses were performed using bivariate and multiple regression methods. The maximal mouth opening was significantly reduced after surgery in all patients (p = 0.03). In the multiple regression model, time of evaluation and pre-operative bruxism were significantly (p < .05) associated with an increased risk for TMD post-surgery. A significant correlation between surgery follow-up time and maximal opening mouth was found. Pre-operative bruxism was associated with increased risk for temporomandibular joint dysfunction after craniotomy.

Hypothalamic Inflammation And The Central Nervous System Control Of Energy Homeostasis.

The control of energy homeostasis relies on robust neuronal circuits that regulate food intake and energy expenditure. Although the physiology of these circuits is well understood, the molecular and cellular response of this program to chronic diseases is still largely unclear. Hypothalamic inflammation has emerged as a major driver of energy homeostasis dysfunction in both obesity and anorexia. Importantly, this inflammation disrupts the action of metabolic signals promoting anabolism or supporting catabolism. In this review, we address the evidence that favors hypothalamic inflammation as a factor that resets energy homeostasis in pathological states.

Chitosan/tripolyphosphate Nanoparticles Loaded With Paraquat Herbicide: An Environmentally Safer Alternative For Weed Control.

Paraquat is a fast acting nonselective contact herbicide that is extensively used worldwide. However, the aqueous solubility and soil sorption of this compound can cause problems of toxicity in nontarget organisms. This work investigates the preparation and characterization of nanoparticles composed of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) to produce an efficient herbicidal formulation that was less toxic and could be used for safer control of weeds in agriculture. The toxicities of the formulations were evaluated using cell culture viability assays and the Allium cepa chromosome aberration test. The herbicidal activity was investigated in cultivations of maize (Zea mays) and mustard (Brassica sp.), and soil sorption of the nanoencapsulated herbicide was measured. The efficiency association of paraquat with the nanoparticles was 62.6 ± 0.7%. Encapsulation of the herbicide resulted in changes in its diffusion and release as well as its sorption by soil. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays showed that the nanoencapsulated herbicide was less toxic than the pure compound, indicating its potential to control weeds while at the same time reducing environmental impacts. Measurements of herbicidal activity showed that the effectiveness of paraquat was preserved after encapsulation. It was concluded that the encapsulation of paraquat in nanoparticles can provide a useful means of reducing adverse impacts on human health and the environment, and that the formulation therefore has potential for use in agriculture.

Influence Of Gastric Emptying On The Control Of Postprandial Glycemia: Physiology And Therapeutic Implications.

The maintenance of glucose homeostasis is complex and involves, besides the secretion and action of insulin and glucagon, a hormonal and neural mechanism, regulating the rate of gastric emptying. This mechanism depends on extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion regulates the speed of gastric emptying, contributing to the control of postprandial glycemia. The pharmacodynamic characteristics of various agents of this class can explain the effects more relevant in fasting or postprandial glucose, and can thus guide the individualized treatment, according to the clinical and pathophysiological features of each patient.