Estudo da dinâmica de populações utilizando a técnica de polinômios de colocação

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEB

Ottimizzazione delle reti di distribuzione idrica tramite algoritmi genetici multi-obiettivo

Water distribution networks optimization is a challenging problem due to the dimension and the complexity of these systems. Since the last half of the twentieth century this field has been investigated by many authors. Recently, to overcome discrete nature of variables and non linearity of equations, the research has been focused on the development of heuristic algorithms. This algorithms do not require continuity and linearity of the problem functions because they are linked to an external hydraulic simulator that solve equations of mass continuity and of energy conservation of the network. In this work, a NSGA-II (Non-dominating Sorting Genetic Algorithm) has been used. This is a heuristic multi-objective genetic algorithm based on the analogy of evolution in nature. Starting from an initial random set of solutions, called population, it evolves them towards a front of solutions that minimize, separately and contemporaneously, all the objectives. This can be very useful in practical problems where multiple and discordant goals are common. Usually, one of the main drawback of these algorithms is related to time consuming: being a stochastic research, a lot of solutions must be analized before good ones are found. Results of this thesis about the classical optimal design problem shows that is possible to improve results modifying the mathematical definition of objective functions and the survival criterion, inserting good solutions created by a Cellular Automata and using rules created by classifier algorithm (C4.5). This part has been tested using the version of NSGA-II supplied by Centre for Water Systems (University of Exeter, UK) in MATLAB® environment. Even if orientating the research can constrain the algorithm with the risk of not finding the optimal set of solutions, it can greatly improve the results. Subsequently, thanks to CINECA help, a version of NSGA-II has been implemented in C language and parallelized: results about the global parallelization show the speed up, while results about the island parallelization show that communication among islands can improve the optimization. Finally, some tests about the optimization of pump scheduling have been carried out. In this case, good results are found for a small network, while the solutions of a big problem are affected by the lack of constraints on the number of pump switches. Possible future research is about the insertion of further constraints and the evolution guide. In the end, the optimization of water distribution systems is still far from a definitive solution, but the improvement in this field can be very useful in reducing the solutions cost of practical problems, where the high number of variables makes their management very difficult from human point of view.

Service Level Agreements-Driven Management of Distributed Applications in Cloud Computing Environments

Cloud Computing enables provisioning and distribution of highly scalable services in a reliable, on-demand and sustainable manner. However, objectives of managing enterprise distributed applications in cloud environments under Service Level Agreement (SLA) constraints lead to challenges for maintaining optimal resource control. Furthermore, conflicting objectives in management of cloud infrastructure and distributed applications might lead to violations of SLAs and inefficient use of hardware and software resources. This dissertation focusses on how SLAs can be used as an input to the cloud management system, increasing the efficiency of allocating resources, as well as that of infrastructure scaling. First, we present an extended SLA semantic model for modelling complex service-dependencies in distributed applications, and for enabling automated cloud infrastructure management operations. Second, we describe a multi-objective VM allocation algorithm for optimised resource allocation in infrastructure clouds. Third, we describe a method of discovering relations between the performance indicators of services belonging to distributed applications and then using these relations for building scaling rules that a CMS can use for automated management of VMs. Fourth, we introduce two novel VM-scaling algorithms, which optimally scale systems composed of VMs, based on given SLA performance constraints. All presented research works were implemented and tested using enterprise distributed applications.

Service level agreements-driven management of distributed applications in cloud computing environments

Advancements in cloud computing have enabled the proliferation of distributed applications, which require management and control of multiple services. However, without an efficient mechanism for scaling services in response to changing workload conditions, such as number of connected users, application performance might suffer, leading to violations of Service Level Agreements (SLA) and possible inefficient use of hardware resources. Combining dynamic application requirements with the increased use of virtualised computing resources creates a challenging resource Management context for application and cloud-infrastructure owners. In such complex environments, business entities use SLAs as a means for specifying quantitative and qualitative requirements of services. There are several challenges in running distributed enterprise applications in cloud environments, ranging from the instantiation of service VMs in the correct order using an adequate quantity of computing resources, to adapting the number of running services in response to varying external loads, such as number of users. The application owner is interested in finding the optimum amount of computing and network resources to use for ensuring that the performance requirements of all her/his applications are met. She/he is also interested in appropriately scaling the distributed services so that application performance guarantees are maintained even under dynamic workload conditions. Similarly, the infrastructure Providers are interested in optimally provisioning the virtual resources onto the available physical infrastructure so that her/his operational costs are minimized, while maximizing the performance of tenants’ applications. Motivated by the complexities associated with the management and scaling of distributed applications, while satisfying multiple objectives (related to both consumers and providers of cloud resources), this thesis proposes a cloud resource management platform able to dynamically provision and coordinate the various lifecycle actions on both virtual and physical cloud resources using semantically enriched SLAs. The system focuses on dynamic sizing (scaling) of virtual infrastructures composed of virtual machines (VM) bounded application services. We describe several algorithms for adapting the number of VMs allocated to the distributed application in response to changing workload conditions, based on SLA-defined performance guarantees. We also present a framework for dynamic composition of scaling rules for distributed service, which used benchmark-generated application Monitoring traces. We show how these scaling rules can be combined and included into semantic SLAs for controlling allocation of services. We also provide a detailed description of the multi-objective infrastructure resource allocation problem and various approaches to satisfying this problem. We present a resource management system based on a genetic algorithm, which performs allocation of virtual resources, while considering the optimization of multiple criteria. We prove that our approach significantly outperforms reactive VM-scaling algorithms as well as heuristic-based VM-allocation approaches.

SOP: Parallel surrogate global optimization with Pareto center selection for computationally expensive single objective problems

This paper presents a parallel surrogate-based global optimization method for computationally expensive objective functions that is more effective for larger numbers of processors. To reach this goal, we integrated concepts from multi-objective optimization and tabu search into, single objective, surrogate optimization. Our proposed derivative-free algorithm, called SOP, uses non-dominated sorting of points for which the expensive function has been previously evaluated. The two objectives are the expensive function value of the point and the minimum distance of the point to previously evaluated points. Based on the results of non-dominated sorting, P points from the sorted fronts are selected as centers from which many candidate points are generated by random perturbations. Based on surrogate approximation, the best candidate point is subsequently selected for expensive evaluation for each of the P centers, with simultaneous computation on P processors. Centers that previously did not generate good solutions are tabu with a given tenure. We show almost sure convergence of this algorithm under some conditions. The performance of SOP is compared with two RBF based methods. The test results show that SOP is an efficient method that can reduce time required to find a good near optimal solution. In a number of cases the efficiency of SOP is so good that SOP with 8 processors found an accurate answer in less wall-clock time than the other algorithms did with 32 processors.

A comparative study of SISO and MIMO control strategies for floor vibration damping

Civil engineering structures such as floor systems with open-plan layout or lightweight footbridges are susceptible to excessive level of vibrations caused by human loading. Active vibration control (AVC) via inertial mass actuators has been shown to be a viable technique to mitigate vibrations, allowing structures to satisfy vibration serviceability limits. Most of the AVC applications involve the use of SISO (single input single-output) strategies based on collocated control. However, in the case of floor structures, in which mostof the vibration modes are locally spatially distributed, SISO or multi-SISO strategies are quite inefficient. In this paper, a MIMO (multi-inputs multi-outputs) control in decentralised and centralised configuration is designed. The design process simultaneously finds the placement of multiple actuators and sensors and the output feedback gains. Additionally, actuator dynamics, actuator nonlinearities and frequency and time weightings are considered into the design process. Results with SISO and decentralised and centralised MIMO control (for a given number of actuators and sensors) are compared, showing the advantages of MIMO control for floor vibration control.

A multi-criteria optimization and decision-making approach for improvement of food engineering processes.

The objective of this study was to propose a multi-criteria optimization and decision-making technique to solve food engineering problems. This technique was demostrated using experimental data obtained on osmotic dehydratation of carrot cubes in a sodium chloride solution. The Aggregating Functions Approach, the Adaptive Random Search Algorithm, and the Penalty Functions Approach were used in this study to compute the initial set of non-dominated or Pareto-optimal solutions. Multiple non-linear regression analysis was performed on a set of experimental data in order to obtain particular multi-objective functions (responses), namely water loss, solute gain, rehydration ratio, three different colour criteria of rehydrated product, and sensory evaluation (organoleptic quality). Two multi-criteria decision-making approaches, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Tabular Method (TM), were used simultaneously to choose the best alternative among the set of non-dominated solutions. The multi-criteria optimization and decision-making technique proposed in this study can facilitate the assessment of criteria weights, giving rise to a fairer, more consistent, and adequate final compromised solution or food process. This technique can be useful to food scientists in research and education, as well as to engineers involved in the improvement of a variety of food engineering processes.

Diseño para fabricación digital: definición unívoca entre forma y fabricación en arquitectura

La presente investigación se inicia planteando el objetivo de identificar los parámetros geométricos que son exclusivos del proceso de generación de la Forma y relacionarlos con los invariantes relacionados con la Fabricación digital aplicada a la Arquitectura. Con ello se pretende recuperar la geometría como herramienta principal del proceso de Proyecto ampliando su ámbito de actuación al encontrar una relación con los procesos de fabricación digital. El primer capítulo describe los antecedentes y contexto histórico centrándose especialmente en la influencia de la capacidad de definir geometrías complejas digitalmente mediante la aplicación de algoritmos. En los primeros ejemplos la aproximación del Arquitecto a proyectos con geometrías complejas no euclídeas aún se emplea sin precisión en la comunicación de la geometría ideada para su puesta en obra. Las técnicas constructivas obligan a asumir una tolerancia de desviación entre proyecto y obra y la previsión del comportamiento de esa geometría no permite asegurar su comportamiento final. No será hasta la introducción de herramientas CAD en el proceso de ideación arquitectónica cuando el Arquitecto se capacite para generar geometrías no representables de forma analógica. Sin embargo, la imposibilidad de trasladar la geometría proyectada a la praxis constructiva impedirá la plasmación de un proceso completo, salvo en las contadas ocasiones que se recogen en este texto. “El análisis cronológico de las referencias establece como aspecto esencial para la construcción de geometrías complejas la capacidad primero para definir y comunicar de forma precisa e inequívoca la geometría y después la capacidad de analizar el desempeño prestacional de dicha propuesta geométrica”. La presente investigación se inicia planteando el objetivo de identificar los parámetros geométricos que son exclusivos del proceso de generación de la Forma y relacionarlos con los invariantes relacionados con la Fabricación digital aplicada a la Arquitectura. Con ello se pretende recuperar la geometría como herramienta principal del proceso de Proyecto ampliando su ámbito de actuación al encontrar una relación con los procesos de fabricación digital. El primer capítulo describe los antecedentes y contexto histórico centrándose especialmente en la influencia de la capacidad de definir geometrías complejas digitalmente mediante la aplicación de algoritmos. En los primeros ejemplos la aproximación del Arquitecto a proyectos con geometrías complejas no euclídeas aún se emplea sin precisión en la comunicación de la geometría ideada para su puesta en obra. Las técnicas constructivas obligan a asumir una tolerancia de desviación entre proyecto y obra y la previsión del comportamiento de esa geometría no permite asegurar su comportamiento final. No será hasta la introducción de herramientas CAD en el proceso de ideación arquitectónica cuando el Arquitecto se capacite para generar geometrías no representables de forma analógica. Sin embargo, la imposibilidad de trasladar la geometría proyectada a la praxis constructiva impedirá la plasmación de un proceso completo, salvo en las contadas ocasiones que se recogen en este texto. “El análisis cronológico de las referencias establece como aspecto esencial para la construcción de geometrías complejas la capacidad primero para definir y comunicar de forma precisa e inequívoca la geometría y después la capacidad de analizar el desempeño prestacional de dicha propuesta geométrica”. Establecida la primera conclusión, el capítulo de contexto histórico continúa enfocándose sobre la aplicación de las técnicas digitales en el Proceso de proyecto primero, y en la puesta en obra después. Los casos de estudio identifican claramente como un punto de inflexión para la generación de formas complejas mediante un software CAD el Museo Guggenheim de Bilbao en 1992. El motivo esencial para elegir este proyecto como el primer proyecto digital es el uso de la herramienta de definición digital de la geometría para su reproducción inequívoca en obra. “La revolución digital ha aportado al Arquitecto la posibilidad de abandonar las tipologías arquitectónicas basados en restricciones geométricas-constructivas. La aplicación de técnicas de fabricación digital ha permitido la capacidad de diseñar con independencia del sistema constructivo y libertad formal. En este nuevo contexto las prestaciones suponen los nuevos límites conceptuales, ya que el acceso y disposición de la información del comportamiento de las alternativas que cada geometría conlleva demanda del Arquitecto la jerarquización de los objetivos y la formulación en un conjunto coherente de parámetros”. Los proyectos que emplean herramientas digitales para la resolución de las distintas etapas del proceso proyectual se verán incrementados de forma exponencial desde 1992 hasta nuestros días. A pesar del importante auge de las técnicas de diseño asistido por ordenador el principal desafío sigue siendo la vinculación de las geometrías y materiales propuestos con las capacidades de las técnicas de manufactura y puesta en obra. El proceso de diseño para fabricación en un entorno digital es una tecnología madura en otras industrias como la aeroespacial o la automovilística, incluso la de productos de consumo y decoración, sin embargo en el sector de Construcción es un sistema inmaduro e inconexo. Las particularidades de la industria de la construcción aún no han sido abordadas en su totalidad y las propuestas de investigación realizadas en este ámbito se han centrado hasta 2015 en partes del proceso y no en el proceso total. “El principal obstáculo para la estandarización e implantación globalizada de un proceso digital desde el origen de la forma hasta la construcción es la inexistencia de un protocolo integrado que integre las limitaciones de fabricación, económicas y de puesta en obra junto a la evaluación de desempeño prestacional durante la fases iniciales de proyecto”. En el capítulo número 3 se estudian los distintos procesos de generación de la forma. Se propone una definición específica para el ámbito de la investigación de “forma” en el entendemos que se incluye la envolvente exterior y el conjunto organizativo de espacios interiores conectados. Por lo tanto no es excluyente del interior. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar y clasificar los procesos para la generación digital de formas en los distintos proyectos seleccionados como emblemáticos de cada tipología. Se concluye que la aproximación a este proceso es muy variada y compleja, con aplicación segregada y descoordinada entre los distintos agentes que han intervenir. En un proceso de generación formal analógico los parámetros que intervienen son en parte conscientes y en parte inconscientes o aprendidos. El Arquitecto sólo tiene control sobre la parte consciente de los parámetros a integrar en el diseño, de acuerdo a sus conocimientos y capacidades será capaz de manejar un número limitado de parámetros. La parte aprendida permanece en el inconsciente y dirige el proceso analógico, aportando prejuicios estéticos incorporados durante el proceso formativo y propio del entorno cultural. “El empleo de herramientas digitales basadas en la evaluación prestacional durante el proceso de selección formal permite al Arquitecto conocer “en tiempo real” el desempeño en el conjunto de prestaciones evaluadoras del conjunto de alternativas geométricas a la propuesta previamente definida por la intuición arquitectónica. El proceso definido no persigue identificar una solución óptima sino asistir al Arquitecto en el proceso de generación de la forma mediante la evaluación continua de los vectores direccionales más idóneos que el procedimiento generativo plantea”. La definición de complejidad en generación y producción de formas en relación con el proceso de diseño digital paramétrico global o integrado, es esencial para establecer un protocolo que optimice su gestión. “Se propone como definición de complejidad como factor resultante de multiplicar el número de agentes intervinientes por el número de parámetros e interacciones comunes que intervienen en el proceso de generación de la forma, dividido por la complejidad de intercambio de información digital desde el origen hasta la fase de fabricación y construcción”. Una vez analizados los procesos de generación digital de Arquitectura se propone identificar los parámetros geométricos que definen el proceso de Diseño digital, entendiendose por Diseño el proceso que engloba desde la proposición de una forma inicial basada en la intuición del Arquitecto, la generación y evaluación de variantes y posterior definición digital para producción, tanto de un objeto, un sistema o de la totalidad del Proyecto. En la actualidad el proceso de Diseño es discontinuo y lineal organizandose los parámetros por disciplinas en las que está estructurada las atribuciones profesionales en la industria de la construcción. Para simplificar la identificación y listado se han agrupado siguiendo estos grupos de conocimiento. Entendemos parametros invariables aquellos que son independientes de Tipologías arquitectónicas o que dependen del mismo proceso de generación de la Forma. “El listado de los parámetros que intervienen en un proceso de generación formal es una abstracción de una realidad compleja. La parametrización de las decisiones que intervienen en la selección de una forma determinada mediante “well defined problems” es imposible. El proceso que esta tesis describe entiende esta condición como un elemento que pone en valor el propio procedimiento generativo por la riqueza que la subjetividad que el equipo de diseño aporta”. La segunda parte esencial de esta investigación pretende extraer las restricciones propias del estado del arte de la fabricación digital para posteriormente incorporarlos en los procesos digitales de definición de la Forma arquitectónica. “La integración de las restricciones derivadas de las técnicas de fabricación y construcción digitales en el proceso de generación de formas desde el ámbito de la Arquitectura debe referirse a los condicionantes geométricos asociados a cada sistema constructivo, material y técnica de fabricación. La geometría es además el vínculo que permite asociar el conjunto de parámetros prestacionales seleccionados para un Proyecto con los sistemas de fabricación digital”. A estos condicionantes geométricos obtenidos del análisis de cada sistema de fabricación digital se les ha denominado “invariantes geométricos”. Bajo este término se engloban tanto límites dimensionales de fabricación, como materiales compatibles, tolerancias de manufactura e instalación y cualidades prestacionales asociadas. El objetivo de esta propuesta es emplear la geometría, herramienta fundamental y propia del Arquitecto, como nexo de unión entre el conjunto complejo y heterogéneo de parámetros previamente listados y analizados. Para ello se han simplificado en tablas específicas para cada parámetro prestacional los condicionantes geométricos que se derivan de los Sistemas de fabricación digital compatibles (ver apéndice 1). El estudio y evaluación de las capacidades y objetivos de las distintas plataformas de software disponibles y de las experiencias profesionales evaluadas en los proyectos presentados, permiten concluir que la propuesta de plataforma digital de diseño integral multi-paramétrico de formas arquitectónicas requiere de un protocolo de interoperatibilidad específico aún no universalmente establecido. Actualmente el enfoque de la estrategia para normalizar y universalizar el contexto normativo para regular la interoperatibilidad se centra en figura del gestor denominado “BIM manager”. Las atribuciones y roles de esta figura se enfocan a la gestión del continente y no del contenido (Definición de los formatos de intercambio, niveles de desarrollo (LOD) de los componentes o conjuntos constructivos, detección de interferencias y documentación del propio modelo). Siendo este ámbito un desarrollo necesario para la propuesta de universalización del sistema de diseño para fabricación digital integrado, la presente investigación aporta un organigrama y protocolo asociado. El protocolo: 1. Establece la responsabilidad de identificar y definir la Información que debe determinar el proceso de generación y desarrollo de la forma arquitectónica. 2. Define la forma digital apropiada para generar la geometría del Proyecto, incluyendo la precisión necesaria para cada componente y el nivel de detalle necesario para su exportación inequívoca al proceso de fabricación. 3. Define el tempo de cada etapa de diseño identificando un nivel de detalle acorde. 4. Acopla este organigrama dentro de las estructuras nuevas que se proponen en un entorno BIM para asegurar que no se producen solapes o vacíos con las atribuciones que se identifican para el BIM Manager. “El Arquitecto debe dirigir el protocolo de generación coordinada con los sistemas de producción digital para conseguir que la integración completa. El protocolo debe asistir al proceso de generación de forma mediante la evaluación del desempeño prestacional de cada variante en tiempo real. La comunicación entre herramientas digitales es esencial para permitir una ágil transmisión de información. Es necesario establecer un protocolo adaptado a los objetivos y las necesidades operativas de cada proyecto ya que la estandarización de un protocolo único no es posible”. Una decisión estratégica a la hora de planificar una plataforma de diseño digital común es establecer si vamos a optar por un Modelo digital único o diversos Modelos digitales federados. Cada uno de los modos de trabajo tiene fortalezas y debilidades, no obstante en el ámbito de investigación se ha concluido que un proceso integrado de Diseño que incorpore la evaluación prestacional y conceptual definida en el Capítulo 3, requiere necesariamente de varios modelos de software distintos que han de relacionarse entre sí mediante un protocolo de comunicación automatizado. Una plataforma basada en un modelo federado consiste en establecer un protocolo de comunicación entre los programas informáticos empleados por cada disciplina. En este modelo de operación cada equipo de diseño debe establecer las bases de comunicación en función del número y tipo de programas y procesos digitales a emplear. En esta investigación se propone un protocolo basado en los estándares de intercambio de información que estructura cualquier proceso de generación de forma paramétrico “La investigación establece el empleo de algoritmos evolutivos como el sistema actual óptimo para desarrollar un proceso de generación de formas basadas en la integración y coordinación de invariantes geométricos derivados de un conjunto de objetivos prestacionales y constructivos. No obstante, para la aplicación en el caso práctico realizado se ha podido verificar que la evaluación del desempeño aún no puede realizarse en una única herramienta y por lo tanto el proceso de selección de las variantes genéticas óptimas ha de ejecutarse de forma manual y acumulativa. El proceso debe realizarse de manera federada para la selección evolutiva de los invariantes geométricos dimensionales”. La evaluación del protocolo de integración y los condicionantes geométricos obtenidos como parámetros geométricos que controlan las posibles formas compatibles se realiza mediante su aplicación en un caso práctico. El ejercicio simula la colaboración multidisciplinar con modelos federados de plataformas distintas. La elección del tamaño y complejidad constructiva del proyecto se ha modulado para poder alcanzar un desarrollo completo de cada uno de los parámetros prestacionales seleccionados. Continuando con el mismo objetivo propuesto para los parámetros prestacionales, la tipología constructiva-estructural seleccionada para el ejercicio permite la aplicación la totalidad de invariantes geométricos asociados. El objetivo de este caso práctico es evaluar la capacidad alterar la forma inicialmente propuesta mediante la evaluación del desempeño prestacional de conjunto de variantes geométricas generadas a partir de un parámetro dimensional determinado. Para que este proceso tenga sentido, cada una de las variantes debe ser previamente validada conforme a las limitaciones geométricas propias de cada sistema de fabricación y montaje previstos. El interés de las conclusiones obtenidas es la identificación de una variante geométrica distante a la solución simétrica inicialmente como la solución óptima para el conjunto de parámetros seleccionados. Al tiempo se ha comprobado como la participación de un conjunto de parámetros multi-disciplinares que representan la realidad compleja de los objetivos arquitectónicos favorecen la aparición de variaciones genéticas con prestaciones mejoradas a la intuición inicial. “La herencias tipológicas suponen un límite para la imaginación de variantes formales al proceso de ideación arquitectónica. El ejercicio realizado demuestra que incluso en casos donde aparentemente la solución óptima aparenta ser obvia una variante aleatoria puede mejorar su desempeño global. La posibilidad de conocer las condiciones geométricas de las técnicas de fabricación digital compatibles con el conjunto de parámetros seleccionados por el Arquitecto para dirigir el proceso asegura que los resultados del algoritmo evolutivo empleado sean constructivamente viables. La mejora de imaginación humana con la aportación de geometrías realmente construibles supone el objetivo último de esta tesis”. ABSTRACT Architectural form generation process is shifting from analogical to digital. Digital technology has changed the way we design empowering Architects and Engineers to precisely define any complex geometry envisioned. At the same time, the construction industry, following aeronautical and automotive industries, is implementing digital manufacturing techniques to improve efficiency and quality. Consequently construction complexity will no longer be related to geometry complexity and it is associated to coordination with digital manufacturing capacities. Unfortunately it is agreed that non-standard geometries, even when proposed with performance optimization criteria, are only suitable for projects with non-restricted budgets. Furthemore, the lack of coordinated exportation protocol and geometry management between design and construction is avoiding the globalization of emergence process in built projects Present research first objective is to identify exclusive form-generation parameters related to digital manufacturing geometrical restraints. The intention was to use geometry as the form-generation tool and integrate the digital manufacturing capacities at first stages of the project. The first chapter of this text describes the investigation historical context focusing on the influence between accurate geometry definition at non-standard forms and its construction. At first examples of non-Euclidean geometries built the communication between design and construction were based on analogical partial and imprecise documentation. Deficient communication leads to geometry adaptation on site leaving the final form uncontrolled by the Architect. Computer Aided Design enable Architects to define univocally complex geometries that previously where impossible to communicate. “The univocally definition of the Form, and communication between design and construction is essential for complex geometry Projects”. The second chapter is focused on digital technologies application in form finding process and site construction. The case studies selected identifies a clear inflexion node at 1992 with the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao. The singularity of this project was the use of Aeronautics software to define digitally the external envelope complex geometry to enable the contractor to build it. “The digital revolution has given the Architect the capacity to design buildings beyond the architectural archetypes driven by geometric-constructive limitations. The application of digital manufacturing techniques has enabled a free-form construction without geometrical limitations. In this new context performance shall be the responsible to set new conceptual boundaries, since the behavior of each possible geometry can be compare and analyze beforehand. The role of the Architect is to prioritize the performance and architectural objectives of each project in a complete and coherent set of parameters”. Projects using digital tools for solving various stages of the design process were increased exponentially since 1992 until today. Despite the significant rise of the techniques of computer-aided design the main challenge remains linking geometries and materials proposed at each design with the capabilities of digital manufacturing techniques. Design for manufacturing in a digital environment is a mature technology in other industries such as aerospace and automotive, including consumer products and decoration, but in the construction sector is an immature and disjointed system. The peculiarities of the construction industry have not yet been addressed in its entirety and research proposals made in this area until 2015 have focused in separate parts of the process and not the total process. “The main obstacle to global standardization and implementation of a complete digital process from the form-finding to construction site is the lack of an integrated protocol that integrates manufacturing, economic and commissioning limitations, together with the performance evaluation of each possible form”. The different form generation processes are studied at chapter number 3. At the introduction of this chapter there is a specific definition of "form" for the research field. Form is identified with the outer envelope geometry, including the organizational set of connected indoor spaces connected to it. Therefore it is not exclusive of the interior. The aim of this study is to analyze and classify the main digital form generation processes using different selected projects as emblematic of each type. The approach to this process is complex, with segregated and uncoordinated different actors have to intervene application. In an analogical form-generation process parameters involved are partly conscious and partly unconscious or learned. The architect has control only over limited part of the parameters to be integrated into the design, according to their knowledge and. There is also a learned aesthetical prejudice that leads the form generation process to a specific geometry leaving the performance and optimization criteria apart from the decision making process. “Using performance evaluation digital tools during form finding process provides real-time comparative information to the Architect enabling geometry selection based on its performance. The generative form generation process described at this document does not ambition to identify the optimum geometry for each set of parameters. The objective is to provide quick information at each generation of what direction is most favorable for the performance parameters selected”. Manufacturing complexity definition in relation to a global and integral process of digital design for manufacture is essential for establishing an efficient managing protocol. “The definition of complexity associated to design for production in Architecture is proposed as the factor between number of different agents involved in the process by the number of interactions required between them, divided by the percentage of the interchange of information that is standardized and proof of information loss”. Design in architecture is a multi-objective process by definition. Therefore, addressing generation process linked to a set of non-coherent parameters requires the selection of adequate generative algorithm and the interaction of the architect. During the second half of the twentieth century and early twenty-first century it have been developed various mathematical algorithms for multi-parametric digital design. Heuristic algorithms are the most adequate algorithms for architectural projects due to its nature. The advantage of such algorithms is the ability to efficiently handle large scale optimization cases where a large number of design objectives and variables are involved. These generative processes do not pursue the optimum solution, in fact it will be impossible to proof with such algorithm. This is not a problem in architectural design where the final goal is to guide the form finding process towards a better performance within the initial direction provided by the architect. This research has focused on genetic algorithms due to its capacity to generate geometric alternatives in multiple directions and evaluate the fitness against a set of parameters specified in a single process. "Any protocol seeks to achieve standardization. The design to manufacturing protocol aims to provide a coordinated and coherent form generation process between a set of design parameters and the geometrical requirements of manufacturing technique. The protocol also provides an information exchange environment where there is a communication path and the level of information is ensured. The research is focused on the process because it is considered that each project will have its own singularities and parameters but the process will stay the same. Again the development of a specific tool is not a goal for the research, the intention is to provide an open source protocol that is valid for any set of tools”. Once the digital generation processes are being analized and classified, the next step is to identify the geometric parameters that define the digital design process. The definition of design process is including from the initial shape proposal based on the intuition of the architect to the generation, evaluation, selection and production of alternatives, both of an object , system or of the entire project . The current design process in Architecture is discontinuous and linear, dividing the process in disciplines in which the construction industry is structured. The proposal is to unify all relevant parameters in one process. The parameters are listed in groups of knowledge for internal classification but the matrix used for parameter relationship determination are combined. “A multi-parameter determination of the form-finding process is the integration all the measurable decisions laying behind Architect intuition. It is not possible to formulate and solve with an algorithm the design in Architecture. It is not the intention to do so with the proposal of this research. The process aims to integrate in one open protocol a selection of parameters by using geometry as common language. There is no optimum solution for any step of the process, the outcome is an evaluation of performance of all the form variations to assist the Architect for the selection of the preferable solution for the project”. The research follows with the geometrical restrictions of today Digital manufacturing techniques. Once determined it has been integrated in the form-finding process. “Digital manufacturing techniques are integrated in the form-finding process using geometry as common language. Geometric restraints define the boundary for performance parametric form-finding process. Geometrical limitations are classified by material and constructive system”. Choose between one digital model or several federate models is a strategic decision at planning a digital design for manufacturing protocol. Each one of the working models have strengths and weakens, nevertheless for the research purposes federated models are required to manage the different performance evaluation software platforms. A protocol based on federated models shall establish a communication process between software platforms and consultants. The manager shall integrate each discipline requirements defining the communication basis. The proposed protocol is based on standards on information exchange with singularities of the digital manufacturing industry. “The research concludes evolutionary algorithms as current best system to develop a generative form finding process based on the integration and coordination of a set of performance and constructive objectives. However, for application in professional practice and standardize it, the performance evaluation cannot be done in only one tool and therefore the selection of optimal genetic variants must be run in several iterations with a cumulative result. Consequently, the evaluation process within the geometrical restraints shall be carried out with federated models coordinated following the information exchange protocol”. The integration protocol and geometric constraints evaluation is done by applying in a practical case study. The exercise simulates multidisciplinary collaboration across software platforms with federated models. The choice of size and construction complexity of the project has been modulated to achieve the full development of each of the parameters selected. Continuing with the same objective proposed for the performance parameters the constructive and structural type selected for the exercise allows the application all geometric invariants associated to the set of parameters selected. The main goal of the case study is to proof the capacity of the manufacturing integrated form finding process to generate geometric alternatives to initial form with performance improved and following the restrictions determined by the compatible digital manufacturing technologies. The process is to be divided in consecutive analysis each one limited by the geometrical conditions and integrated in a overall evaluation. The interest of this process is the result of a non-intuitive form that performs better than a double symmetrical form. The second conclusion is that one parameter evaluation alone will not justify the exploration of complex geometry variations, but when there is a set of parameters with multidisciplinary approach then the less obvious solution emerge as the better performing form. “Architectural typologies impose limitation for Architects capacity to imagine formal variations. The case study and the research conclusions proof that even in situations where the intuitive solution apparently is the optimum solution, random variations can perform better when integrating all parameters evaluation. The capacity of foreseing the geometrical properties linking each design parameter with compatible manufacturing technologies ensure the result of the form-finding process to be constructively viable. Finally, the propose of a complete process where the geometry alternatives are generated beyond the Architect intuition and performance evaluated by a set of parameters previously selected and coordinated with the manufacturing requirements is the final objective of the Thesis”.

New methods for the synthesis of radiation patterns of coupled antenna arrays = Nuevos métodos de síntesis de diagramas de radiación de agrupaciones de antenas acopladas

El principal objetivo de esta tesis es el desarrollo de métodos de síntesis de diagramas de radiación de agrupaciones de antenas, en donde se realiza una caracterización electromagnética rigurosa de los elementos radiantes y de los acoplos mutuos existentes. Esta caracterización no se realiza habitualmente en la gran mayoría de métodos de síntesis encontrados en la literatura, debido fundamentalmente a dos razones. Por un lado, se considera que el diagrama de radiación de un array de antenas se puede aproximar con el factor de array que únicamente tiene en cuenta la posición de los elementos y las excitaciones aplicadas a los mismos. Sin embargo, como se mostrará en esta tesis, en múltiples ocasiones un riguroso análisis de los elementos radiantes y del acoplo mutuo entre ellos es importante ya que los resultados obtenidos pueden ser notablemente diferentes. Por otro lado, no es sencillo combinar un método de análisis electromagnético con un proceso de síntesis de diagramas de radiación. Los métodos de análisis de agrupaciones de antenas suelen ser costosos computacionalmente, ya que son estructuras grandes en términos de longitudes de onda. Generalmente, un diseño de un problema electromagnético suele comprender varios análisis de la estructura, dependiendo de las variaciones de las características, lo que hace este proceso muy costoso. Dos métodos se utilizan en esta tesis para el análisis de los arrays acoplados. Ambos están basados en el método de los elementos finitos, la descomposición de dominio y el análisis modal para analizar la estructura radiante y han sido desarrollados en el grupo de investigación donde se engloba esta tesis. El primero de ellos es una técnica de análisis de arrays finitos basado en la aproximación de array infinito. Su uso es indicado para arrays planos de grandes dimensiones con elementos equiespaciados. El segundo caracteriza el array y el acoplo mutuo entre elementos a partir de una expansión en modos esféricos del campo radiado por cada uno de los elementos. Este método calcula los acoplos entre los diferentes elementos del array usando las propiedades de traslación y rotación de los modos esféricos. Es capaz de analizar agrupaciones de elementos distribuidos de forma arbitraria. Ambas técnicas utilizan una formulación matricial que caracteriza de forma rigurosa el campo radiado por el array. Esto las hace muy apropiadas para su posterior uso en una herramienta de diseño, como los métodos de síntesis desarrollados en esta tesis. Los resultados obtenidos por estas técnicas de síntesis, que incluyen métodos rigurosos de análisis, son consecuentemente más precisos. La síntesis de arrays consiste en modificar uno o varios parámetros de las agrupaciones de antenas buscando unas determinadas especificaciones de las características de radiación. Los parámetros utilizados como variables de optimización pueden ser varios. Los más utilizados son las excitaciones aplicadas a los elementos, pero también es posible modificar otros parámetros de diseño como son las posiciones de los elementos o las rotaciones de estos. Los objetivos de las síntesis pueden ser dirigir el haz o haces en una determinada dirección o conformar el haz con formas arbitrarias. Además, es posible minimizar el nivel de los lóbulos secundarios o del rizado en las regiones deseadas, imponer nulos que evitan posibles interferencias o reducir el nivel de la componente contrapolar. El método para el análisis de arrays finitos basado en la aproximación de array infinito considera un array finito como un array infinito con un número finito de elementos excitados. Los elementos no excitados están físicamente presentes y pueden presentar tres diferentes terminaciones, corto-circuito, circuito abierto y adaptados. Cada una de estas terminaciones simulará mejor el entorno real en el que el array se encuentre. Este método de análisis se integra en la tesis con dos métodos diferentes de síntesis de diagramas de radiación. En el primero de ellos se presenta un método basado en programación lineal en donde es posible dirigir el haz o haces, en la dirección deseada, además de ejercer un control sobre los lóbulos secundarios o imponer nulos. Este método es muy eficiente y obtiene soluciones óptimas. El mismo método de análisis es también aplicado a un método de conformación de haz, en donde un problema originalmente no convexo (y de difícil solución) es transformado en un problema convexo imponiendo restricciones de simetría, resolviendo de este modo eficientemente un problema complejo. Con este método es posible diseñar diagramas de radiación con haces de forma arbitraria, ejerciendo un control en el rizado del lóbulo principal, así como en el nivel de los lóbulos secundarios. El método de análisis de arrays basado en la expansión en modos esféricos se integra en la tesis con tres técnicas de síntesis de diagramas de radiación. Se propone inicialmente una síntesis de conformación del haz basado en el método de la recuperación de fase resuelta de forma iterativa mediante métodos convexos, en donde relajando las restricciones del problema original se consiguen unas soluciones cercanas a las óptimas de manera eficiente. Dos métodos de síntesis se han propuesto, donde las variables de optimización son las posiciones y las rotaciones de los elementos respectivamente. Se define una función de coste basada en la intensidad de radiación, la cual es minimizada de forma iterativa con el método del gradiente. Ambos métodos reducen el nivel de los lóbulos secundarios minimizando una función de coste. El gradiente de la función de coste es obtenido en términos de la variable de optimización en cada método. Esta función de coste está formada por la expresión rigurosa de la intensidad de radiación y por una función de peso definida por el usuario para imponer prioridades sobre las diferentes regiones de radiación, si así se desea. Por último, se presenta un método en el cual, mediante técnicas de programación entera, se buscan las fases discretas que generan un diagrama de radiación lo más cercano posible al deseado. Con este método se obtienen diseños que minimizan el coste de fabricación. En cada uno de las diferentes técnicas propuestas en la tesis, se presentan resultados con elementos reales que muestran las capacidades y posibilidades que los métodos ofrecen. Se comparan los resultados con otros métodos disponibles en la literatura. Se muestra la importancia de tener en cuenta los diagramas de los elementos reales y los acoplos mutuos en el proceso de síntesis y se comparan los resultados obtenidos con herramientas de software comerciales. ABSTRACT The main objective of this thesis is the development of optimization methods for the radiation pattern synthesis of array antennas in which a rigorous electromagnetic characterization of the radiators and the mutual coupling between them is performed. The electromagnetic characterization is usually overlooked in most of the available synthesis methods in the literature, this is mainly due to two reasons. On the one hand, it is argued that the radiation pattern of an array is mainly influenced by the array factor and that the mutual coupling plays a minor role. As it is shown in this thesis, the mutual coupling and the rigorous characterization of the array antenna influences significantly in the array performance and its computation leads to differences in the results obtained. On the other hand, it is difficult to introduce an analysis procedure into a synthesis technique. The analysis of array antennas is generally expensive computationally as the structure to analyze is large in terms of wavelengths. A synthesis method requires to carry out a large number of analysis, this makes the synthesis problem very expensive computationally or intractable in some cases. Two methods have been used in this thesis for the analysis of coupled antenna arrays, both of them have been developed in the research group in which this thesis is involved. They are based on the finite element method (FEM), the domain decomposition and the modal analysis. The first one obtains a finite array characterization with the results obtained from the infinite array approach. It is specially indicated for the analysis of large arrays with equispaced elements. The second one characterizes the array elements and the mutual coupling between them with a spherical wave expansion of the radiated field by each element. The mutual coupling is computed using the properties of translation and rotation of spherical waves. This method is able to analyze arrays with elements placed on an arbitrary distribution. Both techniques provide a matrix formulation that makes them very suitable for being integrated in synthesis techniques, the results obtained from these synthesis methods will be very accurate. The array synthesis stands for the modification of one or several array parameters looking for some desired specifications of the radiation pattern. The array parameters used as optimization variables are usually the excitation weights applied to the array elements, but some other array characteristics can be used as well, such as the array elements positions or rotations. The desired specifications may be to steer the beam towards any specific direction or to generate shaped beams with arbitrary geometry. Further characteristics can be handled as well, such as minimize the side lobe level in some other radiating regions, to minimize the ripple of the shaped beam, to take control over the cross-polar component or to impose nulls on the radiation pattern to avoid possible interferences from specific directions. The analysis method based on the infinite array approach considers an infinite array with a finite number of excited elements. The infinite non-excited elements are physically present and may have three different terminations, short-circuit, open circuit and match terminated. Each of this terminations is a better simulation for the real environment of the array. This method is used in this thesis for the development of two synthesis methods. In the first one, a multi-objective radiation pattern synthesis is presented, in which it is possible to steer the beam or beams in desired directions, minimizing the side lobe level and with the possibility of imposing nulls in the radiation pattern. This method is very efficient and obtains optimal solutions as it is based on convex programming. The same analysis method is used in a shaped beam technique in which an originally non-convex problem is transformed into a convex one applying symmetry restrictions, thus solving a complex problem in an efficient way. This method allows the synthesis of shaped beam radiation patterns controlling the ripple in the mainlobe and the side lobe level. The analysis method based on the spherical wave expansion is applied for different synthesis techniques of the radiation pattern of coupled arrays. A shaped beam synthesis is presented, in which a convex formulation is proposed based on the phase retrieval method. In this technique, an originally non-convex problem is solved using a relaxation and solving a convex problems iteratively. Two methods are proposed based on the gradient method. A cost function is defined involving the radiation intensity of the coupled array and a weighting function that provides more degrees of freedom to the designer. The gradient of the cost function is computed with respect to the positions in one of them and the rotations of the elements in the second one. The elements are moved or rotated iteratively following the results of the gradient. A highly non-convex problem is solved very efficiently, obtaining very good results that are dependent on the starting point. Finally, an optimization method is presented where discrete digital phases are synthesized providing a radiation pattern as close as possible to the desired one. The problem is solved using linear integer programming procedures obtaining array designs that greatly reduce the fabrication costs. Results are provided for every method showing the capabilities that the above mentioned methods offer. The results obtained are compared with available methods in the literature. The importance of introducing a rigorous analysis into the synthesis method is emphasized and the results obtained are compared with a commercial software, showing good agreement.

Otimização acústica e análise numérica do escoamento ao redor de um conjunto cilindro-placa separadora.

RESUMO Simulações de aeroacústica computacional demandam uma quantidade considerável de tempo, o que torna complicada a realização de estudos paramétricos. O presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia viável para otimização aeroacústica. Através da análise numérica utilizando dinâmica dos fluidos computacional, foi estudada a aplicação de uma placa separadora desacoplada como método de controle passivo da esteira turbulenta de um cilindro e avaliou-se a irradiação de ruído causado pela interação do escoamento com ambos os corpos, empregando ferramentas de aeroacústica computacional baseadas no método de Ffowcs-Williams e Hawkings. Algumas abordagens distintas de metodologias de otimização de projeto foram aplicadas neste problema, com o objetivo de chegar a uma configuração otimizada que permita a redução do nível sonoro ao longe. Assim, utilizando uma ferramenta de otimização multidisciplinar, pode-se avaliar a capacidade de modelos heurísticos e a grande vantagem do emprego de algoritmos baseados em método de superfície de resposta quando aplicados em um problema não linear, pois requerem a avaliação de um menor número de alternativas para se obter um ponto ótimo. Além disso, foi possível identificar e agrupar os resultados em 5 clusters baseados em seus parâmetros geométricos, nível de pressão sonora global e o valor quadrático médio do coeficiente de arrasto, confirmando a eficiência da aplicação de placas separadoras longas desacopladas posicionadas próximas ao cilindro na estabilização da esteira turbulenta, enquanto que o posicionamento de placas acima de um espaçamento crítico aumentou o nível de pressão acústica irradiado devido à formação de vórtices no espaço entre o cilindro e a placa separadora.

Handling of Uncertainty in Life Cycle Inventory by Correlated Multivariate Lognormal Distributions: Application to the Design of Supply Chain Networks

Poster presented in the 24th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering (ESCAPE 24), Budapest, Hungary, June 15-18, 2014.

Handling of Uncertainty in Life Cycle Inventory by Correlated Multivariate Lognormal Distributions: Application to the Design of Supply Chain Networks

In this work, we analyze the effect of incorporating life cycle inventory (LCI) uncertainty on the multi-objective optimization of chemical supply chains (SC) considering simultaneously their economic and environmental performance. To this end, we present a stochastic multi-scenario mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) coupled with a two-step transformation scenario generation algorithm with the unique feature of providing scenarios where the LCI random variables are correlated and each one of them has the desired lognormal marginal distribution. The environmental performance is quantified following life cycle assessment (LCA) principles, which are represented in the model formulation through standard algebraic equations. The capabilities of our approach are illustrated through a case study of a petrochemical supply chain. We show that the stochastic solution improves the economic performance of the SC in comparison with the deterministic one at any level of the environmental impact, and moreover the correlation among environmental burdens provides more realistic scenarios for the decision making process.

Mathematical modelling and optimal multivariable control of chemical processes

This work reports the developnent of a mathenatical model and distributed, multi variable computer-control for a pilot plant double-effect climbing-film evaporator. A distributed-parameter model of the plant has been developed and the time-domain model transformed into the Laplace domain. The model has been further transformed into an integral domain conforming to an algebraic ring of polynomials, to eliminate the transcendental terms which arise in the Laplace domain due to the distributed nature of the plant model. This has made possible the application of linear control theories to a set of linear-partial differential equations. The models obtained have well tracked the experimental results of the plant. A distributed-computer network has been interfaced with the plant to implement digital controllers in a hierarchical structure. A modern rnultivariable Wiener-Hopf controller has been applled to the plant model. The application has revealed a limitation condition that the plant matrix should be positive-definite along the infinite frequency axis. A new multi variable control theory has emerged fram this study, which avoids the above limitation. The controller has the structure of the modern Wiener-Hopf controller, but with a unique feature enabling a designer to specify the closed-loop poles in advance and to shape the sensitivity matrix as required. In this way, the method treats directly the interaction problems found in the chemical processes with good tracking and regulation performances. Though the ability of the analytical design methods to determine once and for all whether a given set of specifications can be met is one of its chief advantages over the conventional trial-and-error design procedures. However, one disadvantage that offsets to some degree the enormous advantages is the relatively complicated algebra that must be employed in working out all but the simplest problem. Mathematical algorithms and computer software have been developed to treat some of the mathematical operations defined over the integral domain, such as matrix fraction description, spectral factorization, the Bezout identity, and the general manipulation of polynomial matrices. Hence, the design problems of Wiener-Hopf type of controllers and other similar algebraic design methods can be easily solved.

A bi-objective weighted model for improving the discrimination power in MCDEA

Lack of discrimination power and poor weight dispersion remain major issues in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Since the initial multiple criteria DEA (MCDEA) model developed in the late 1990s, only goal programming approaches; that is, the GPDEA-CCR and GPDEA-BCC were introduced for solving the said problems in a multi-objective framework. We found GPDEA models to be invalid and demonstrate that our proposed bi-objective multiple criteria DEA (BiO-MCDEA) outperforms the GPDEA models in the aspects of discrimination power and weight dispersion, as well as requiring less computational codes. An application of energy dependency among 25 European Union member countries is further used to describe the efficacy of our approach. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A multi-agency perspective to disaster preparedness

The increasing number of victims from disasters in recent years results in several challenges for authorities aiming to protect and provide support to affected people. Humanitarian logistics represents one of the most important fields during preparedness and response in cases of disaster, seeking to provide relief, information and services to disaster victims. However, on top of the challenges of logistical activities, the successful completion of operations depends to a large extent on coordination. This is particularly important for developing countries, where disasters occur very often and resources are even scarcer. This paper assumes a multi-agency approach to disaster preparedness that combines geographical information systems (GIS) and multi-objective optimization. The purpose of the tool is to determine the location of emergency facilities, stock prepositioning and distribution allocation for floods. We illustrate the application and the results using a case study centred on Acapulco, México.