217 resultados para metaphase


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Background: The Leporinus genus, belonging to the Anostomidae family, is an interesting model for studies of sex chromosome evolution in fish, particularly because of the presence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes only in some species of the genus. In this study we used W chromosome-derived probes in a series of cross species chromosome painting experiments to try to understand events of sex chromosome evolution in this family.Results: W chromosome painting probes from Leporinus elongatus, L. macrocephalus and L. obtusidens were hybridized to each others chromosomes. The results showed signals along their W chromosomes and the use of L. elongatus W probe against L. macrocephalus and L. obtusidens also showed signals over the Z chromosome. No signals were observed when the later aforementioned probe was used in hybridization procedures against other four Anostomidae species without sex chromosomes.Conclusions: Our results demonstrate a common origin of sex chromosomes in L. elongatus, L. macrocephalus and L. obtusidens but suggest that the L. elongatus chromosome system is at a different evolutionary stage. The absence of signals in the species without differentiated sex chromosomes does not exclude the possibility of cryptic sex chromosomes, but they must contain other Leporinus W sequences than those described here. © 2013 Parise-Maltempi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in mammals codes for antigen-presenting proteins. For this reason, the MHC is of great importance for immune function and animal health. Previous studies revealed this gene-dense and polymorphic region in river buffalo to be on the short arm of chromosome 2, which is homologous to cattle chromosome 23. Using cattle-derived STS markers and a river buffalo radiation hybrid (RH) panel (BBURH5000), we generated a high-resolution RH map of the river buffalo MHC region. The buffalo MHC RH map (cR5000) was aligned with the cattle MHC RH map (cR 12000) to compare gene order. The buffalo MHC had similar organization to the cattle MHC, with class II genes distributed in two segments, class IIa and class IIb. Class IIa was closely associated with the class I and class III regions, and class IIb was a separate cluster. A total of 53 markers were distributed into two linkage groups based on a two-point LOD score threshold of ≥8. The first linkage group included 32 markers from class IIa, class I and class III. The second linkage group included 21 markers from class IIb. Bacterial artificial chromosome clones for seven loci were mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization on metaphase chromosomes using single- and double-color hybridizations. The order of cytogenetically mapped markers in the region corroborated the physical order of markers obtained from the RH map and served as anchor points to align and orient the linkage groups. © 2012 The Authors, Animal Genetics © 2012 Stichting International Foundation for Animal Genetics.

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Background: Natural polyploidy has played an important role during the speciation and evolution of vertebrates, including anurans, with more than 55 described cases. The species of the Phyllomedusa burmeisteri group are mostly characterized by having 26 chromosomes, but a karyotype with 52 chromosomes was described in P. tetraploidea. This species was found in sintopy with P. distincta in two localities of São Paulo State (Brazil), where triploid animals also occur, as consequence of natural hybridisation. We analyse the chromosomes of P. distincta, P. tetraploidea, and their triploid hybrids, to enlighten the origin of polyploidy and to obtain some evidence on diploidisation of tetraploid karyotype.Results: Phyllomedusa distincta was 2n = 2x = 26, whereas P. tetraploidea was 2n = 4x = 52, and the hybrid individuals was 2n = 3x = 39. In meiotic phases, bivalents were observed in the diploid males, whereas both bivalents and tetravalents were observed in the tetraploid males. Univalents, bivalents or trivalents; metaphase II cells carrying variable number of chromosomes; and spermatids were detected in the testis preparations of the triploid males, indicating that the triploids were not completely sterile. In natural and experimental conditions, the triploids cross with the parental species, producing abnormal egg clutches and tadpoles with malformations. The embryos and tadpoles exhibited intraindividual karyotype variability and all of the metaphases contained abnormal constitutions. Multiple NORs, detected by Ag-impregnation and FISH with an rDNA probe, were observed on chromosome 1 in the three karyotypic forms; and, additionally, on chromosome 9 in the diploids, mostly on chromosome 8 in the tetraploids, and on both chromosome 8 and 9 in the triploids. Nevertheless, NOR-bearing chromosome 9 was detected in the tetraploids, and chromosome 9 carried active or inactive NORs in the triploids. C-banding, base-specific fluorochrome stainings with CMA3 and DAPI, FISH with a telomeric probe, and BrdU incorporation in DNA showed nearly equivalent patterns in the karyotypes of P. distincta, P. tetraploidea, and the triploid hybrids.Conclusions: All the used cytogenetic techniques have provided strong evidence that the process of diploidisation, an essential step for stabilising the selective advantages produced by polyploidisation, is under way in distinct quartets of the tetraploid karyotype. © 2013 Gruber et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Celular e Molecular) - IBRC

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Pós-graduação em Genética - IBILCE

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A espécie Tayassu tajacu (caititu) é amplamente distribuída no continente americano, distribuindo-se desde o sul dos Estados Unidos até o norte da Argentina. No Brasil, distribui-se por todo o território, sendo uma das principais fontes de proteínas para as populações rurais. Sua criação em cativeiro possibilitaria uma forma de pecuária alternativa para essas populações, desta forma protegendo essa espécie da pressão da caça. Portanto, a citogenética serviria como uma ferramenta potencial para o monitoramento reprodutivo de animais criados em cativeiro, principalmente, quando destinados a fins comerciais. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo determinar o número cromossômico de duas populações criadas em cativeiro. Para este fim, foram analisadas metáfases mitóticas obtidas de cultura de linfócitos a partir de amostras de sangue de 6 animais oriundos de Mossoró (RN), 1 de Ipixuna (PA) e 4 de Uruará (PA). A análise resultou no mesmo padrão cariotípico da espécie encontrado na literatura (2n = 30 cromossomos e NF = 48), além de corresponderem ao padrão sulamericano da espécie, ou seja, sem a presença da translocação entre os cromossomos autossômicos 1 e 8, porém não foram encontradas diferenças entre as populações estudadas. No entanto, foram observados polimorfismos quando comparadas a populações do restante do país, além de populações norte americanas e da Guiana Francesa.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Triatoma melanocephalae T. lentisão espécies crípticas de triatomíneos pertencentes ao subcomplexo Brasiliensis. Esses organismos foram agrupados no subcomplexo apenas por caracteres morfológicos e pela disposição geográfica. Sendo assim, estudos citogenéticos são considerados como importantes ferramentas na classificação dos triatomíneos e, com isso, podem auxiliar na criação de um plano de profilaxia da doença. Por meio da técnica citogenética de impregnação por íons prata, foi possível visualizar a atividade nucleolar e as Regiões Organizadoras Nucleolares (RONs) desses insetos. T. melanocephalaapresentou três RONs ativas nos autossomos durante a prófase I. T. lenti apresentou duas RONs ativas nos autossomos durante a prófase I e a metáfase I. Ambas as espécies apresentaram o fenômeno de persistência do material nucleolar encontrado em triatomíneos. Sendo assim, por meio da análise das RONs, foi possível observar que T. lenti, quando comparado com os outros organismos do subcomplexo, apresentou marcações semelhantes à T. tibiamaculata e que T. melanocephalanão apresenta nenhuma relação direta com o subcomplexo. Palavras-chave: Citogenética. Taxonomia. Triatominae. Subcomplexo Brasiliensis. ABSTRACT Analysis of nucleolus organizer regions and nucleolar activity in important vectors of Chagas disease (Triatoma melanocephala and T. lenti) Triatoma melanocephalaand T. lentiare important vectors of Chagas disease. These cryptic species of triatomines are grouped in the subcomplexbrasiliensisdue only to morphological characters and geographical distribution. Cytogenetic studies are important to the classification of insects and can assist in creating a disease prevention plan. The aim of the present study was to determine nucleolar activity and nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in these insects using the cytogenetic method of silver ion impregnation. T. melanocephalaexhibited three active NORs in autosomes during prophase I. T. lentiexhibited two active NORs in autosomes during prophase I and metaphase I. Both species exhibit the persistent nucleolar material found in triatomines. The analysis of NORs in the present study revealed that T. lenti exhibited labeling similar to that found in T. tibiamaculata, which belongs to the subcomplex, whereas T. melanocephalashows no direct relationship with the subcomplex. Keywords: Cytogenetics. Taxonomy. Triatominae. Brasiliensissubcomplex.

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Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Farmacologia) - IBB