Sequentially assembled food webs and extremum principles in ecosystem ecology

Successional changes during sequential assembly of food webs were examined. This was carried out by numerical methods, drawing one species at a time from a species pool and obtaining the permanent (persistent) community emerging at each step. Interactions among species were based on some simple rules about body sizes of consumers and their prey, and community dynamics were described in terms of flows of biomass density.

Disturbance, neutral theory and patterns of beta diversity in soil communities

Beta diversity describes how local communities within an area or region differ in species composition/abundance. There have been attempts to use changes in beta diversity as a biotic indicator of disturbance, but lack of theory and methodological caveats have hampered progress. We here propose that the neutral theory of biodiversity plus the definition of beta diversity as the total variance of a community matrix provide a suitable, novel, starting point for ecological applications. Observed levels of beta diversity (BD) can be compared to neutral predictions with three possible outcomes: Observed BD equals neutral prediction or is larger (divergence) or smaller (convergence) than the neutral prediction. Disturbance might lead to either divergence or convergence, depending on type and strength. We here apply these ideas to datasets collected on oribatid mites (a key, very diverse soil taxon) under several regimes of disturbances. When disturbance is expected to increase the heterogeneity of soil spatial properties or the sampling strategy encompassed a range of diverging environmental conditions, we observed diverging assemblages. On the contrary, we observed patterns consistent with neutrality when disturbance could determine homogenization of soil properties in space or the sampling strategy encompassed fairly homogeneous areas. With our method, spatial and temporal changes in beta diversity can be directly and easily monitored to detect significant changes in community dynamics, although the method itself cannot inform on underlying mechanisms. However, human-driven disturbances and the spatial scales at which they operate are usually known. In this case, our approach allows the formulation of testable predictions in terms of expected changes in beta diversity, thereby offering a promising monitoring tool.

Constructing random matrices to represent real ecosystems

Models of complex systems with n components typically have order n² parameters because each component can potentially interact with every other. When it is impractical to measure these parameters, one may choose random parameter values and study the emergent statistical properties at the system level. Many influential results in theoretical ecology have been derived from two key assumptions: that species interact with random partners at random intensities and that intraspecific competition is comparable between species. Under these assumptions, community dynamics can be described by a community matrix that is often amenable to mathematical analysis. We combine empirical data with mathematical theory to show that both of these assumptions lead to results that must be interpreted with caution. We examine 21 empirically derived community matrices constructed using three established, independent methods. The empirically derived systems are more stable by orders of magnitude than results from random matrices. This consistent disparity is not explained by existing results on predator-prey interactions. We investigate the key properties of empirical community matrices that distinguish them from random matrices. We show that network topology is less important than the relationship between a species’ trophic position within the food web and its interaction strengths. We identify key features of empirical networks that must be preserved if random matrix models are to capture the features of real ecosystems.

Toxic effects of cadmium and zinc on ectomycorrhizal colonization of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from soil inoculum

Scots pine seedlings colonized by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi from natural soil inoculum were exposed to a range of Cd or Zn concentrations to investigate the effects of metals on ECM fungi-Scots pine associations in a realistic soil environment. Experiments focused on the relationship between the sensitivity of ECM fungi and their host plants, the influence of metals on ECM community dynamics on Scots pine roots, and the effects of metal exposure on ECM colonization from soil-borne propagules. Ectomycorrhizal colonization was inhibited by Cd and Zn, with a decrease in the proportion of ECM-colonized root tips. Shoot and root biomass, total root length, and total root-tip density, however, were unaffected by Cd or Zn. A decrease in the diversity of ECM morphotypes also occurred, which could have a negative effect on tree vigor. Overall, colonization by ECM fungi was more sensitive than seedling growth to Cd and Zn, and this could have serious implications for successful tree establishment on metal-contaminated soils.

Do ectomycorrhizal fungi exhibit adaptive tolerance to potentially toxic metals in the environment?

The effects of potentially toxic metals on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and their higher plant hosts are examined in this review. Investigations at a species and community level have revealed wide inter- and intraspecific variation in sensitivity to metals. Adaptive and constitutive mechanisms of ECM tolerance are proposed and discussed in relation to proven tolerance mechanisms in bacteria, yeasts and plants. Problems with methodology and research priorities are highlighted. These include the need for a detailed understanding of the genetic basis of tolerance in the ECM symbiosis, and for studies of ECM community dynamics in polluted sites.

A Aprendizagem de Indivíduos Não-alfabetizados Pertencentes a Comunidades com Elevados Índices de Analfabetismo

Assumindo como objectivo central, identificar e caracterizar eventuais estilos de aprendizagem, existentes em comunidades com elevadas taxas de analfabetismo, a presente investigação centrou-se no estudo dos processos de aprendizagem de indivíduos analfabetos de seis localidades do concelho de Alandroal e compreendeu a realização de um estudo de caso, assente numa metodologia bidimensional. A análise descritiva e inferencial corroborou a hipótese de que foi o facto de os indivíduos se localizarem em comunidades, com determinadas características geográficas, culturais, económicas e sociais, que conduziu ao desenvolvimento de determinados saberes/maneiras de fazer, que se traduziram em eventuais estilos locais de aprendizagem. Sustenta-se que, pela sua localização geográfica e pelas dinâmicas comunitárias existentes, os contornos/singularidades do processo de aprendizagem dos inquiridos das localidades de Ferreira de Capelins e, essencialmente, de Juromenha, apresentaram-se com especial relevância./ ABSTRACT - Taking as its central objective, to identify and characterize possible learning styles that exist in communities with high illiteracy rates, this research focused on the study of the learning processes of illiterate individuals from six small villages in the municipality of Alandroal and it included the realization of a case study, based on a two-dimensional methodology. The descriptive and inferential analysis confirmed the hypothesis that it was the fact that the individuals were located in communities with certain geographical, cultural, economic and social characteristics which led to the development of specific knowledge/ways of doing that resulted in possible local styles of learning. It is argued that, by its geographical location and the existing community dynamics, the contours/singularities of the learning processes of the respondents from the localities of Ferreira de Capelins and, essentially, of Juromenha, presented a particular relevance.

A aprendizagem de indivíduos não-alfabetizados pertencentes a comunidades com elevados índices de anafabetismo

Assumindo como objectivo central, identificar e caracterizar eventuais estilos de aprendizagem, existentes em comunidades com elevadas taxas de analfabetismo, a presente investigação centrou-se no estudo dos processos de aprendizagem de indivíduos analfabetos de seis localidades do concelho de Alandroal e compreendeu a realização de um estudo de caso, assente numa metodologia bidimensional. A análise descritiva e inferencial corroborou a hipótese de que foi o facto de os indivíduos se localizarem em comunidades, com determinadas características geográficas, culturais, económicas e sociais, que conduziu ao desenvolvimento de determinados saberes/maneiras de fazer, que se traduziram em eventuais estilos locais de aprendizagem. Sustenta-se que, pela sua localização geográfica e pelas dinâmicas comunitárias existentes, os contornos/singularidades do processo de aprendizagem dos inquiridos das localidades de Ferreira de Capelins e, essencialmente, de Juromenha, apresentaram-se com especial relevância; ABSTRACT:Taking as its central objective, to identify and characterize possible learning styles that exist in communities with high illiteracy rates, this research focused on the study of the learning processes of illiterate individuals from six small villages in the municipality of Alandroal and it included the realization of a case study, based on a two-dimensional methodology. The descriptive and inferential analysis confirmed the hypothesis that it was the fact that the individuals were located in communities with certain geographical, cultural, economic and social characteristics which led to the development of specific knowledge/ways of doing that resulted in possible local styles of learning. It is argued that, by its geographical location and the existing community dynamics, the contours/singularities of the learning processes of the respondents from the localities of Ferreira de Capelins and, essentially, of Juromenha, presented a particular relevance.

Caracterização sedimentar da plataforma interna do sotavento algarvio

Dissertação de Mestrado, Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Effet de la température sur les interactions trophiques et intraguildes au sein d’un système plante-herbivore-ennemis naturels : modélisation et approches expérimentales

Doctorat réalisé en cotutelle entre l'Université de Montréal et l'Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III

L’expérience socioscolaire d’élèves montréalais originaires de l’Asie du Sud : dynamiques familiales, communautaires et systémiques

La recherche explore les dynamiques influençant la réussite scolaire des élèves montréalais originaires de l’Asie du Sud (Inde, Pakistan, Sri Lanka et Bangladesh) à l’école secondaire publique de langue française. En effet, au Québec, à cet ordre d’enseignement, parmi tous les élèves immigrants de différentes origines ethniques, ces élèves présentent le plus fort taux de décrochage et ce, même si l’on tient compte de leur départ élevé de la province avant l’âge de 15 ans et de leur fréquentation importante du secteur de l’éducation des adultes. Cette recherche vise, d’une part, à fournir une meilleure connaissance des dynamiques familiales, communautaires et scolaires qui influencent l’expérience socioscolaire et plus particulièrement, la réussite scolaire de ces élèves et, d’autre part, à identifier les moyens les plus appropriés et les plus efficaces pour amoindrir leurs difficultés. Les données ont été recueillies par le biais d’une méthode mixte, consistant en des entretiens approfondis auprès d’élèves d’origine sud-asiatique et de différents acteurs du paradigme éducatif (les parents, les intervenants scolaires et communautaires), et en un questionnaire anonyme adressé exclusivement aux parents sud-asiatiques. Les données ont été analysées selon un cadre où l’élève d’origine immigrée réussit plus ou moins à l’école sous l’influence de cinq types de facteurs : socioéconomiques, linguistiques, culturels, sociostructurels et systémiques. Les résultats de la recherche soulignent le rôle de l’élève comme acteur de sa réussite, tout en insistant sur l’impact des différents milieux qu’il fréquente. La famille est particulièrement interpellée quant à son projet migratoire, ses valeurs et ses pratiques, ainsi que ses ressources linguistiques, socioéconomiques et relationnelles. La communauté ethnique est aussi interpellée quant à son niveau de complétude institutionnelle. La recherche souligne également l’influence du système scolaire quant à ses politiques, programmes et encadrements éducatifs, mais aussi quant aux pratiques et dynamiques au sein de l’école. L’impact du contexte d’accueil et d’intégration des nouveaux arrivants et du climat des relations interethniques au sein de la société d’accueil sont également mis en relief. « Ça prend tout un village pour éduquer un enfant »! Plus précisément, selon les résultats de notre recherche, les défis des parents sud-asiatiques face à l’insertion au marché de l’emploi, leur méconnaissance du français et le fait que certaines valeurs sud-asiatiques soient parfois en contradiction avec les valeurs québécoises sont les principales dynamiques familiales qui nuisent à la réussite scolaire des élèves d’origine sud-asiatique à l’école québécoise de langue française. En ce qui concerne les dynamiques communautaires, la faiblesse institutionnelle de la communauté sud-asiatique et le petit nombre d’organismes à vocation scolaire ont également un impact important à cet égard. De plus, le classement problématique des élèves à leur arrivée dans le système scolaire québécois, les relations presque inexistantes entre l’école et les parents ainsi que certaines pratiques inadaptées à la réalité des élèves (liées aux services d’accueil et d’orientation) sont les principales dynamiques systémiques qui défavorisent l’intégration socioscolaire des élèves d’origine sud-asiatique, mais aussi celle de l’ensemble des élèves issus de l’immigration.

Studies on Soft Bycatch Reduction Devices for Selective Trawling

Trawling, though an efficient method of fishing, is known to be one of the most non-selective methods of fish capture. The bulk of the wild caught penaeid shrimps landed in India are caught by trawling.In addition to shrimps, the trawler fleet also catches considerable amount of non-shrimp resources. The term bycatch means that portion of the catch other than target species caught while fishing, which are either retained or discarded. Bycatch discards is a serious problem leading to the depletion of the resources and negative impacts on biodiversity. In order to minimize this problem, trawling has to be made more selective by incorporating Bycatch Reduction Devices (BRDs). There are several advantages in using BRDs in shrimp trawling. BRDs reduce the negative impacts of shrimp trawling on marine community. Fishers could benefit economically from higher catch value due to improved catch quality, shorter sorting time, lower fuel costs, and longer tow duration. Adoption of BRDs by fishers would forestall criticism by conservation groups against trawling.

Comunidades de cianobacterias bentónicas, producción y liberación de microcistinas en el río Muga (NE Península Ibérica)

El estudio de las comunidades de cianobacterias en la cuenca del río Muga permite profundizar en la búsqueda de factores que favorezcan o inhiban la acumulación intracelular de microcistinas y su liberación al medio externo en condiciones oligotróficas o con leves signos de eutrofia, al tiempo que permiten aportar nuevos conocimientos que ayuden a mejorar el entendimiento de los mecanismos y procesos que participan en la dinámica de las comunidades de cianobacterias bentónicas y las microcistinas asociadas en ecosistemas fluviales mediterráneos. Se ha realizado un estudio de la estructura y variabilidad de las comunidades de cianobacterias durante un ciclo anual completo mediante muestreos mensuales y muestreos con menor periodicidad durante un segundo ciclo posterior. Dichos muestreos han permitido observar diferentes patrones espacio-temporales a lo largo de todo el período de estudio en los 4 puntos de muestreo seleccionados en la cuenca del río Muga. Estos 4 tramos incluyen 1 punto regulado:aguas abajo del embalse de Boadella, y 3 sin regular:2 cabeceras y un punto aguas abajo de la población de Albanyà. Se han identificado un total de 34 especies de cianobacterias bentónicas en las 4 zonas estudiadas, predominando siempre especies de aguas limpias o poco alteradas. Dos especies, Rivularia biasolettiana (zonas más limpias y expuestas) y Phormidium retzii (sonas esciáfilas o con alta velocidad de corriente), resultan dominantes en gran parte de ellas. Se han reconocido un total de 6 microcistinas acumuladas intracelularmente en la comunidad bentónica de cianobacterias, identificando 3 de ellas: MC-RR, MC-LR y MC-YR. La concentración de microcistinas intracelulares ha disminuído a lo largo del eje principal del río Muga, determinada por diferentes factores físicos, químicos y biológicos. A nivel general, la acumulación total de microcistinas intracelulares ha estado asociada a un aumento de la temperatura del agua, un descenso en la diversidad de la comunidad de cianobacterias y pequeños incrementos de la concentración de fósforo disuelto en el agua. En cuanto a la liberación de microcistinas, ha estado vinculada a distintas perturbaciones soportadas por la comunidad cianobacteriana, tanto asociadas a factores físicos naturales como antrópicos.

What is wrong with the global support facility for small-scale mining?

The World Bank, United Nations and UK Department for International Development (DfID) have spearheaded a recent global drive to regularize artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), and provide assistance to its predominantly impoverished participants. To date, millions of dollars have been pledged toward the design of industry-specific policies and regulations; implementation of mechanized equipment; extension; and the launch of alternative livelihood (AL) programmes aimed at diversifying local economies. Much of this funding, however, has failed to facilitate marked improvements, and in many cases, has exacerbated problems. This paper argues that a poor understanding of artisanal, mine-community dynamics and operators’ needs has, in a number of cases, led to the design and implementation of inappropriate industry support schemes and interventions. The discussion focuses upon experiences from sub-Saharan Africa, where ASM is in the most rudimentary of states.

Improving awareness of mercury pollution in small-scale gold mining communities: Challenges and ways forward in rural Ghana

This paper critiques the approach taken by the Ghanaian Government to address mercury pollution in the artisanal and small-scale gold mining sector. Unmonitored releases of mercury-used in the gold-amalgamation process-have caused numerous environmental complications throughout rural Ghana. Certain policy, technological and educational initiatives taken to address the mounting problem, however, have proved marginally effective at best, having been designed and implemented without careful analysis of mine community dynamics, the organization of activities, operators' needs and local geological conditions. Marked improvements can only be achieved in this area through increased government-initiated dialogue with the now-ostracized illegal galamsey mining community; introducing simple, cost-effective techniques for the reduction of mercury emissions; and effecting government-sponsored participatory training exercises as mediums for communicating information about appropriate technologies and the environment. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Plant-soil interactions and grassland diversity restoration

Restoration schemes aimed at enhancing plant species diversity of improved agricultural grassland have been a key feature of agri-environmental policy since the mid 1980s. Allied to this has been much research aimed at providing policy makers with guidelines on how best to manage grassland to restore botanical diversity. This research includes long-term studies of the consequences for grassland diversity of management techniques such as different hay cut dates, fertiliser additions, seed introductions and grazing regimes. Studies have also explored the role of introductions of Rhinanthus minor into species-poor swards to debilitate competitive grasses. While these studies have been successful in identifying some management features that control plant species diversity in agricultural grassland, they have taken a largely aboveground perspective on plant community dynamics.