IL-12 and neutralization of endogenous IL-10 revert the in vitro antigen-specific cellular immunosuppression of paracoccidioidomycosis patients

Treatment of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis is still a challenge. Patients present defective lymphoproliferation and IFN-γ responses to the main Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigen (gp43), which correlates with disease severity. Here, we demonstrated that the patients show also a defective synthesis of interleukin (IL)-12. Therefore, we attempted to revert this immune disfunction by adding IL-12 and neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody to gp-43-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. Both treatments increased IFN-γ secretion to levels observed with healthy sensitized individuals, but affected proliferation only modestly. When combined, the treatments further increased IFN-γ synthesis and cell proliferation. The addition of suboptimal concentrations of IL-2 also further increased the IL-12-mediated secretion of IFN-γ. Interestingly, the immune modulation was mostly antigen-specific, since the responses to Candida albicans' antigen were not affected. These results suggest that appropriate immune intervention with cytokines and/or anti-cytokines may help in the treatment of PCM. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

The effect of CpG-ODN on antigen presenting cells of the foal

Background: Cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) has been used successfully to induce immune responses against viral and intracellular organisms in mammals. The main objective of this study was to test the effect of CpG-ODN on antigen presenting cells of young foals. Methods: Peripheral blood monocytes of foals (n = 7) were isolated in the first day of life and monthly thereafter up to 3 months of life. Adult horse (n = 7) monocytes were isolated and tested once for comparison. Isolated monocytes were stimulated with IL-4 and GM-CSF (to obtain dendritic cells, DC) or not stimulated (to obtain macrophages). Macrophages and DCs were stimulated for 14-16 hours with either CpG-ODN, LPS or not stimulated. The stimulated and non-stimulated cells were tested for cell surface markers (CD86 and MHC class II) using flow cytometry, mRNA expression of cytokines (IL-12, IFNα, IL-10) and TLR-9 using real time quantitative RT-PCR, and for the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB p65 using a chemiluminescence assay. Results: The median fluorescence of the MHC class II molecule in non-stimulated foal macrophages and DCs at birth were 12.5 times and 11.2 times inferior, respectively, than adult horse cells (p = 0.009). That difference subsided at 3 months of life (p = 0.3). The expression of the CD86 co-stimulatory molecule was comparable in adult horse and foal macrophages and DCs, independent of treatment. CpG-ODN stimulation induced IL-12p40 (53 times) and IFNα (23 times) mRNA expression in CpG-ODN-treated adult horse DCs (p = 0.078), but not macrophages, in comparison to non-stimulated cells. In contrast, foal APCs did not respond to CpG-ODN stimulation with increased cytokine mRNA expression up to 3 months of age. TLR-9 mRNA expression and NF-kB activation (NF-kB p65) in foal DCs and macrophages were comparable (p > 0.05) to adult horse cells. Conclusion: CpG-ODN treatment did not induce specific maturation and cytokine expression in foal macrophages and DCs. Nevertheless, adult horse DCs, but not macrophages, increased their expression of IL-12 and IFNα cytokines upon CpG-ODN stimulation. Importantly, foals presented an age-dependent limitation in the expression of MHC class II in macrophages and DCs, independent of treatment. © 2007 Flaminio et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Infantile epileptic encephalopathy with hypsarrhythmia (infantile spasms/west syndrome) and immunity

West syndrome is a severe epilepsy, occurring in infancy, that comprises epileptic seizures known as spasms, in clusters, and a unique EEG pattern, hypsarrhythmia, with psychomotor regression. Maturation of the brain is a crucial component. The onset is within the first year of life, before 12 months of age. Patients are classified as cryptogenic (10 to 20%), when there are no known or diagnosed previous cerebral insults, and symptomatic (80 to 90%), when associated with pre-existing cerebral damages. The time interval from a brain insult to infantile spasms onset ranged from 6 weeks to 11 months. West syndrome has a time-limited natural evolutive course, usually disappearing by 3 or 4 years of age. In 62% of patients, there are transitions to another age-related epileptic encephalopathies, the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome and severe epilepsy with multiple independent foci. Spontaneous remission and remission after viral infections may occur. Therapy with ACTH and corticosteroids are the most effective. Reports about intravenous immunoglobulins action deserve attention. There is also immune dysfunction, characterized mainly by anergy, impaired cell-mediated immunity, presence of immature thymocytes in peripheral blood, functional impairment of T lymphocytes induced by plasma inhibitory factors, and altered levels of immunoglobulins. Changes in B lymphocytes frequencies and increased levels of activated B cells have been reported. Sensitized lymphocytes to brain extract were also described. Infectious diseases are frequent and may, sometimes, cause fatal outcomes. Increase of pro-inflamatory cytokines in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of epileptic patients were reported. Association with specific HLA antigens was described by several authors (HLA-DR7, HLA-A7, HLA-DRw52, and HLA-DR5). Auto-antibodies to brain antigens, of several natures (N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor, gangliosides, brain tissue extract, synaptic membrane, and others), were described in epileptic patients and in epileptic syndromes. Experimental epilepsy studies with anti-brain antibodies demonstrated that epileptiform discharges can be obtained, producing hyperexcitability leading to epilepsy. We speculate that in genetically prone individuals, previous cerebral lesions may sensitize immune system and trigger an autoimmune disease. Antibody to brain antigens may be responsible for impairment of T cell function, due to plasma inhibitory effect and also cause epilepsy in immature brains. © 2008 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.

Gene expression changes associated with myocarditis and fibrosis in hearts of mice with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy

Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy is a leading cause of heart failure in Latin American countries. About 30% of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected individuals develop this severe symptomatic form of the disease, characterized by intense inflammatory response accompanied by fibrosis in the heart.We performed an extensive microarray analysis of hearts from a mouse model of this disease and identified significant alterations in expression of ~12% of the sampled genes. Extensive up-regulations were associated with immune-inflammatory responses (chemokines, adhesion molecules, cathepsins, and major histocompatibility complex molecules) and fibrosis (extracellular matrix components, lysyl oxidase, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1). Our results indicate potentially relevant factors involved in the pathogenesis of the disease that may provide newtherapeutic targets in chronic Chagas disease. © 2010 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Role of TLR-2 and fungal surface antigens on innate immune response against Sporothrix schenckii

Sporotrichosis is an infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in immunity, since they bind to pathogen surface antigens and initiate the immune response. However, little is known about the role of TLR-2 and fungal surface antigens in the recognition of S. schenckii and in the subsequent immune response. This study aimed to evaluate the involvement of TLR-2 and fungal surface soluble (SolAg) and lipidic (LipAg) antigens in phagocytosis of S. schenckii and production of immune mediators by macrophages obtained from WT and TLR-2 -/- animals. The results showed that TLR-2-/- animals had had statistical lower percentage of macrophages with internalized yeasts compared to WT. SolAg and LipAg impaired phagocytosis and immunological mediator production for both WT and TLR-2-/-. The absence of TLR-2 led to lower production of the cytokines TNF, IL-1β, IL-12 and IL-10 compared to WT animals. These results suggest a new insight in relation to how the immune system, through TLR-2, recognizes and induces the production of mediators in response to the fungus S. schenckii. Copyright © Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.

The role of cytokines in inflammatory bone loss

Chronic inflammatory processes close to bone often lead to loss of bone in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, loosened joint prosthesis and tooth implants. This is mainly due to local formation of bone resorbing osteoclasts which degrade bone without any subsequent coupling to new bone formation. Crucial for osteoclastogenesis is stimulation of mononuclear osteoclast progenitors by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) which induces their differentiation along the osteoclastic lineage and the fusion to mature, multinucleated osteoclasts. M-CSF and RANKL are produced by osteoblasts/ osteocytes and by synovial and periodontal fibroblasts and the expression is regulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. These cytokines also regulate osteoclastic differentiation by direct effects on the progenitor cells. In the present overview, we introduce the basic concepts of osteoclast progenitor cell differentiation and summarize the current knowledge on cytokines stimulating and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis by direct and indirect mechanisms. © Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.

Avaliação da interleucinas 8 e 12, do CA 15-3 e DNA livre circulante como marcadores prognósticos no soro sanguíneo de cadelas com neoplasia mamária

Pós-graduação em Genética - IBILCE

Investigação de polimorfismos no gene do receptor 2 da interleucina 8 em indivíduos com periodontite

Pós-graduação em Odontologia - FOAR

Interlucina 12, procalcitonina e protína C - reativa em crianças com sepse e choque séptico

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Participação das citocinas Interleucina-12, Interferon-γ, Interleucina-4 e Interleucina-10 e investigação de polimorfismos nos genes do INF-γ (IFNG+874) e da IL-10 (IL10-1082) na malária causada por Plasmodium vivax

A resposta imune na malária é complexa, e os mecanismos de ativação e regulação de linfócitos T efetores e de memória ainda são pouco compreendidos. No presente estudo, determinamos a concentração das citocinas Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), Interleucina-10 (IL-10), Interleucina-4 (IL-4) e Interleucina-12 (IL-12) no soro de indivíduos infectados por Plasmodium vivax, investigamos os polimorfismos no gene do IFN-γ (IFNG+874) e da IL-10 (IL10-1082) e analisamos a associação destes polimorfismos com a concentração das citocinas e com a densidade parasitária. A concentração das citocinas foi determinada por ELISA, e a genotipagem dos polimorfismos IFNG+874 e IL10-1082 foi realizada pelas técnicas de ASO-PCR e PCR-RFLP, respectivamente. Os indivíduos infectados apresentaram níveis séricos de IFN-γ e IL-10 aumentados. A produção de IFN-γ foi maior nos indivíduos primoinfectados, porém não foi associada com a redução da parasitemia. A produção de IL-10 foi alta e associada com altas parasitemias. As citocinas IL-4 e IL-12 não foram detectadas. As freqüências dos genótipos homozigoto mutante AA, heterozigoto AT e selvagem TT do gene do IFN-γ foram 0,51, 0,39 e 0,10, respectivamente. As freqüências dos genótipos homozigoto mutante AA, heterozigoto AG e selvagem GG para IL10 foram 0,49, 0,43 e 0,08, respectivamente. Apenas o polimorfismo do IFN-γ foi associado com níveis reduzidos desta citocina. Na malária causada por P. vivax, houve produção de citocina que caracteriza o perfil Th1 (IFN-γ), com possível participação da IL-10 na imunorregulação.

Relevance of the Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 (MyD88) on RANKL, OPG, and Nod Expressions Induced by TLR and IL-1R Signaling in Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

The myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) plays a pivotal role in Toll-like receptor (TLR)- and interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-induced osteoclastogenesis. We examined the role of MyD88 on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) activation and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod) induction by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-1 beta, and their effect on receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) production in bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC). RANKL, Nod1, Nod2, NF-κB, and p38 protein levels were determined by Western blot. Nod2 was stimulated with muramyl dipeptide (MDP) prior to TLR4 stimulation with LPS. MyD88 deficiency markedly inhibited RANKL expression after LPS stimulation and increased OPG messenger RNA (mRNA) production. Also, MyD88 was necessary for NF-κB and p38 MAPK activation. MDP alone did not induce RANKL and OPG expressions; however, when combined with LPS, their expressions were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Our results support that MyD88 signaling has a pivotal role in osteoclastogenesis thought NF-κB and p38 activation. Nod2 and especially Nod1 levels were influenced by MyD88.

Differences in metabolic and inflammatory responses in lower and upper body high-intensity intermittent exercise

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A crucial role for IL-6 in the CNS of rats during fever induced by the injection of live E. coli

Interleukin (IL)-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-6 have been established as important mediators of fever induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria. Whether these pro-inflammatory cytokines are also important in mediating fever induced by live bacteria remains less certain. We therefore investigated the following: (1) the synthesis of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 during E. coli-induced fever and (2) the effect of blocking the action of cytokines within the brain on E. coli-induced fever. Body or tail skin temperature (bT or Tsk, respectively) was measured by biotelemetry or telethermometry, every 30 min, during 6 or 24 h. Depending on the number of colony-forming units (CFU) injected i.p., administration of E. coli induced a long-lasting increase in bT of male Wistar rats. The duration of fever did not correlate with the number of CFU found in peritoneal cavity or blood. Because 2.5 x 10(8) CFU induced a sustained fever without inducing a state of sepsis/severe infection, this dose was used in subsequent experiments. The E. coli-induced increase in bT was preceded by a decrease in Tsk, reflecting a thermoregulatory response. TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 were detected at 3 h in serum of animals injected i.p. with E. coli. In the peritoneal exudates, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 were detected at 0.5 and 3 h after E. coli administration. Moreover, both IL-1 beta and IL-6, but not TNF-alpha, were found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and hypothalamus of animals injected with E. coli. Although pre-treatment (i.c.v., 2 mu l, 15 min before) with anti-IL-6 antibody (anti-IL-6, 5 mu g) reduced E. coli-induced fever, pre-treatment with either IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra, 200 mu g) or soluble TNF receptor I (sTNFRI, 500 ng) had no effect on the fever response. In conclusion, replicating E. coli promotes an integrated thermoregulatory response in which the central action of IL-6, but not IL-1 and TNF, appears to be important.

Phänotypische und funktionelle Eigenschaften humaner neonataler dentritischer Zellen

Humane Neugeborene leiden an einer erhöhten Anfälligkeit für Infektionskrankheiten. Die dendritischen Zellen (DC) werden für die beeinträchtigten neonatalen T-Helfer 1 (Th1) Immunantworten verantwortlich gemacht. Der Hauptaktivator der Differenzierung von Th1 Zellen ist Interleukin-12 (IL-12), ein Zytokin, welches in adulten, nicht aber in neonatalen DC vornehmlich nach Bindung der Toll-like Rezeptoren produziert wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der potentielle Einfluss verschiedener TLR-Liganden auf die Initiierung neonataler Th1-Immunantworten untersucht. Einzelne TLR-Liganden induzierten die Reifung adulter DC, während die neonatalen DC erst nach simultaner Stimulierung von TLR3/TLR8 bzw. TLR4/TLR8 Reifungsmarker exprimierten. Der synergistische Effekt kombinierter TLR-Liganden zeigte sich sowohl in der adulten als auch der neonatalen Zytokinproduktion, wobei unterschiedliche Expressionsmuster für IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFalpha und vor allem IL-27 beobachtet wurden. Besonders IL-12p70 wurde von neonatalen DC ausschließlich nach kombinierter TLR-Stimulation produziert. Darüber hinaus wurde die Fähigkeit aktivierter DC analysiert, autologe T-Zellen zu polarisieren. Interessanterweise konnte beobachtet werden, dass die Überstände kombiniert stimulierter neonataler DC die Interferon-gamma Produktion in neonatalen naiven T-Zellen auslösten. Und somit konnte gezeigt werden, dass neonatale DC naive T-Zellen hinsichtlich einer Th1-Immunantwort polarisieren können. Letztendlich zeigen die Ergebnisse neue Möglichkeiten auf, potente Impfstrategien für Neugeborene zu entwickeln.

Das Interleukin-1Beta-Rezeptor-Homolog im Modifizierten Vakziniavirus Ankara (MVA) - Charakterisierung und möglicher Einfluss auf MVA-basierte Impfvektoren

MVA ist ein attenuiertes Vakziniavirus, das durch wiederholte Passagierung von Chorioallantoisvirus Ankara auf Hühnerembryofibroblasten gewonnen wurde. Es ist bis auf wenige Ausnahmen nicht mehr in der Lage, in Säugerzellen zu replizieren, zeigt aber dennoch eine vollständige virale Proteinexpression und induziert nach Immunisierung eine zu VACV vergleichbare Immunantwort. Aus diesem Grund wurde es bereits als Impfstoff gegen die menschliche Pockenerkrankung eingesetzt, ohne hierbei die bei den klassischen Impfviren beobachtbaren Nebenwirkungen hervorzurufen. Das Genom von MVA enthält jedoch noch Immunmodulatoren, deren Deletion Ansatzpunkt für die weitere Verbesserung des Impfstoffes sein kann. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine Deletionsmutante untersucht, bei der das Gen für den Interleukin-1β Rezeptor (IL-1βR) deletiert ist (MVA ΔIL-1βR). Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass der IL-1βR in murinen als auch in humanen Zellen exprimiertes IL-1β bindet und somit inaktiviert. Des Weiteren wurde gefunden, dass MVA in der Lage ist, IL-1β in antigenpräsentierenden Zellen zu induzieren, welches aber durch die Neutralisierung aufgrund des IL-1βR nur transient nachzuweisen war. Im Gegensatz dazu induzierte MVA ΔIL-1βR eine anhaltende und um ein Vielfaches erhöhte Sekretion an IL-1β. Untersuchungen in antigenpräsentierenden Zellen aus knock-out Mäusen, die verschiedene Defizienzen in den Signalwegen zur IL-1β-Induktion trugen, zeigten, dass die Sekretion von IL-1β von Caspase-1 abhängig war, welches wahrscheinlich aus der vorgeschalteten Aktivierung der NLRP3- und/oder AIM2-Inflammasomen resultierte. Interessanterweise wurden auch Caspase-1 unabhängige Mechanismen beobachtet, die auf eine Inflammasom-unabhängige IL-1β-Induktion hinweisen könnten. In Bezug auf die Immunaktivierung führte die vermehrte Sekretion von IL-1β durch MVA ΔIL-1βR vermutlich zu einer verbesserten Antigenpräsentation, die die nachfolgende T-Zellantwort beeinflusste. In Übereinstimmung mit bereits veröffentlichten Daten wurde nach Immunisierung mit MVA ΔIL-1βR eine effektivere Gedächtnis-T-Zellantwort festgestellt, deren Charakteristika und zu Grunde liegenden Mechanismen hier untersucht wurden. Jedoch konnten weder Unterschiede in weiteren pro-inflammatorischen Zytokinmustern noch im Verlauf insbesondere der CD8+ T-Zell-Aktivierung und -erhaltung zwischen MVA und MVA ΔIL-1βR beobachtet werden. Als mögliche weitere Ursache für die veränderte Gedächtnis-T-Zellantwort könnte daher eine vermehrte Stimulation durch antigenpräsentierende Zellen und eine IL-21-vermittelte bessere Unterstützungsfunktion der CD8+ Gedächtnis-T-Zellen durch CD4+ T-Zellen in Frage kommen. Zusammenfassend konnten hier neue molekulare Mechanismen, die zur Induktion von IL-1β nach einer MVA-Infektion führen, aufgedeckt werden. Darüber hinaus existieren bereits erste Hinweise auf einen Vorteil der Deletion des IL-1βR für MVA-basierte Vektorimpfstoffe. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat weitere Daten erhoben, die das Erzielen verbesserter Immunantworten nach Immunisierung mit MVA ΔIL-1βR unterstützen, woraus sich neue Ansätze für die Entwicklung MVA-basierter Impfstoffe ergeben könnten.