Resonant Raman characterisation of ultra-thin nano-protective carbon layers for magnetic storage devices

Carbon thin films are very important as protective coatings for a wide range of applications such as magnetic storage devices. The key parameter of interest is the sp3 fraction, since it controls the mechanical properties of the film. Visible Raman spectroscopy is a very popular technique to determine the carbon bonding. However, the visible Raman spectra mainly depend on the configuration and clustering of the sp2 sites. This can result in the Raman spectra of different samples looking similar albeit having a different structure. Thus, visible Raman alone cannot be used to derive the sp3 content. Here we monitor the carbon bonding by using a combined study of Raman spectra taken at two wavelengths (514 and 244 nm). We show how the G peak dispersion is a very useful parameter to investigate the carbon samples and we endorse it as a production-line characterisation tool. The dispersion is proportional to the degree of disorder, thus making it possible to distinguish between graphitic and diamond-like carbon. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Stress reduction and bond stability during thermal annealing of tetrahedral amorphous carbon

A comprehensive study of the stress release and structural changes caused by postdeposition thermal annealing of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) on Si has been carried out. Complete stress relief occurs at 600-700°C and is accompanied by minimal structural modifications, as indicated by electron energy loss spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and optical gap measurements. Further annealing in vacuum converts sp3 sites to sp2 with a drastic change occurring after 1100°C. The field emitting behavior is substantially retained up to the complete stress relief, confirming that ta-C is a robust emitting material. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.

High rate deposition of ta-C:H using an electron cyclotron wave resonance plasma source

A compact electron cyclotron wave resonance (ECWR) source has been developed for the high rate deposition of hydrogenated tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C:H). The ECWR provides growth rates of up to 1.5 nm/s over a 4-inch diameter and an independent control of the deposition rate and ion energy. The ta-C:H was deposited using acetylene as the source gas and was characterized as having an sp3 content of up to 77%, plasmon energy of 27 eV, refractive index of 2.45, hydrogen content of about 30%, optical gap of up to 2.1 eV and RMS surface roughness of 0.04 nm. © 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

The preparation, characterization and tribological properties of TA-C : H deposited using an electron cyclotron wave resonance plasma beam source

A compact electron cyclotron wave resonance (ECWR) source has been developed for the high rate deposition of hydrogenated tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C:H). The ECWR provides growth rates of up to 900 Å/min over a 4″ diameter and an independent control of the deposition rate and ion energy. The ta-C:H was deposited using acetylene as the source gas and was characterized in terms of its sp3 content, mass density, intrinsic stress, hydrogen content, C-H bonding, Raman spectra, optical gap, surface roughness and friction coefficient. The results obtained indicated that the film properties were maximized at an ion energy of approximately 167 eV, corresponding to an energy per daughter carbon ion of 76 eV. The relationship between the incident ion energy and film densification was also explained in terms of the subsurface implantation of carbon ions into the growing film.

Amorphous carbon-silicon alloys prepared by a high plasma density source

The addition of silicon to hydrogenated amorphous carbon can have the advantageous effect of lowering the compressive stress, improving the thermal stability of its hydrogen and maintaining a low friction coefficient up to high humidity. Most experiments to date have been on a-C1-xSix:H alloys deposited by RF plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD). This method gives alloys with considerable hydrogen content and only moderate hardness. Here, we use a high plasma density source, the electron cyclotron wave resonance (ECWR) source, to prepare films with a high deposition rate. The composition and bonding in the alloys is determined by XPS, visible and UV Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. We find that it is possible to produce hard, low stress, low friction, almost humidity insensitive a-C1-xSix:H alloys with a good optical transparency and a band gap over 2 eV.

Properties of amorphous carbon-silicon alloys deposited by a high plasma density source

The addition of silicon to hydrogenated amorphous carbon can have the advantageous effect of lowering the compressive stress, improving the thermal stability of its hydrogen, and maintaining a low friction coefficient up to high humidity. Most experiments to date have been on hydrogenated amorphous carbon-silicon alloys (a-C1-xSix:H) deposited by rf plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. This method gives alloys with sizeable hydrogen content and only moderate hardness. Here we use a high plasma density source known as the electron cyclotron wave resonance source to prepare films with higher sp3 content and lower hydrogen content. The composition and bonding in the alloys is determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering, elastic recoil detection analysis, visible and ultraviolet (UV) Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and x-ray reflectivity. We find that it is possible to produce relatively hard, low stress, low friction, almost humidity insensitive a-C1-xSix:H alloys with a good optical transparency and a band gap well over 2.5 eV. The friction behavior and friction mechanism of these alloys are studied and compared with that of a-C:H, ta-C:H, and ta-C. We show how UV Raman spectroscopy allows the direct detection of Si-C, Si-Hx, and C-Hx vibrations, not seen in visible Raman spectra. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

ZnO films for surface acoustic wave microfluidic devices

SAW devices were fabricated on c-axis oriented ZnO films grown on Si substrates. Effects of film thickness on the film microstructure and acoustic frequencies were studied. Both Rayleigh and Sezawa mode waves were detected on the devices, and their resonant frequencies were found to decrease with increase in film thickness.

ZnO films for surface acoustic wave microfluidic devices

SAW devices were fabricated on c-axis oriented ZnO films grown on Si substrates. Effects of film thickness on the film microstructure and acoustic frequencies were studied. Both Rayleigh and Sezawa mode waves were detected on the devices, and their resonant frequencies were found to decrease with increase in film thickness.

Raman Spectrum of silicon nanowires

We measure the effects of phonon confinement on the Raman spectra of silicon nanowires (SiNWs). We show how previous reports of phonon confinement in SiNWs and nanostructures are actually inconsistent with phonon confinement, but are due to the intense local heating caused by the laser power used for Raman measurements. This is peculiar to nanostructures, and would require orders of magnitude higher power in bulk Si. By varying the temperature, power and excitation energy, we identify the contributions of pure confinement, heating and carrier photo-excitation. After eliminating laser-related effects, the Raman spectra show confinement signatures typical of quantum wires. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Raman spectroscopy of silicon nanowires

We measure the effects of phonon confinement on the Raman spectra of silicon nanowires. We show how previous spectra were inconsistent with phonon confinement, but were due to intense local heating caused by the laser. This is peculiar to nanostructures, and would require orders of magnitude more power in bulk Si. By working at very low laser powers, we identify the contribution of pure confinement typical of quantum wires.

Bismuth-doped fiber integrated ring laser mode-locked with a nanotube-based saturable absorber

We demonstrate passive mode-locking of a bismuth-doped fiber laser using a singlewall nanotube-based saturable absorber. Stable operation in the all-normal dispersion and average soliton regime is obtained, with an all-fiber integrated format. © 2010 Optical Society of America.

Noise and stability in giant-chirp oscillators mode-locked with a nanotube-based saturable absorber

We compare experimental results showing stable dissipative-soliton solutions exist in mode-locked lasers with ultra-large normal dispersion (as large as 21.5 ps2), with both the analytic framework provided by Haus' master-equation and full numerical simulations. © 2010 Optical Society of America.

Comportamiento agronomico, fitosanitario y calidad de grano de tres hibridos y cuatro variedades comerciales de cafe (Coffea arabica L.) agroforestal en Masatepe, Nicaragua

Se establecieron parce las en el Centro Jardín Botánico y Campos Azúles (Masatepe, Masaya) las variedades de café Pacas , Catrenic, Pacas injerta sobre Robusta, Catrenic injerta sobre Robusta y tres híbrido F1: Caturra 9*ET 15 L2, A.30 ( Híbrido 2), Caturra * ET 15 L3, A17 ( Híbrid o 3) y T 5296*ET6 L.13, A.12 ( Híbrido 4) , con el propósito de determinar el comportamiento fitosanitario, productivo y de calidad de grano . Se midieron de octubre 2006 a diciembre 2007 , variables morfológicas y fitosanitarias de la planta de café y d el 2004 al 2007 componentes producción de grano y a nális is físico organoléptico del grano de café verde. Los datos fueron evaluados mediante análisis de varianza para experimentos unifactoriables en bloques completos al azar con cuatro y ocho repeticiones par a e l factor variedades . E l área de muestreo fue con stituida por 12 plantas a 2 x 1. 25, café establecido bajo sombra de Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd , Simarouba glauca DC ; Samanea Saman (Jacq.) Merr , Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC en combinación con fertilización orgánica moderado (OM) y convencional moderado (CM). Los resultados indican que las variedades comerciales Pacas y Catrenic obtuvieron mayo r altura de 160.14 a 190. 61 los híbridos e xpre saron un diámetro de tronco superior , evidenciaron también menor desarr ollo de ramas secundarias productivas, pero una mayo r cantidad de ramas primarias y superior área de copa . Pacas mostró mayo r i ncidencia de H. vastatrix Berk y Br , mientras que Catrenic presento resistencia. Leucoptera coffeella Guerin - Meneville , Colletotr ichum coffeanum Noack , Chasparria en frutos e H y pot h enemus hampie Ferrari no su peraron niveles de incidencia tolerable en ninguna variedad. Ante Cercospora coffeicola Berk y Cooke los Híbrido 2 e Híbrido 3 expresaron susceptibilidad. Catrenic obtuvo el may o r peso de fruto, requiriendo menor número de frutos para componer un kilogramo de café uva. El mayo r rendimiento de caf é en el tiempo fue presentado por el Híbrido 2 , aumentando 314 kg a 65 kg oro superior a l Híbrido 3 y 4. Todas las variedades producen l os mayo res porcentajes de granos con cribas entre 15 a 17, en las tres cosechas. Tanto Pacas y Híbrido 2 expresaron un a calidad buena de acidez en el 37. 5 % y 25 % respectivamente de l total de las muestras. El aroma y cuerpo obtenido por Híbrido 4, Híbrido 2 y Catrenic fue superior. El tipo de café producido se clasific ó en Tipo Lavado Nicaragua (GW) en la mayo r proporción de muestras y Tipo Estri ctamente de Altura (SHG) donde Híbrido 2 y Catrenic obtuvieron la mayo r distribución . Según los resultados antes descritos, las siete variedades desarrollaron un café de tipo BB mercado de exigencia