Novel ready-to-eat mango product using gellan gum as gelling agent: physico-chemical, microbial and sensory characteristics

Este trabalho foi efectuado com o apoio da Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Agronomia com o Centro de Engenharia dos Biossistemas (CEER

40 K Liquid Neon Energy Storage Unit

A thermal Energy Storage Unit (ESU) could be used to attenuate inherent temperature fluctuations of a cold finger, either from a cryocooler working or due to sudden income heat bursts. An ESU directly coupled to the cold source acts as a thermal buffer temporarily increasing its cooling capacity and providing a better thermal stability of the cold finger (“Power Booster mode”). The energy storage units presented here use an enthalpy reservoir based on the high latent heat of the liquid-vapour transition of neon in the temperature range 38 - 44 K to store up to 900 J, and that uses a 6 liters expansion volume at RT in order to work as a closed system. Experimental results in the power booster mode will be described: in this case, the liquid neon cell was directly coupled to the cold finger of the working cryocooler, its volume (12 cm3) allowing it to store 450 J at around 40 K. 10 W heat bursts were applied, leading to liquid evaporation, with quite reduced temperature changes. The liquid neon reservoir can also work as a temporary cold source to be used after stopping the cryocooler, allowing for a vibration-free environment. In this case the enthalpy reservoir implemented (24 cm3) was linked to the cryocooler cold finger through a gas gap heat switch for thermal coupling/decoupling of the cold finger. We will show that, by controlling the enthalpy reservoir’s pressure, 900 J can be stored at a constant temperature of 40 K as in a triple-point ESU.

40 K Neon liquid energy storage unit

Cryocoolers have been progressively replacing the use of the stored cryogens in cryogenic chains used for detector cooling, thanks to their higher and higher reliability. However, the mechanical vibrations, the electromagnetic interferences and the temperature fluctuations inherent to their functioning could reduce the sensor’s sensitivity. In order to minimize this problem, compact thermal energy storage units (ESU) are studied, devices able to store thermal energy without significant temperature increase. These devices can be used as a temporary cold source making it possible to turn the cryocooler OFF providing a proper environment for the sensor. A heat switch is responsible for the thermal decoupling of the ESU from the cryocooler’s temperature that increases when turned OFF. In this work, several prototypes working around 40 K were designed, built and characterized. They consist in a low temperature cell that contains the liquid neon connected to an expansion volume at room temperature for gas storage during the liquid evaporation phase. To turn this system insensitive to the gravity direction, the liquid is retained in the low temperature cell by capillary effect in a porous material. Thanks to pressure regulation of the liquid neon bath, 900 J were stored at 40K. The higher latent heat of the liquid and the inexistence of triple point transitions at 40 K turn the pressure control during the evaporation a versatile and compact alternative to an ESU working at the triple point transitions. A quite compact second prototype ESU directly connected to the cryocooler cold finger was tested as a temperature stabilizer. This device was able to stabilize the cryocooler temperature ((≈ 40K ±1 K) despite sudden heat bursts corresponding to twice the cooling power of the cryocooler. This thesis describes the construction of these devices as well as the tests performed. It is also shown that the thermal model developed to predict the thermal behaviour of these devices, implemented as a software,describes quite well the experimental results. Solutions to improve these devices are also proposed.

40 K neon liquid energy storage unit

Cryocoolers have been progressively replacing the use of the stored cryogens in cryogenic chains used for detector cooling, thanks to their higher and higher reliability. However, the mechanical vibrations, the electromagnetic interferences and the temperature fluctuations inherent to their functioning could reduce the sensor’s sensitivity. In order to minimize this problem, compact thermal energy storage units (ESU) are studied, devices able to store thermal energy without significant temperature increase. These devices can be used as a temporary cold source making it possible to turn the cryocooler OFF providing a proper environment for the sensor. A heat switch is responsible for the thermal decoupling of the ESU from the cryocooler’s temperature that increases when turned OFF. In this work, several prototypes working around 40 K were designed, built and characterized. They consist in a low temperature cell that contains the liquid neon connected to an expansion volume at room temperature for gas storage during the liquid evaporation phase. To turn this system insensitive to the gravity direction, the liquid is retained in the low temperature cell by capillary effect in a porous material. Thanks to pressure regulation of the liquid neon bath, 900 J were stored at 40K. The higher latent heat of the liquid and the inexistence of triple point transitions at 40 K turn the pressure control during the evaporation a versatile and compact alternative to an ESU working at the triple point transitions. A quite compact second prototype ESU directly connected to the cryocooler cold finger was tested as a temperature stabilizer. This device was able to stabilize the cryocooler temperature ((≈ 40K ±1 K) despite sudden heat bursts corresponding to twice the cooling power of the cryocooler. This thesis describes the construction of these devices as well as the tests performed. It is also shown that the thermal model developed to predict the thermal behaviour of these devices,implemented as a software, describes quite well the experimental results. Solutions to improve these devices are also proposed.

Evaluation of mechanical soft-abrasive blasting and chemical cleaning methods on alkyd-paint graffiti made on carbonate stones

In the context of this dissertation several studies were developed resulting in submission and publication “Evaluation of mechanical soft-abrasive blasting and chemical cleaning methods on alkyd-paint graffiti made on calcareous stones” to Journal of Cultural Heritage. (http://dx.doi.org/10.101 /j.culher.2014.10.004)

A type system for value-dependent information flow analysis

Information systems are widespread and used by anyone with computing devices as well as corporations and governments. It is often the case that security leaks are introduced during the development of an application. Reasons for these security bugs are multiple but among them one can easily identify that it is very hard to define and enforce relevant security policies in modern software. This is because modern applications often rely on container sharing and multi-tenancy where, for instance, data can be stored in the same physical space but is logically mapped into different security compartments or data structures. In turn, these security compartments, to which data is classified into in security policies, can also be dynamic and depend on runtime data. In this thesis we introduce and develop the novel notion of dependent information flow types, and focus on the problem of ensuring data confidentiality in data-centric software. Dependent information flow types fit within the standard framework of dependent type theory, but, unlike usual dependent types, crucially allow the security level of a type, rather than just the structural data type itself, to depend on runtime values. Our dependent function and dependent sum information flow types provide a direct, natural and elegant way to express and enforce fine grained security policies on programs. Namely programs that manipulate structured data types in which the security level of a structure field may depend on values dynamically stored in other fields The main contribution of this work is an efficient analysis that allows programmers to verify, during the development phase, whether programs have information leaks, that is, it verifies whether programs protect the confidentiality of the information they manipulate. As such, we also implemented a prototype typechecker that can be found at http://ctp.di.fct.unl.pt/DIFTprototype/.

Evolution of the surface plasmon resonance of Au:TiO2 nanocomposite thin films with annealing temperature

This paper reports on the changes in the structural and morphological features occurring in a particular type of nanocomposite thin-film system, composed of Au nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed in a host TiO2 dielectric matrix. The structural and morphological changes, promoted by in-vacuum annealing experiments of the as-deposited thin films at different temperatures (ranging from 200 to 800 C), resulted in a well-known localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon, which gave rise to a set of different optical responses that can be tailored for a wide number of applications, including those for optical-based sensors. The results show that the annealing experiments enabled a gradual increase of the mean grain size of the Au NPs (from 2 to 23 nm), and changes in their distributions and separations within the dielectric matrix. For higher annealing temperatures of the as-deposited films, a broad size distribution of Au NPs was found (sizes up to 100 nm). The structural conditions necessary to produce LSPR activity were found to occur for annealing experiments above 300 C, which corresponded to the crystallization of the gold NPs, with an average size strongly dependent on the annealing temperature itself. The main factor for the promotion of LSPR was the growth of gold NPs and their redistribution throughout the host matrix. On the other hand, the host matrix started to crystallize at an annealing temperature of about 500 C, which is an important parameter to explain the shift of the LSPR peak position to longer wavelengths, i.e. a red-shift.

Thin films composed of gold nanoparticles dispersed in a dielectric matrix: the influence of the host matrix on the optical and mechanical responses

Gold nanoparticles were dispersed in two different dielectric matrices, TiO2 and Al2O3, using magnetron sputtering and a post-deposition annealing treatment. The main goal of the present work was to study how the two different host dielectric matrices, and the resulting microstructure evolution (including both the nanoparticles and the host matrix itself) promoted by thermal annealing, influenced the physical properties of the films. In particular, the structure and morphology of the nanocomposites were correlated with the optical response of the thin films, namely their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) characteristics. Furthermore, and in order to scan the future application of the two thin film system in different types of sensors (namely biological ones), their functional behaviour (hardness and Young's modulus change) was also evaluated. Despite the similar Au concentrations in both matrices (~ 11 at.%), very different microstructural features were observed, which were found to depend strongly on the annealing temperature. The main structural differences included: (i) the early crystallization of the TiO2 host matrix, while the Al2O3 one remained amorphous up to 800 °C; (ii) different grain size evolution behaviours with the annealing temperature, namely an almost linear increase for the Au:TiO2 system (from 3 to 11 nm), and the approximately constant values observed in the Au:Al2O3 system (4–5 nm). The results from the nanoparticle size distributions were also found to be quite sensitive to the surrounding matrix, suggesting different mechanisms for the nanoparticle growth (particle migration and coalescence dominating in TiO2 and Ostwald ripening in Al2O3). These different clustering behaviours induced different transmittance-LSPR responses and a good mechanical stability, which opens the possibility for future use of these nanocomposite thin film systems in some envisaged applications (e.g. LSPR-biosensors).

Evolution of the functional properties of titanium–silver thin films for biomedical applications: Influence of in-vacuum annealing

In this work, the thermal stability of TiAgx thin films, deposited by magnetron sputtering, was evaluated, envisaging their application in biomedical devices, namely as electrodes for biosignal acquisition. Based on the composition and microstructural characterization, a set of four representative TiAgx thin films was selected in order to infer whether they are thermally stable in terms of functional properties. In order to achieve this purpose, the structural and morphological evolution of the films with annealing temperature was correlated with their electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. Two distinct zones were identified and two samples from each zone were extensively analysed. In the first zone (zone I), Ti was the main component (Ti-rich zone) while in the second, zone II, the Ag content was more significant. The selected samples were annealed in vacuum at four different temperatures up to 500 oC. For the samples produced within zone I, small microstructural changes were observed due to the recrystallization of the Ti structure and grain size increment. Also, no significant changes were observed with annealing temperature regarding the f l ’ functional properties, being thermally stable up to 500 oC. For higher Ag contents (zone II) the energy supplied by thermal treatments was sufficient to activate the crystallization of Ti-Ag intermetallic phases. A strong increase of the grain size of these phases was also reported. The structural and morphological organization proved to be determinant for the physical responses of the TiAgx system. The hardness and Y g’s modulus were significantly improved with the formation of the intermetallic phases. The silver addition and annealing treatments also played an important role in the electrical conductivity of the films, which was once again improved by the formation of Ti-Ag phases. The thermal diffusivity of the films was practically unchanged with the heat-treatment. This set of results shows that this intermetallic-like thin film system has good thermal stability up to high temperatures (as high as 500 oC), which in case of the highest Ag content zone is particularly evident for electrical and mechanical properties, showing an important improvement. Hardness increases about three times, while resistivity values become half of those from the lowest Ag contents zone. These set of characteristics are consistent with the targeted applications, namely in terms of biomedical sensing devices.

Patrones dinámicos de abundancia y dispersión de una plaga en un paisaje heterogéneo. Dynamic patterns of abundance and dispersion of a pest in a heterogeneous landscape.

El desarrollo de conocimiento empírico sobre cómo la heterogeneidad espacial de un paisaje afecta los patrones de movimiento de una especie animal es considerado una prioridad para el manejo y la conservación de las especies y sus hábitats. En el caso de los insectos plaga, estos estudios resultan importantes ya que aportan las bases teóricas y empíricas fundamentales para su manejo. La persistencia de éstas especies en un paisaje modificado depende de la interrelación entre procesos ecológicos y la estructura del paisaje, tales como la interacción entre especies, la disponibilidad de parches hábitat y la influencia de las prácticas de manejo. El análisis de éstos procesos en un agroecosistema permite simplificar los modelos de heterogeneidad espacial, debido a que los lotes de cultivo son internamente homogéneos y los disturbios antropogénicos generalmente ocurren a la escala de parche, permitiendo determinar las respuestas de los insectos a dicha escala. La alfalfa (Medicago sativa) es un recurso fundamental para la producción agropecuaria y en Argentina, es el recurso forrajero más importante, constituyendo la base de la producción ganadera del país. Actualmente se cultivan alrededor de 5 millones de hectáreas, de las cuales un millón se siembran en la provincia de Córdoba. Además, cumple un rol importante en la sustentabilidad de los sistemas de producción por su función de recuperación de la fertilidad y estabilidad edáfica. La isoca de la alfalfa (Colias lesbia) es la plaga principal del cultivo, produciendo en promedio la pérdida de un corte por año. La hipótesis principal de nuestro trabajo es que los patrones de abundancia y movilidad de la isoca de la alfalfa son afectados por la estructura del paisaje y las prácticas de manejo. Los objetivos específicos del proyecto son: (a) Establecer el efecto de la estructura del paisaje y y el manejo del cultivo en la abundancia de los distintos estadios de Colias lesbia. (b) Determinar los patrones de dispersión de Colias lesbia en relación a la heterogeneidad espacial del paisaje (c) Generar un modelo predictivo de la abundancia de Colias lesbia según la estructura espacial del paisaje, el clima y el manejo del cultivo. (d) Desarrollar un conjunto de recomendaciones de manejo a escala regional para el control de la isoca de la alfalfa. Para ello se elegirán lotes de alfalfa en la región este de la provincia de Córdoba, en el departamento de San Justo, donde se realizará un relevamiento inicial del área de estudio y se dialogará con los productores. Paralelamente, se realizará una clasificación supervisada del área de estudio a partir de escenas de imágenes Landsat TM. En los parches seleccionados, durante 3 años y durante los meses de verano, se muestrearán quincenalmente los distintos estadios de Colias lesbia. Se realizarán análisis de correlación y regresión entre las variables independientes (métricas de la configuración y dinámica del paisaje) y las variables dependientes, (abundancia media de los diferentes estadios de las poblaciones). Asimismo, se realizarán experimentos de marcado-liberación-recaptura para determinar cómo el movimiento de la especie depende de la estructura del paisaje. Para modelar el movimiento inherente de la especie se combinará la información obtenida en el campo con un modelo de difusión utilizando métodos bayesianos. Se espera obtener modelos que permitan comprender los mecanismos que generan los patrones observados. Con esta información se propondrán lineamientos generales y específicos para un manejo de la isoca de la alfalfa a escala regional. En tal sentido, se espera aportar información para restringir la dispersión de la plaga, y reducir los costos y perjuicios del control químico que podrían evitarse con la aplicación de prácticas de manejo integrado y de "manejo de área" que minimicen el impacto de la plaga como también contribuir al conocimiento general de la ecología de insectos.

Evaluación de aspectos agronómicos, químicos-nutricionales y tecnológicos de lupinos y quínoas. Agronomic, chemical-nutritional and technological evaluation of lupin and quinoa grain crops.

Este proyecto desarrolla estudios multidisciplinarios para contribuir con información avalada por métodos científicos, a propuestas de desarrollos regionales agronómicos y de tecnología de alimentos en la provincia de Córdoba. Se propone realizar evaluaciones de factibilidad de cultivo de variedades de lupinos y quínoas en parcelas experimentales y huertas, verificar las características químico-nutricionales de los granos y establecer mecanismos tecnológicos, para poder presentar productos alimenticios viables de comercialización. Estos granos, poco conocidos en los hábitos nutricionales actuales, fueron considerados desde la antigüedad por distintas civilizaciones, como importantes fuentes de alimento vegetal. En la actualidad la necesidad de contar con nuevas fuentes de alimentos provenientes de sistemas auto-sustentables y manufacturación artesanal, ha llevado investigar alternativas de nuevos cultivos y a revalorizar aquellos que han sucumbido a las tecnologías modernas. Tanto los granos de quínoa como la de los lupinos han cobrado interés a nivel internacional por su alto valor nutricional, farmacológico y por sus cualidades de plantas rústicas a los manejos de cultivo. Es por esas razones, que se propone desarrollar un proyecto de investigación con transferencia de tecnología, para contar con experiencias que permitan establecer los lineamientos agronómicos y de tecnología de alimentos necesarios para promover los granos de lupinos y quínoas dentro de los planes nutricionales de nuestra sociedad. La importancia de este proyecto se fundamenta en la necesidad de buscar nuevas alternativas de cultivos que se adapten a los recursos de clima y suelo en áreas rurales de las sierras de Córdoba y promover nuevos emprendimientos relacionados con los sectores agrícolas y de la alimentación. Para su mejor desarrollo el proyecto está diagramado en tres módulos que cubren las siguientes áreas: Módulo 1, ensayos de cultivo en parcelas experimentales y huertas comunales; Módulo 2, análisis químicos-nutricionales; Módulo 3, diseño y adaptación de equipamiento para la manufacturación de alimentos. La metodología de investigación está ampliamente respaldada por la experiencia que cuenta el equipo de trabajo en los módulos propuestos y que puede ser verificada en la producción científica plasmada en trabajos publicados en revistas con referato nacionales e internacionales, presentaciones a congresos y direcciones de tesis.

Triticales y tricepiros: alternativas para la produccion de pasto y grano. Forage and grain breeding of triticale and tricepiro.

La introducción de nuevos recursos genéticos es esencial en la evolución de la agricultura destinada a la producción de materia prima de alta calidad. La evaluación de nuevo germoplasma, con el objetivo de su difusión comercial o incorporación a programas de mejoramiento, se realiza a través de ensayos comparativos de rendimiento en diferentes ambientes. Las forrajeras anuales de invierno son casi insustituibles para mantener la cadena forrajera en la región pampeana subhúmeda seca y semiárida. En la actualidad tanto triticales como tricepiros son alternativas muy promisorias para su utilización como doble propósito, así como para explorar la posibilidad de producir harinas diferenciadas para uso en la industria de la alimentación humana. En el país, los triticales se han difundido para pastoreo y se requiere de nuevos cultivares. Los tricepiros se trabajan exclusivamente en la Argentina y es necesario desarrollar germoplasma. Se planea identificar germoplasma superior mediante selección en introducciones y cruzamientos propios, ensayos comparativos de pasto y grano, estudiar la estabilidad citológica mediante análisis cromosómicos y genómicos y caracterizar líneas avanzadas por descriptores morfológicos.The introduction of new genetic resources is essential in the agriculture evolution, especially when high quality production is the main objective. New germoplasm must be tested several years in order to be part of breeding programs or to be commercialized due to environmental differences among years. In dry subhumid and semiarid pampeana region, annual winter feed crops are necessary in order to have forage production during winter. Nowadays Triticales and Tricepiros are promising alternatives to be used as double purpose for animal feed and fodder, as well as to obtain differenced flour to human food. In Argentina, Triticale has spread for forage uses and new cultivars are required. Tricepiros are sown only in this country; therefore there is a need to develop Tricepiro germoplasm. The outline includes: identify superior germoplasm in introductions and own crosses through selection; establish comparative forage and grain trials; cytological estability study using chromosomal and genomic analysis and characterize advanced lines through morphological features.

Micro scale modeling grain boundary damage under creep conditions

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Maschinenbau, Diss., 2014

Effects of grain shape on packing and dilatancy of sheared granular materials

Aus: Soft matter, Vol. 10.2014, H. 28, S. 5157 - 5167

Doses and methods of distribution of potassium chloride on soybean crop (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in a red latosol, affecting soil salinity, grain production and chemical composition of leaves

The present work deal t wi th an experiment under field conditions and a laboratory test of soil incubation the objectives were as follows: a. to study effects on soybean grain product ion and leaf composition of increasing doses of potassium chloride applied into the soil through two methods of distribution; b. to observe chemical modifications in the soils incubated with increasing doses of potassium chloride; and, c. to correlate field effects with chemical alterations observed in the incubation test, The field experiment was carried out in a Red Latosol (Haplustox) with soybean cultivar UFV - 1. Potassium chloride was distributed through two methods: banded (5 cm below and 5 cm aside of the seed line) and broadcasted and plowed-down. Doses used were: 0; 50; 100 and 200 kg/ha of K2O. Foliar samples were taken at flowering stage. Incubation test were made in plastic bags with 2 kg of air dried fine soil, taken from the arable layer of the field experiment, with the following doses of KC1 p,a. : 0; 50; 100; 200; 400; 800; 1,600; 3.200; 6,400 and 12,800 kg/ha of K(2)0. In the conditions observed during the present work, results allowed the following conclusions: A response by soybean grain production for doses of potassium chloride, applied in both ways, banded or broadcasted, was not observed. Leaf analysis did not show treatment influence over the leaf contents for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and CI, Potassium chloride salinity effects in both methods of distribution for all the tested closes were not observed.