Genetic identification of interspecific hybrid of Neotropical catfish species (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans vs. Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum) in rivers of Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Hemoglobin D-Punjab: origin, distribution and laboratory diagnosis

This review discusses hemoglobin D-Punjab, also known as hemoglobin D-Los Angeles, one of the most common hemoglobin variants worldwide. It is derived from a point mutation in the beta-globin gene (HBB: c.364G>C; rs33946267) prevalent in the Punjab region, Northwestern Indian. Hemoglobin D-Punjab can be inherited in heterozygosis with hemoglobin A causing no clinical or hematological alterations, or in homozygosis, the rarest form of inheritance, a condition that is commonly not related to clinical symptomatology. Moreover, this variant can exist in association with other hemoglobinopathies, such as thalassemias; the most noticeable clinical alterations occur when hemoglobin D-Punjab is associated to hemoglobin S. The clinical manifestations of this association can be similar to homozygosis for hemoglobin S. Although hemoglobin D-Punjab is a common variant globally with clinical importance especially in cases of double heterozygosis, hemoglobin S/D-Punjab is still understudied. In Brazil, for example, hemoglobin D-Punjab is the third most common hemoglobin variant. Thus, this paper summarizes information about the origin, geographic distribution, characterization and occurrence of hemoglobin D-Punjab haplotypes to try to improve our knowledge of this variant. Moreover, a list of the main techniques used in its identification is provided emphasizing the importance of complementary molecular analysis for accurate diagnosis.

O sofrimento gera luta: o impacto da anemia falciforme e da vivência do adoecimento no desenvolvimento psíquico de portadores da doença

Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva - FMB

Characterization of the hemoglobins and globins of Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795 (Pisces, Synbranchidae)

1. 1. Total hemolysates of Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795, captured in Vitoriana, district of Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil, were submitted to agar-starch gel electrophoresis on glass slides using 42 mM-Tris 1.7 mM EDTA-6.1 mM borate buffer, pH 8.8, for the gel and 10 mM borate-1.7 mM NaOH buffer, pH 8.6, for the cuvette. 2. 2. Three distinct hemoglobin bands were detected, with Hb I being of the cathodic type. 3. 3. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis in 800 mM Tris-2.1 mM EDTA buffer, pH 8.9, containing 6 M urea and 2.25 mM β-mercaptoethanol indicated the presence of four globin chains denoted α 1, α 2, β and γ. 4. 4. It is suggested that the probable tetrameric constitution of the hemoglobin of Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795 is Hb I (α 2 2γ 2), Hb II (α 2 1γ 2) and Hb III (α 2 1β 2). © 1986.

Avaliação da diluição do DNA extraido de material parafinado para amplificação em PCR

Introduction: Several reasons may lead to the failure of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using DNA purified from paraffin-embedded materials: presence of inhibitors and degradation of target DNA. DNA dilution will often reduce the concentration of potential inhibitors and still contain enough DNA to allow PCR amplification. Objective: To evaluate the dilution influence of DNA purified from paraffin-embedded materials on β-globin PCR amplification. Material and Method: Paraffin-embedded blocks from 30 patients with oropharynx squamous cell carcinomas, diagnosed and treated at the Oral Oncology Center were selected. DNA extraction was performed using QIAmp minikit (Quiagen). DNA was quantified and evaluated for purity by spectrophotometer analysis. Two groups were formed with different amounts of DNA: group I had the originally extracted DNA and group II had the same DNA, however diluted with ultrapure water addition. PCR was performed in both groups using oligonucleotides for human β-globin gene. Results: For Group I, amplification of the β-globin gene sequence was successful in 33.33% of the samples and for Group II, in 23.33%. Conclusion: Dilution of the DNA extracted of paraffin-embedded materials did not modify statistically the amount of positive samples β-globin gene amplified in PCR, although the results suggest that this is a way to increase the method for efficacy amplification of PCR.

Comparação entre dois métodos de detecção de DNA de papilomavírus humano em carcinoma epidermoide de lábio

Introdução: Recentemente o papilomavírus humano (HPV) tem sido associado à carcinogênese oral. A metodologia empregada na detecção do vírus é uma das maiores causas observadas da grande variabilidade nas taxas de detecção do HPV. Objetivo: Este estudo comparou a sensibilidade de detecção do DNA do HPV em casos de carcinoma epidermoide de lábio utilizando a amplificação do DNA viral por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) ou nPCR. Material e método: Foram utilizadas 33 amostras provenientes de casos de carcinoma epidermoide de lábio. Para as extrações do DNA utilizou-se o sistema QIAamp DNA Mini Kit. Como controle interno utilizou-se o gene da b-globina. Das 33 amostras iniciais, 30 foram positivas para o gene b-globina, sendo utilizadas para detectar o DNA viral. Comparou-se a amplificação do DNA viral pelos métodos da PCR com os oligonucleotídeos MY09/MY11 e nPCR, empregando-se os pares de oligonucleotídeos iniciadores MY09/MY11 e, na segunda etapa, o par GP5+/GP6+. O controle positivo para a presença do DNA do HPV utilizado foi a linhagem de células HeLa e, como controle negativo, a mistura de amplificação sem DNA. A análise dos produtos de PCR e nPCR para HPV foi realizada por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida a 8%. Resultados: Utilizando-se o método da PCR, a amplificação do DNA do HPV foi constatada em dois casos. Com a nPCR foi verificada presença de DNA viral em 13 das 30 amostras. Conclusão: Com a utilização da nPCR, a detecção do HPV nos casos estudados aumentou mais de seis vezes.

O papel da angiogênese e da hemólise na úlcera de perna de pessoas com anemia falciforme

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Influência da anemia ferropriva no eletroforetrograma de hemoglobina de leitões

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Influência da anemia ferropriva no eletroforetrograma de hemoglobina de leitões

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Human telomere disease due to disruption of the CCAAT box of the TERC promoter

Mutations in the coding region of telomerase complex genes can result in accelerated telomere attrition and human disease. Manifestations of telomere disease include the bone marrow failure syndromes dyskeratosis congenita and aplastic anemia, acute myeloid leukemia, liver cirrhosis, and pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we describe a mutation in the CCAAT box (GCAAT) of the TERC gene promoter in a family in which multiple members had typical features of telomeropathy. The genetic alteration in this critical regulatory sequence resulted in reduced reporter gene activity and absent binding of transcription factor NF-Y, likely responsible for reduced TERC levels, decreased telomerase activity, and short telomeres. This is the first description of a pathogenic mutation in the highly con-served CCAAT box and the first instance of a mutation in the promoter region of TERC producing a telomeropathy. We propose that current mutation-screening strategies should include gene promoter regions for the diagnosis of telomere diseases. This clinical trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00071045. (Blood. 2012;119(13):3060-3063)

Phylogenetic relationships of rock-wallabies, Petrogale (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) and their biogeographic history within Australia

The rock-wallaby genus Petrogale comprises a group of habitat-specialist macropodids endemic to Australia. Their restriction to rocky outcrops, with infrequent interpopulation dispersal, has been suggested as the cause of their recent and rapid diversification. Molecular phylogenetic relationships within and among species of Petrogale were analysed using mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1, cytochrome b. NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2) and nuclear (omega-globin intron, breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene) sequence data with representatives that encompassed the morphological and chromosomal variation within the genus, including for the first time both Petrogale concinna and Petrogale purpureicollis. Four distinct lineages were identified, (1) the brachyotis group, (2) Petrogale persephone, (3) Petrogale xanthopus and (4) the lateralis-penicillata group. Three of these lineages include taxa with the ancestral karyotype (2n = 22). Paraphyletic relationships within the brachyotis group indicate the need for a focused phylogeographic study. There was support for P. purpureicollis being reinstated as a full species and P. concinna being placed within Petrogale rather than in the monotypic genus Peradorcas. Bayesian analyses of divergence times suggest that episodes of diversification commenced in the late Miocene-Pliocene and continued throughout the Pleistocene. Ancestral state reconstructions suggest that Petrogale originated in a mesic environment and dispersed into more arid environments, events that correlate with the timing of radiations in other arid zone vertebrate taxa across Australia. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Hb S-Sao Paulo: A new sickling hemoglobin with stable polymers and decreased oxygen affinity

Hb S-Sao Paulo (SP) [HBB:c.20A > T p.Glu6Val: c.196A > G p.Lys65Glu] is a new double-mutant hemoglobin that was found in heterozygosis in an 18-month-old Brazilian male with moderate anemia. It behaves like Hb S in acid electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and solubility testing but shows different behavior in alkaline electrophoresis, cation-exchange HPLC and RP-HPLC. The variant is slightly unstable, showed reduced oxygen affinity and also appeared to form polymers more stable than the Hb S. Molecular dynamics simulation suggests that the polymerization is favored by interfacial electrostatic interactions. This provides a plausible explanation for some of the reported experimental observations. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Epidemiological study of HPV in oral mucosa through PCR

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to the Papillomaviridae family and has a capsid and a single DNA strand. Its infection occurs mainly through sexual intercourse, having an important tropism for skin and mucosal cells. Aim: To evaluate the HPV presence in normal oral mucosa of asymptomatic subjects and; in parallel, to correlate social behavioral habits with the virus. Materials and Methods: Contemporary cohort cross-sectional study. The HPV was found by PCR, using general primers MY09/11 in 125 oral mucosa samples submitted to DNA extraction and PCR to search for the beta-globin gene in order to assess the quality of the extracted DNA. In parallel, we carried out a study of behavioral issues associated with the patients. Results: All the samples had a positive diagnosis of the beta-hemoglobin gene. HPV was diagnosed in 23.2% of the samples analyzed. Conclusion: The virus was present in 29 of the 125 patients, without them having any clinical-pathological manifestation associated with the HPV. As to the social behavior of the patients, we concluded that oral sex is statistically correlated to the virus, and besides the HPV has been statistically more present in female patients.

Possible implication of Mdm2 as a prognostic marker in invasive laryngeal carcinoma

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common malignant neoplasms of the head and neck. In Brazil, laryngeal tumors represent 2% of all cancers and are associated with approximately 3,000 deaths annually. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been reported to play an important role in the etiology of laryngeal cancer. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of p53, p27, and Mdm2 in laryngeal carcinomas. Sixty-three larynx biopsies were selected for the study, including 9 in situ laryngeal carcinomas, 27 laryngeal carcinomas without metastasis and 27 laryngeal carcinomas with metastasis. Twenty-seven cervical lymph nodes from patients with metastatic lesions were also evaluated. The expression levels of p53, p27, and Mdm2 were assessed by immunohistochemistry using a computer-assisted system. HPV detection and typing were performed using PCR, and the HPV types that were evaluated included HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31 and 33. Out of 63 patients, 53 (84.1%) were positive for beta-globin (internal control), and 10 (15.9%) were beta-globin negative and therefore excluded from the evaluation. Thus, 7 (13.2%) out of 53 patients were HPV positive, and 46 (86.8%) out of 53 patients were HPV negative. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in Mdm2 expression levels were observed in the in situ laryngeal carcinoma samples compared with the laryngeal carcinoma samples with metastasis. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in either p53 or p27 expression levels were detected. These findings suggest that Mdm2 may be associated with the invasiveness and aggressiveness of laryngeal carcinomas.

Die molekulare Evolution der Hämoglobin-Genfamilie in Chironomus tentans

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden 74736 bp genomischer DNA-Sequenzder Hämoglobingen-Gruppe D aus der Chironomiden Art Chironomus tentansentschlüsselt und analysiert. Durch Datenbankrecherchen undSequenz-Vergleiche wurden 29 vollständige Hämoglobin-Geneidentifiziert und klassifiziert. Es zeigt sich, daß alle derzeitbekannten Hämoglobin-Gene der Chironomiden auch in Chironomus tentansvorhanden sind. Zusätzlich konnten in Chironomus tentans sechs neueHämoglobin-Varianten identifiziert werden, die bislang weder aufProtein- noch auf Gen-Ebene in anderen Spezies nachgewiesenwurden. Die Hämoglobin-Gene liegen in dichter Abfolge innerhalbdes Clusters, wobei durchschnittlich etwa alle 2 kb ein Gen zufinden ist. Die Abfolge der Hämoglobin-Gene innerhalb derGengruppe wird nur an einer Stelle durch ein interspergiertes Genaus der Familie der Glukosetransporter unterbrochen. Desweiterenkonnten zwei retrotransponierbare Elemente der SINE-Klasse (CP1)innerhalb des Hämoglobingen-Clusters identifiziert werden. AlleGene besitzen die für ihre Expression erforderlichenSignalsequenzen, so daß es sich höchstwahrscheinlich um aktiveGene handelt. Die abgeleiteten Aminosäure-Sequenzen weisen alleCharakteristika sauerstofftransportierender Moleküle auf. Da es sich bei den Hämoglobinen um eine sehr alte Genfamiliehandelt, kann die vergleichende Analyse derHämoglobin-Genstruktur bei Vertebraten, Invertebraten, Pflanzenund Protozoen zur Rekonstruktion der Intron-Evolution genutztwerden. Die Konservierung von Intronpositionen in homologen Genenverschiedener Taxa gilt dabei als Maß für das relativestammesgeschichtliche Alter der Introns. Eine Vielzahl derHämoglobin-Gene von Invertebraten weisen ein Intron im zentralenGenbereich auf. Auch bei einigen Chironomiden-Arten konntendiese 'zentralen Introns' nachgewiesen werden. DieHämoglobin-Gene von Chironomus tentans galten hingegen bislang als intronlos.Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt, daß auch zweiHämoglobin-Gene dieser Spezies je ein kurzes Intron aufweisen.Der Vergleich der Intronverteilung in den Hämoglobin-Genen derChironomiden führt zu dem Ergebnis, daß alle vorhandenen Intronsam sparsamsten (im Sinne des 'maximum parsimony'-Prinzips) durchunabhängige Insertionen in ein intronlosesVorläufer-Hämoglobin-Gen erklärt werden können. Alle bislangin Chironomiden beschriebenen Introns sind mit großerWahrscheinlichkeit nicht ortholog (Hankeln et al., 1997; dieseArbeit). Das Vorläufer-Hämoglobin-Gen in Chironomiden besaßdaher vermutlich kein 'zentrales Intron'. Die in Chironomidengefundenen Verhältnisse stellen somit die von Go (1981)formulierte Hypothese der Ursprünglichkeit des 'zentralenIntrons' in Hämoglobin-Genen in Frage. Die in Invertebraten undPflanzen beschriebenen 'zentralen Introns' sind vermutlich nichthomolog und dementsprechend auch nicht auf ein Intron imanzestralen Globin zurückzuführen. Vielmehr implizieren die inhohem Maße variablen Positionen der 'zentralen Introns' beiPflanzen und Invertebraten ihre unabhängige Insertion in diejeweiligen Globin-Gene nach der Aufspaltung der Taxa. Grundsätzlich können zwei Klassen von Hämoglobin-Genen inChironomiden unterschieden werden. Die überwiegende Mehrzahl derHämoglobine wird von Genen kodiert, die nur in einer Kopie imGenom vorliegen. Sie werden dementsprechend als 'single copy'Varianten bezeichnet. Für andere Hämoglobin-Varianten konntehingegen eine Vielzahl leicht unterschiedlicher Gene beschriebenwerden. Diese bilden sogenannte Gen-Subfamilien. In Chironomus tentans konntegezeigt werden, daß neben den 7B-Genen auch die 7A-Gene eineeigene Subfamilie bilden. Die 'single copy' Varianten zeichnensich im Interspezies-Vergleich durch ihre konservierteNukleotid-Sequenz aus: Sie unterliegen während ihrer Evolutionoffenbar einer stabilisierenden Selektion, d.h. Veränderungenihrer Protein-Sequenzen werden nur in geringem Maße toleriert.Auch ihre räumliche Anordnung innerhalb der Gengruppe istzwischenartlich konserviert. Der Vergleich der 'single copy'Varianten innerhalb einer Art zeigt, daß diese sehr deutlicheSequenz-Unterschiede zueinander aufweisen. Sie bilden somit einkonserviertes Sortiment an Hämoglobin-Genen, das weitgehend vorder Radiation der Arten entstanden ist und eine über dieArtgrenzen hinweg unveränderte 'Hämoglobin-Grundausstattung'gewährleistet. Im Gegensatz hierzu zeichnen sich die Mitglieder vonHämoglobin-Gen-Sub-familien durch eine hohe Variabilität aus:Nukleotid-Sequenz, Anzahl und Organisation der Gene innerhalb derGenfamilie weisen im zwischenartlichen Vergleich zahlreicheUnterschiede auf. Es ist daher nur selten möglich allein aufGrundlage der Nukleotid-Sequenzen orthologe Genpaare zuidentifizieren. Die orthologen Gene der 7B-Subfamilie aus Chironomus tentansund chth konnten ausschließlich anhand korrespondierenderIntergen-Sequenzen einander zugeordnet werden. Somit sind dieGen-Subfamilien präferenziell an der Entstehung einesspeziesspezifischen Gen-Repertoires beteiligt. Variationen derNukleotid-Sequenz, Gen-Anzahl und Gen-Organisation innerhalb derSubfamilie werden im Gegensatz zu den 'single copy' Varianten ineinem hohen Maße toleriert. Aufgrund der hohen Sequenz-Übereinstimmungen zwischen denMitgliedern der Gen-Subfamilien unterliegen diese einer Vielzahlvon Rearrangements, die in Gen-Duplikationen, Deletionen undSequenz-Homogenisierungen resultieren. So führten beispielsweiseGenduplikationen durch ungleiches, homologes Crossing-over mitgroßer Wahrscheinlichkeit zur Entstehung und Expansion der7A-Subfamilie. Auch die Gene Cte12-1 und Cte 12-2 sind vermutlichdas Ergebnis eines rezenten Duplika-tions-Ereignisses. DerMechanismus der Retrotransposition, der zu einer Duplika-tioneines 3`-untranslatierten Bereichs innerhalb der 7A-Subfamilieführte, scheint für die Entstehung derHämoglobin-Multiplizität in Chironomiden hingegen wenigerbedeutsam zu sein. Innerhalb der 7A-Subfamilie ist eineAngleichung der Gene durch konzertierte Sequenz-Evolution zubeobachten. Der nukleotidweise Vergleich von Gen-Sequenzen zeigtam Beispiel der Gene 7A7 und 7A8, daß die konzertierte Evolutiondieser Gen-Varianten auf dem Mechanismus der Genkonversionberuht. Auch die Gen-Subfamilie 7B unterliegt offenbar in hohemMaße einer solchen Sequenz-Homogenisierung. Im Sinne einer molekularen Uhr sollten synonyme Basenaustauscheweitgehend neutral sein und sich proportional zur Zeit in denGenen anhäufen. Der Vergleich der Hämoglobin-Gen-Sequenzenzeigt, daß große Unterschiede in der Anzahl der synonymenBasenaustausche zwischen orthologen Genen nicht zwangsläufig dasErgebnis einer frühen Trennung dieser Gene sind. Die Übertragungvon Sequenzen zwischen paralogen Genen kann die Anzahl dersynonymen Basenaustausche orthologer Gene in kürzester Zeitverändern und den tatsächlichen Zeitpunkt der Trennung zweierorthologen Gene überdecken. Werden Genkonversionen nichterkannt, weil beispielsweise nicht alle Gene der Gruppevollständig erfaßt werden konnten, führt der Vergleichorthologer Gen-Sequenzen zwangsläufig zu falschen evolutionärenGendistanzen. Da die Mitglieder der Hämoglobin-Genfamiliebesonders häufig Rekombinations-Prozessen unterliegen, sind siedaher möglicherweise weniger nützliche Kanditaten für dieErmittlung evolutionärer Distanzen zwischen den verschiedenenChironomiden-Arten. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit, daß anhanddetaillierter phylogenetischer Analysen sich die Evolution derHämoglobin-Multigenfamilie von Chironomiden umfassendbeschreiben läßt. Ob einzelne, besonders gut konservierteGen-Varianten (wie z. B. die Gene Cte 8 und Cte W) einespezifische physiologische Funktion erfüllen oder ob dieGen-Subfamilien, die ein speziesspezifisches Genrepertoirebilden, an der Einnischung der verschiedenen Arten beteiligtsind, sollte durch weiterführende Untersuchungen (z. B. derGenexpression sowie der physiologischen Eigenschaften einzelnerVarianten) ermittelt werden können.