Persistent organic pollutants in juvenile Magellan penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) found on the northern shore of the state of São Paulo and southern shore of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The Allium cepa bioassay to evaluate landfarming soil, before and after the addition of rice hulls to accelerate organic pollutants biodegradation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes by Marine-Derived Basidiomycetes and Their Biotechnological Potential in the Biodegradation of Recalcitrant Pollutants and the Treatment of Textile Effluents

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Levels of persistent organic pollutants and residual pattern of DDTs in small cetaceans from the coast of São Paulo, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Construção de amostrador passivo de baixo custo para determinação de dióxido de nitrogênio

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

NOISE GENERATED BY CAVITATION IN ORIFICE-PLATES WITH SOME GASEOUS EFFECTS.

An experimental investigation of the noise generated by cavitation in turbulent shear flows produced by confined sharp-edge orifice-plates is reported. The acoustic source strength of cavitation was determined by means of reciprocity type measurements. Experimentally determined scaling parameters are applied to a model to prototype scaling formula derived from dimensional analysis. The proposed formula is checked experimentally. Comparative photographic observations of the cavitation patterns for two different values of gas content are presented. The observed sound reduction, that occurs when supersaturated conditions exist downstream the orifice-plates, is explained by the effects of gas diffusion into the cavitation bubbles, and by simple acoustic attenuation.

Indoor air quality assessment of elementary schools in Curitiba, Brazil

The promotion of good indoor air quality in schools is of particular public concern for two main reasons: (1) school-age children spend at least 30% of their time inside classrooms and (2) indoor air quality in urban areas is substantially influenced by the outdoor pollutants, exposing tenants to potentially toxic substances. Two schools in Curitiba, Brazil, were selected to characterize the gaseous compounds indoor and outdoor of the classrooms. The concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the isomers xylenes (BTEX); NO2; SO2; O3; acetic acid (HAc); and formic acid (HFor) were assessed using passive diffusion tubes. BTEX were analyzed by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry and other collected gasses by ion chromatography. The concentration of NO2 varied between 9.5 and 23 μg m-3, whereas SO2 showed an interval from 0.1 to 4.8 μg m-3. Within the schools, BTEX concentrations were predominant. Formic and acetic acids inside the classrooms revealed intermediate concentrations of 1.5 μg m-3 and 1.2 μg m-3, respectively. © Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009.

Integrated analysis of halogenated organic pollutants in sub-millilitre volumes of venous and umbilical cord blood sera

A rapid, robust and economical method for the analysis of persistent halogenated organic compounds in small volumes of human serum and umbilical cord blood is described. The pollutants studied cover a broad range of molecules of contemporary epidemiological and legislative concern, including polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), polychlorobenzenes (CBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), DDTs, polychlorostyrenes (PCSs) and polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Extraction and clean-up with n-hexane and concentrated sulphuric acid was followed with analysis by gas chromatography coupled to electron capture (GC-ECD) and GC coupled to negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (GC-NICI-MS). The advantages of this method rest in the broad range of analytes and its simplicity and robustness, while the use of concentrated sulphuric acid extraction/clean-up destroys viruses that may be present in the samples. Small volumes of reference serum between 50 and 1000 μL were extracted and the limits of detection/quantification and repeatability were determined. Recoveries of spiked compounds for the extraction of small volumes (≥300 μL) of the spiked reference serum were between 90% and 120%. The coefficients of variation of repeatability ranged from 0.1-14%, depending on the compound. Samples of 4-year-old serum and umbilical cord blood (n = 73 and 40, respectively) from a population inhabiting a village near a chloro-alkali plant were screened for the above-mentioned halogenated pollutants using this method and the results are briefly described. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.

Gaseous neurotransmitters and their role in anapyrexia

Mammals keep their body temperature (Tb) relatively constant even under a wide range of ambient temperature variation. However, in some particular situations it may be beneficial to increase or to decrease Tb. For instance, under hypoxic conditions, a regulated drop in Tb (anapyrexia) takes place which has been reported to be crucial for survival in a number of different species. This review highlights major advances in the research about nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO-where data are relatively less abundant), before focusing on the role played by these gaseous neuromediators in thermoregulation, under the conditions of euthermia and anapyrexia. Available data are consistent with the notion that both NO and CO, acting on the CNS, participate in thermoregulation, with NO decreasing Tb and CO increasing it. However further studies are required before definitive conclusions can be made as to their physiological mechanisms of action.

Remote Sensing Detection of atmospheric pollutants using Lidar, Sodar and correlation with air quality data in an industrial area

Optical remote sensing techniques have obvious advantages for monitoring gas and aerosol emissions, since they enable the operation over large distances, far from hostile environments, and fast processing of the measured signal. In this study two remote sensing devices, namely a Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) for monitoring the vertical profile of backscattered light intensity, and a Sodar (Acoustic Radar, Sound Detection and Ranging) for monitoring the vertical profile of the wind vector were operated during specific periods. The acquired data were processed and compared with data of air quality obtained from ground level monitoring stations, in order to verify the possibility of using the remote sensing techniques to monitor industrial emissions. The campaigns were carried out in the area of the Environmental Research Center (Cepema) of the University of São Paulo, in the city of Cubatão, Brazil, a large industrial site, where numerous different industries are located, including an oil refinery, a steel plant, as well as fertilizer, cement and chemical/petrochemical plants. The local environmental problems caused by the industrial activities are aggravated by the climate and topography of the site, unfavorable to pollutant dispersion. Results of a campaign are presented for a 24- hour period, showing data of a Lidar, an air quality monitoring station and a Sodar. © 2011 SPIE.

Radon emissions related to the granitic Precambrian shield in southern Brazil

The equivalent uranium (eU) activity concentration was analysed in selected granite samples at several sites in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, to obtain information on the radon (222Rn) generation by the aquifer rock matrices. Radon analyses of ground water and soil samples were also performed. Several samples exhibited a dissolved 222Rn activity concentration exceeding the World Health Organization maximum limit of 100 Bq l-1. The dissolved radon content in ground waters from the Fractured Precambrian Aquifer System exhibited a direct significant correlation with the eU in the rock matrices, which is a typical result of water-rock interactions. Variation in the soil's porosity was confirmed as an important factor for 222Rn release, as expected, due to its gaseous nature. Thus, although the calcic-alkaline to alkaline Precambrian granitoid rocks of the study area are important reservoirs for underground resources, they can release high amounts of radon gas into the liquid phase. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Desenvolvimento metodológico e avaliação de contaminação por HPAs em sedimentos da baia de Guajará

Os Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos (HPAs) são poluentes de efeito tóxico, prejudiciais ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana, fazem parte de um grupo de compostos poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POPs), que por suas características tem impactado o ambiente, sendo por esse motivo bastante estudados. Podem estar presentes nas formas particulada, dissolvida e/ou gasosa, estando presentes em diferentes ambientes; solo, sedimento, ar, água, material particulado na atmosfera, organismos e alimentos (Kennish, 2007). As fontes naturais de HPAs incluem atividades vulcânicas, queimadas naturais, exsudação de óleos, além de processos biogênicos. HPAs antrogênicos podem ocorrer pela combustão incompleta de óleos combustíveis (automotores e industriais), queima intencional de madeira e plantações, efluentes domésticos e/ou industriais, drenagens pluviais urbanas, derrames acidentais de óleos e derivados. Hidrofóbicos e lipofílicos, essas substâncias podem ser facilmente adsorvidas em sedimentos, sendo este compartimento um importante reservatório desses poluentes. Para avaliar a presença desses compostos no ambiente, utilizou-se nesse trabalho a Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. As amostras utilizadas no desenvolvimento e otimização da metodologia foram coletadas na baia do Guajará (Belém – PA). O presente trabalho constituiu-se dessa forma em um desenvolvimento de um procedimento metodológico (com adaptações e otimizações) para quantificar 16 HPAs em 10 pontos na baia do Guajará, Belém – PA, em duas etapas de campo, totalizando 20 amostras analisadas. Na etapa de desenvolvimento do método analítico foram testados sistemas de eluição, polaridade do sistema e fluxo do eluente entre outros. Para validação do método foram avaliados os parâmetros fidelidade, linearidade, limite de detecção, limite de quantificação do método. Razões diagnósticas foram calculadas para identificação das fontes primárias do HPAs encontrados na baia. Foram identificadas, a partir de razões diagnósticas da ΣHPAs BMM/ΣHPAsAMM; Fen/Ant; Flt/Pir; Ant/Σ178; Flt/Σ202; B(a)P/Σ228 e Ind(123cd) pireno/Σ276 as fontes primárias dos 16 HPAs estudados no sedimento da baia. A somatória das concentrações dos HPAs leves na primeira etapa de campo, variou de 132,13 ng.g^-1 a 1704,14 ng.g^-1, a ΣHPAs dos pesados de 125,82 g.g^-1 a 1269,71 ng.g^-1 e ΣHPAs totais de 317,84 ng.g^-1 a 3117,06 ng.g^-1.. Na segunda etapa de campo, as concentrações dos HPAs leves variou de 76,12 ng.g^-1 a 1572,80 ng.g^-1 ; a ΣHPAs pesados variou entre 213,90 ng.g^-1 a 1423,03 ng.g^-1, e Σ HPAs totais teve concentrações de 290,02 ng.g^-1 a 2995,82 ng.g^-1. A partir dos resultados obtidos pode-se classificar a baia do Guajará como moderadamente impactada. A combustão constitui a fonte predominante de HPAs nos sedimentos da baia do Guajará, seguida da combustão de biomassa vegetal e aporte de petróleo e derivados. A maioria dos pontos estudados nesse trabalho, nas duas etapas de campo, apresentaram concentrações de HPAs individuais acima dos VGQS.

Quantificação de poluentes emitidos durante a queima de biomassa florestal em laboratório

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Efficient Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Nitrite to Ammonium and Nitrogen Containing Gaseous Species Using Ti/TiO2 Nanotube Electrodes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Chemometric optimization of solid-liquid extraction with low-temperature partition (SLE-LTP) for determination of persistent organic pollutants in Caiman yacare eggs

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)