Concerted involvement of Cdx/Hox genes and Wnt signaling in morphogenesis of the caudal neural tube and cloacal derivatives from the posterior growth zone

Decrease in Cdx dosage in an allelic series of mouse Cdx mutants leads to progressively more severe posterior vertebral defects. These defects are corrected by posterior gain of function of the Wnt effector Lef1. Precocious expression of Hox paralogous 13 genes also induces vertebral axis truncation by antagonizing Cdx function. We report here that the phenotypic similarity also applies to patterning of the caudal neural tube and uro-rectal tracts in Cdx and Wnt3a mutants, and in embryos precociously expressing Hox13 genes. Cdx2 inactivation after placentation leads to posterior defects, including incomplete uro-rectal septation. Compound mutants carrying one active Cdx2 allele in the Cdx4-null background (Cdx2/4), transgenic embryos precociously expressing Hox13 genes and a novel Wnt3a hypomorph mutant all manifest a comparable phenotype with similar uro-rectal defects. Phenotype and transcriptome analysis in early Cdx mutants, genetic rescue experiments and gene expression studies lead us to propose that Cdx transcription factors act via Wnt signaling during the laying down of uro-rectal mesoderm, and that they are operative in an early phase of these events, at the site of tissue progenitors in the posterior growth zone of the embryo. Cdx and Wnt mutations and premature Hox13 expression also cause similar neural dysmorphology, including ectopic neural structures that sometimes lead to neural tube splitting at caudal axial levels. These findings involve the Cdx genes, canonical Wnt signaling and the temporal control of posterior Hox gene expression in posterior morphogenesis in the different embryonic germ layers. They shed a new light on the etiology of the caudal dysplasia or caudal regression range of human congenital defects.

Hox genes and regional patterning of the vertebrate body plan

Several decades have passed since the discovery of Hox genes in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Their unique ability to regulate morphologies along the anteroposterior (AP) axis (Lewis, 1978) earned them well-deserved attention as important regulators of embryonic development. Phenotypes due to loss- and gain-of-function mutations in mouse Hox genes have revealed that the spatio-temporally controlled expression of these genes is critical for the correct morphogenesis of embryonic axial structures. Here, we review recent novel insight into the modalities of Hox protein function in imparting specific identity to anatomical regions of the vertebral column, and in controlling the emergence of these tissues concomitantly with providing them with axial identity. The control of these functions must have been intimately linked to the shaping of the body plan during evolution.

Evidence for a Myotomal Hox/Myf Cascade Governing Nonautonomous Control of Rib Specification within Global Vertebral Domains

Hox genes are essential for the patterning of the axial skeleton. Hox group 10 has been shown to specify the lumbar domain by setting a rib-inhibiting program in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). We have now produced mice with ribs in every vertebra by ectopically expressing Hox group 6 in the PSM, indicating that Hox genes are also able to specify the thoracic domain. We show that the information provided by Hox genes to specify rib-containing and rib-less areas is first interpreted in the myotome through the regional-specific control of Myf5 and Myf6 expression. This information is then transmitted to the sclerotome by a system that includes FGF and PDGF signaling to produce vertebrae with or without ribs at different axial levels. Our findings offer a new perspective of how Hox genes produce global patterns in the axial skeleton and support a redundant nonmyogenic role of Myf5 and Myf6 in rib formation.

The regulation of Hox gene expression during animal development

Hox genes encode a family of transcriptional regulators that elicit distinct developmental programmes along the head-to-tail axis of animals. The specific regional functions of individual Hox genes largely reflect their restricted expression patterns, the disruption of which can lead to developmental defects and disease. Here, we examine the spectrum of molecular mechanisms controlling Hox gene expression in model vertebrates and invertebrates and find that a diverse range of mechanisms, including nuclear dynamics, RNA processing, microRNA and translational regulation, all concur to control Hox gene outputs. We propose that this complex multi-tiered regulation might contribute to the robustness of Hox expression during development.

Controlling Hox gene expression and activity to build the vertebrate axial skeleton

It has long been known that Hox genes are central players in patterning the vertebrate axial skeleton. Extensive genetic studies in the mouse have revealed that the combinatorial activity of Hox genes along the anterior-posterior body axis specifies different vertebral identities. In addition, Hox genes were instrumental for the evolutionary diversification of the vertebrate body plan. In this review, we focus on fundamental questions regarding the intricate mechanisms controlling Hox gene activity. In particular, we discuss the functional relevance of the precise timing of Hox gene activation in the embryo. Moreover, we provide insight into the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms that are likely to control this process and are responsible for the maintenance of spatially restricted Hox expression domains throughout embryonic development. We also analyze how specific features of each Hox protein may contribute to the functional diversity of Hox family. Altogether, the work reviewed here further supports the notion that the Hox program is far more complex than initially assumed. Exciting new findings will surely emerge in the years ahead.

La Russie au XVIIe siècle : mémoires inédits sur les règnes de Piere le Grand, Catherne Ire et Pierre II, publiés et précédés d'une introduction /

"Reproduced by Duopage process ... Bell & Howell Company, Cleveland ... Ohio".

Les olim, ou, Registres des arrêts rendus par la Cour du roi : sous les règnes de Saint Louis, de Philippe le Hardi, de Philippe le Bel, de Louis le Hutin et de Philippe le Long /

Includes indexes.

La méthode historique appliquée a la réforme des banques et des crédits mobiliers : histoire de la banque de Saint-Georges de Gènes la plus ancienne banque de l'Europe et des origines du crédit mobilier, du crédit foncier, des tontines et des amortissements y pratiqués au moyen age /

Mode of access: Internet.

Nouvelle description des beautés de Gênes et de ses environs : contenant tout ce qu'il y a de curieux et d'intéressant, tant en architecture, peinture, sculpture, et objets d'arts qu'en établissemens publics et de bienfaisance, avec un précis historique sur l'antiquité de cette ville : l'ouvrage est orné de plances en taille douce.

Mode of access: Internet.

Observations sur le vase qu'on conservait à Gênes sous le nom de Sacro Catino et sur la note publiée sur ce vase par M. Millin /

Object now housed in S. Lorenzo, the cathedral of Genoa.

Jean de Reilhac, secrétaire, maître des comptes, géneral des finances et ambassadeur des rois Charles VII, Louis XI & Charles VIII. Documents pour servir à l'histoire de ces règnes de 1455 à 1499.

Preface signed. A. de R.

Liste chronologique des édits et ordonnances des Pays-bas, règnes de Philippe IV (1621-1665) et de Charles II (1665-1700)

Half-title: Commission royale pour la publication des anciennes lois et ordonnances de la Belgique.

Une visite au campo santo de Gênes : 6 decembre 1904 /

Mode of access: Internet.

Polymorphismes dans des gènes de métabolisme des corticostéroïdes : rôle dans la réponse thérapeutique

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Étude des gènes candidats reliés à l'hypertension artérielle et l'obésité dans une population hypertendue du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.