Sistemas de governo no Brasil, na França e nos Estados Unidos da América

Estudo comparado que tem como referência os casos da França e dos Estados Unidos da América, que, respectivamente, adotam os regimes parlamentarista (também denominado de “semipresidencialista” - caso francês) e presidencialista. Analisa, também, o caso brasileiro e o que ocorre em nosso País após os vinte e seis anos da promulgação da Carta de 88.

Ensaio sobre a theoria das torrentes, e rios : que contem os meios mais simples de obstar aos seus estragos, de estreitar o seu leito e facilitar a sua navegação, sirga, e fluctuação, acompanhado de huma discussão a respeito da navegação interior da França, e terminado pelo projeto de tornar Paris em Porto Maritimo, fazendo subir à véla pelo Seine as embarcações, que parão em Rouen

Seguido da Indagação da mais vantajosa construcção dos diques por Mrs. Bossut e Viallet ; e de hum extracto da architectura hydraulica de M. Belidor... ; terminado pelo tratado pratico da medida das aguas correntes, e uso da taboa parabolica do P. D. Francisco Maria de Regi ; de Ordem de Sua Alteza Real o Principe Regente Nosso Senhor traduzidos por Manoel Jacinto Nogueira da Gama.

Um protesto : resposta ás pretenções da França a uma parte do Amazonas manifestadas por Mr. Deloncle

Dado de responsabilidade pesquisado no Lello Universal em 2 volumes, 19-? v. 2 p. 192.

Tratado definitivo de paz, e união entre os serenissimos, e potentissimos Principes D. Joseph I. Rey Fidelissimo de Portugal, e dos Algarves, Jorge III, Rey da Gram Bretanha, de huma parte, Luiz XV, Rey Christianissimo de França, e D. Carlos III, Rey Catholico de Hespanha, da outra parte assignado em Pariz a dez de fevereiro de mil setecentos sessenta e tres :como plenos poderes, e ratificaçoens dos quatro monarcas contratantes, ajustando-se os actos que se passarão no dia 9 de março do mesmo anno, em que as ditas ratificações forão trocadas na mesma Corte de Pariz

Na Europa Central, onde ocorreram as principais batalhas terrestres, chamou-se Guerra dos Sete Anos; na Inglaterra, que foi a principal vencedora, chamou-se A Grande Guerra do Império; Nos Estados Unidos e no Canadá, que passou a ser inglês ao final dos combates, chamou-se de Guerra Franco-Índia.

Chiral gold(I) vs chiral silver complexes as catalysts for the enantioselective synthesis of the second generation GSK-hepatitis C virus inhibitor

The synthesis of a GSK 2(nd) generation inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus, by enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between a leucine derived iminoester and tert-butyl acrylate, was studied. The comparison between silver(I) and gold(I) catalysts in this reaction was established by working with chiral phosphoramidites or with chiral BINAP. The best reaction conditions were used for the total synthesis of the hepatitis C virus inhibitor by a four step procedure affording this product in 99% ee and in 63% overall yield. The origin of the enantioselectivity of the chiral gold(I) catalyst was justified according to DFT calculations, the stabilizing coulombic interaction between the nitrogen atom of the thiazole moiety and one of the gold atoms being crucial.

Políticas culturais no Brasil e na França : elementos para uma análise comparada

Apresenta elementos relevantes relacionados ao desenvolvimento de políticas culturais na França e no Brasil, de maneira a tentar contribuir para um compreensão comparativa dos dois casos e para o aperfeiçoamento das iniciativas brasileiras na área.

Biotic vs. Abiotic Control of Decomposition: A Comparison of the Effects of Simulated Extinctions and Changes in Temperature

The loss of species is known to have significant effects on ecosystem functioning, but only recently has it been recognized that species loss might rival the effects of other forms of environmental change on ecosystem processes. There is a need for experimental studies that explicitly manipulate species richness and environmental factors concurrently to determine their relative impacts on key ecosystem processes such as plant litter decomposition. It is crucial to understand what factors affect the rate of plant litter decomposition and the relative magnitude of such effects because the rate at which plant litter is lost and transformed to other forms of organic and inorganic carbon determines the capacity for carbon storage in ecosystems and the rate at which greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide are outgassed. Here we compared how an increase in water temperature of 5 degrees C and loss of detritivorous invertebrate and plant litter species affect decomposition rates in a laboratory experiment simulating stream conditions. Like some prior studies, we found that species identity, rather than species richness per se, is a key driver of decomposition, but additionally we showed that the loss of particular species can equal or exceed temperature change in its impact on decomposition. Our results indicate that the loss of particular species can be as important a driver of decomposition as substantial temperature change, but also that predicting the relative consequences of species loss and other forms of environmental change on decomposition requires knowledge of assemblages and their constituent species' ecology and ecophysiology.

Unilateral vs. Bilateral link-formation: Bridging the gap

We provide a model that bridges the gap between two benchmark models of strategic network formation: Jackson and Wolinsky' s model based on bilateral formation of links, and Bala and Goyal's two-way fl ow model, where links can be unilaterally formed. In the model introduced and studied here a link can be created unilaterally. When it is only supported by one of the two players the fl ow through the link suffers a certain decay, but when it is supported by both the fl ow runs without friction. When the decay in links supported by only one player is maximal (i.e. there is no flow) we have Jackson and Wolinsky 's connections model without decay, while when flow in such links is perfect we have Bala and Goyal' s two-way flow model. We study Nash, strict Nash and pairwise stability for the intermediate models. Efficiency and dynamics are also examined.

Efficiency vs. Stability in a Mixed Network Formation Model

Documentos de Trabajo

El caso "Irán Hamzeh": buque vs. grúa

Duración (en horas): De 31 a 40 horas Destinatario: Estudiante y Docente

On the Dynamics of the Adenylate Energy System: Homeorhesis vs Homeostasis

Biochemical energy is the fundamental element that maintains both the adequate turnover of the biomolecular structures and the functional metabolic viability of unicellular organisms. The levels of ATP, ADP and AMP reflect roughly the energetic status of the cell, and a precise ratio relating them was proposed by Atkinson as the adenylate energy charge (AEC). Under growth-phase conditions, cells maintain the AEC within narrow physiological values, despite extremely large fluctuations in the adenine nucleotides concentration. Intensive experimental studies have shown that these AEC values are preserved in a wide variety of organisms, both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Here, to understand some of the functional elements involved in the cellular energy status, we present a computational model conformed by some key essential parts of the adenylate energy system. Specifically, we have considered (I) the main synthesis process of ATP from ADP, (II) the main catalyzed phosphotransfer reaction for interconversion of ATP, ADP and AMP, (III) the enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP yielding ADP, and (IV) the enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP providing AMP. This leads to a dynamic metabolic model (with the form of a delayed differential system) in which the enzymatic rate equations and all the physiological kinetic parameters have been explicitly considered and experimentally tested in vitro. Our central hypothesis is that cells are characterized by changing energy dynamics (homeorhesis). The results show that the AEC presents stable transitions between steady states and periodic oscillations and, in agreement with experimental data these oscillations range within the narrow AEC window. Furthermore, the model shows sustained oscillations in the Gibbs free energy and in the total nucleotide pool. The present study provides a step forward towards the understanding of the fundamental principles and quantitative laws governing the adenylate energy system, which is a fundamental element for unveiling the dynamics of cellular life.

Anni Iano: um estudo de caso sobre as temporadas culturais franco-brasileiras de 2005 (Brésil, Brésils) e de 2009 (França.Br2009)

As manifestações culturais e a cultura, em geral, têm adquirido relevância e protagonismo nas relações internacionais contemporâneas. Tal fenômeno possibilitou maior quantidade de pesquisas, teorias e trabalhos no campo das Relações Internacionais dedicadas a essa dimensão. Almeja-se com este trabalho contribuir com uma análise no plano das Relações Culturais Internacionais, enfocando o Ano do Brasil na França (2005) e o Ano da França no Brasil (2009). Através da análise destas duas temporadas culturais, analisa-se a densidade dessa profunda relação histórica entre Brasil e França, marcada pelos cálculos estratégicos de ambos os países. Esta pesquisa pretendeu mostrar que as temporadas culturais tornaram-se um dos modelos de diplomacia cultural adequados aos desafios da nova ordem global. Por isso, foi feito um estudo de caso sobre as temporadas franco-brasileiras de 2005 e 2009, através de pesquisa monográfica teórico-histórica; a qual demonstrou como as referidas temporadas culturais conciliam forças culturais em oposição na atualidade, ao mesmo tempo em que promoveram o intercâmbio cultural.