997 resultados para escorrimento superficial
Resumo:
New approaches to the clinical treatment of traumatic nerve injuries may one day utilize stem cells to enhance nerve regeneration. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) are found in abundant quantities and can be harvested by minimally invasive procedures that should facilitate their use in such regenerative applications. We have analyzed the properties of human ASC isolated from the deep and superficial layers of abdominal fat tissue obtained during abdominoplasty procedures. Cells from the superficial layer proliferate significantly faster than those from the deep layer. In both the deep and superficial layers, ASC express the pluripotent stem cell markers oct4 and nanog and also the stro-1 cell surface antigen. Superficial layer ASC induce the significantly enhanced outgrowth of neurite-like processes from neuronal cell lines when compared with that of deep layer cells. However, analysis by reverse transcription with the polymerase chain reaction and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has revealed that ASC isolated from both layers express similar levels of the following neurotrophic factors: nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial-derived neurotrophic factor. Thus, human ASC show promising potential for the treatment of traumatic nerve injuries. In particular, superficial layer ASC warrant further analysis of their neurotrophic molecules.
Resumo:
In lentic water bodies, such as lakes, the water temperature near the surface typically increases during the day, and decreases during the night as a consequence of the diurnal radiative forcing (solar and infrared radiation). These temperature variations penetrate vertically into the water, transported mainly by heat conduction enhanced by eddy diffusion, which may vary due to atmospheric conditions, surface wave breaking, and internal dynamics of the water body. These two processes can be described in terms of an effective thermal diffusivity, which can be experimentally estimated. However, the transparency of the water (depending on turbidity) also allows solar radiation to penetrate below the surface into the water body, where it is locally absorbed (either by the water or by the deployed sensors). This process makes the estimation of effective thermal diffusivity from experimental water temperature profiles more difficult. In this study, we analyze water temperature profiles in a lake with the aim of showing that assessment of the role played by radiative forcing is necessary to estimate the effective thermal diffusivity. To this end we investigate diurnal water temperature fluctuations with depth. We try to quantify the effect of locally absorbed radiation and assess the impact of atmospheric conditions (wind speed, net radiation) on the estimation of the thermal diffusivity. The whole analysis is based on the results of fiber optic distributed temperature sensing, which allows unprecedented high spatial resolution measurements (∼4 mm) of the temperature profile in the water and near the water surface.
Resumo:
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o efeito da freqüência de aplicação de fósforo via água de irrigação por gotejamento superficial e subsuperficial no crescimento e na produtividade do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.), do grupo Formosa, cultivar Tainung nº 1. As variáveis de crescimento avaliadas foram: índice de área foliar, altura da planta e diâmetro do caule, mediante amostragens aos 39; 69; 182 e 317 dias após o plantio (DAP). O experimento seguiu um delineamento em blocos casualizados, num esquema fatorial 2 x 4 + 1, com três repetições e doze plantas por parcela. Foram avaliados dois sistemas de microirrigação (gotejamento subsuperficial e superficial) e quatro freqüências de fertirrigação com fósforo (30; 60; 90 e 120 dias) via água de irrigação, utilizando como fonte o fosfato monoamônico (MAP), mais um tratamento com adubação convencional via sólida, utilizando o superfosfato simples. As análises de variância indicaram que houve efeito significativo do sistema de irrigação aos 317 DAP na variável de crescimento altura da planta e efeito da interação sistema x freqüência de fertirrigação no diâmetro do caule aos 69 DAP e índice de área foliar aos 182 DAP. O fósforo, quando aplicado via fertirrigação nas freqüências de 30 e 60 dias, nos sistemas superficial e subsuperficial, proporcionou melhores resultados nas variáveis de crescimento e na produtividade. Em todas as variáveis de crescimento analisadas, bem como na produtividade, os tratamentos fertirrigados foram, em média, superiores ao tratamento com adubação convencional.
Resumo:
A citricultura paulista é a maior do mundo, sendo de extrema importância manejos que visem a aumentar e melhorar a produção de frutos. Com vistas a isso, foi instalado na EECB (Bebedouro-SP), em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico, um experimento com a aplicação de cinco doses de calcário calcinado, em julho/99. Os efeitos no solo foram avaliados através de amostragens nas camadas de 0-10; 10-20; 20-40 e 40-60 cm, aos 6; 12; 18; 24; 30 e 36 meses. Através da utilização de modelos lineares, constatou-se que os efeitos da aplicação superficial de calcário no solo podem atingir até a camada de 20-40 cm, sendo a saturação por bases uma ótima característica indicadora da ação do corretivo. A máxima reação do calcário ocorreu entre 12 e 18 meses após a aplicação. O estado nutricional das plantas e a produção foram alterados, significativamente em função da aplicação superficial de calcário, sendo que melhores respostas da planta foram obtidas com saturação por bases de aproximadamente 50%.
Resumo:
Els sistema de captación superficial en redes alcantarillado, imbornales y rejas, es el encargo de que la escorrentía se introduzca en los colectores, por lo que su papel en el drenaje es fundamental. A pesar de lo obvio de la consideración que antecede, en la práctica no se presta la suficiente atención al cálculo de dicho sistema de captación. Diversos son los motivos, entre ellos, la falta de información sobre la capacidad hidráulica de las estructuras comercializadas. El presente artículo pretende contribuir a que se tome en consideración la necesidad de optimizar el diseño de los sistemas de captación, para evitar funcionamientos ineficaces de la red de colectores de nuestras poblaciones.
Resumo:
A fertilização de bananeiras com micronutrientes é pouco estudada, principalmente a aplicação de boro (B) que apresenta funções ligadas ao desenvolvimento de meristemas apicais. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar as respostas da adubação com B em diferentes doses e formas de aplicação em bananeira 'Grande Naine'. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental em esquema fatorial com três doses (0,85; 1,70 e 3,40 g planta-1) e três formas de aplicação do fertilizante (solo, folhas e orifício do perfilho desbastado), utilizando-se de ácido bórico como fonte de B, mais uma testemunha sem aplicação de B. Avaliaram-se os efeitos dos tratamentos na disponibilidade do B no solo, no desenvolvimento, no estado nutricional e na produção de frutos das bananeiras. A aplicação de B no solo e nas folhas aumentou a disponibilidade do micronutriente na camada superficial do solo (entre 1,0-1,5 mg kg-1, para a maior dose do nutriente) e correspondente aumento até 20-40 cm, como resultado da lixiviação. A contribuição da adubação foliar no aumento do teor no solo deveu-se à lavagem e ao escorrimento da solução fertilizante das folhas para a superfície do solo. Por outro lado, não houve efeito do B quando aplicado no orifício do perfilho desbastado (~0,3 mg kg-1 de B). Também, verificou-se que não houve efeitos da aplicação de B no desenvolvimento da bananeira (altura e diâmetro do pseudocaule) medidos após a emissão da inflorescência. Nas amostragens quinzenais, os teores foliares de B, quando aplicado no orifício do perfilho desbastado, foram maiores e prolongaram-se por até um mês após a aplicação na bananeira. Porém, na última amostragem foliar (emissão da inflorescência), não houve efeito da forma de aplicação nos teores foliares de B (~20 mg kg-1). Não foram observados efeitos da fertilização na produção de frutos em função das doses e formas de aplicação do B, porém a aplicação no orifício do perfilho desbastado promoveu acúmulo do micronutriente no cacho. Nas condições deste trabalho, concluiu-se que a aplicação de B não influenciou no desenvolvimento e na produção da bananeira 'Grande Naine' em função das doses e formas de aplicação do micronutriente.
Resumo:
Platinum is widely used as electrode in electrocatalytic processes, however the use of polycrystalline electrodes introduces a series of variables in the electrochemical system due to the aleatory contribution of all the crystallographic orientations with different surface packing of atoms. Single crystal platinum electrodes of low Miller index present surface structure of high regularity and serve as model to establish a correlation among the macroscopic and microscopic properties of the electrochemical interface. Therefore, the main aim of this work is the study of the voltammetric profiles of the reversible adsorption-desorption of hydrogen on Pt(100), Pt(110) and Pt(111), in order to correlate the electrochemical properties of each different orientation with the surface atomic structure.
Resumo:
The discussion based on surfactant cleaning action is commonly used in chemistry classrooms for the comprehension of theoretical concepts related to surface tension and micelle formation. The experimental quantification of surface tension of aqueous solutions of surfactants provides the practical instruments for this discussion. The present paper describes a simplification on the common apparatus employed for the drop-weight method, making the determination of surface tension accessible to any chemistry lab. The surface tension of various liquids and the critical micelle concentration, CMC, of three commercial surfactants were measured with this modified method, and proved to be consistent with literature values.
Resumo:
Fuel cells are attracting much interest as efficient and clean energy conversion devices. The main components of low temperature fuel cells are the electrocatalysts used to promote the anodic and cathodic reactions, which are based on platinum and platinum alloys. These electrocatalysts are normally prepared in the form of metal nanoparticles supported on a conductive material, usually high surface area carbon, to improve catalyst utilization and reduce cost. This work presents and comments some methods used presently to produce these electrocatalysts. The performances of the produced electrocatalysts are compared to that of state-of-the-art commercial E-TEK electrocatalysts.
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This work reports results of studies on the electrochemical and structural properties of a Ti/Zr-based metal hydride alloy covered by Ni and LaNi4,7Sn0,3 powder additives by ball milling. The effect of this treatment is investigated for the activation time, hydrogen storage capacity and equilibrium pressure, cycling stability and the hydration/dehydration kinetics. Charge and discharge cycles show a significant decrease of the activation time due to an increase of the active area caused by the milling treatment, independent of the additive. However, other results have evidenced little effect of the milling surface treatment on the charge storage capacity, hydrogen equilibrium pressure, and hydration/dehydration kinetics, for both the Ni and LaNi4,7Sn0,3 covered materials.
Resumo:
Surface tension knowledge of surfactants aqueous solutions is important during amphiphilic molecule manufacturing and new product development, as feedback information to handle synthesis parameters to target performance. Drop counting method is an interesting simplification of drop weight method for surface tension measurements. A simple laboratory measurement device, with capability for temperature control, was assembled to allow investigation of ethoxylated surfactants. The implementation of the method was preceded by a detailed investigation of two factors that may affect the measured surface tension: drop formation velocity and surfactant ethoxylation degree. The limitations of the method are discussed on this basis.
Resumo:
An undergraduate physical chemistry experiment based on the drop counting method for surface tension measurements is proposed to demonstrate adsorption isotherms of binary aqueous solutions of ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol. Excess surface is obtained by the derivative of surface tension taken with respect to alcohol activity, after this activity calculation using van Laar equation. Laboratory class contents are surface tension, excess surface, percolation of hydrogen bonds, micelle, activity, and ideal solution.
Resumo:
An UV-Ozone reactor was developed with an ignition tube extracted into HID mercury lamp used to irradiation on zinc oxide (ZnO) and fluorinated tin oxide (FTO) films for PLEDs devices. Different exposures times were used. In contact angle measurements revealed better results for ZnO and FTO by 15 and 5 min, respectively. In Diffuse Reflectance Infra-red Fourier Transformed (DRIFT) spectroscopy allowed the observation of water, hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide adsorbed on the untreated TCO surfaces. After the UV-Ozone treatment the contaminants were significantly reduced or eliminated and the PLEDs devices decreased threshold voltages in comparison with respectively untreated TCOs.
Resumo:
Glyphosate was determined in runoff and leaching waters in agricultural soil that received an application of active ingredient and was exposed to simulated intensive rain conditions. The concentrations decreased during the simulation period and the concentrations of the runoff were higher than those achieved in the samples of leaching waters. The concentrations were lower than the pattern in the Brazilian Regulation MS N. 518/2004 for drinking water. The transported load of the applied active ingredient by the leaching was of 15.4% (w/w) and for the runoff was of 1.7% (w/w).