Single beam survey data and links to sea-bottom video files off Helgoland

Kelp forests represent a major habitat type in coastal waters worldwide and their structure and distribution is predicted to change due to global warming. Despite their ecological and economical importance, there is still a lack of reliable spatial information on their abundance and distribution. In recent years, various hydroacoustic mapping techniques for sublittoral environments evolved. However, in turbid coastal waters, such as off the island of Helgoland (Germany, North Sea), the kelp vegetation is present in shallow water depths normally excluded from hydroacoustic surveys. In this study, single beam survey data consisting of the two seafloor parameters roughness and hardness were obtained with RoxAnn from water depth between 2 and 18 m. Our primary aim was to reliably detect the kelp forest habitat with different densities and distinguish it from other vegetated zones. Five habitat classes were identified using underwater-video and were applied for classification of acoustic signatures. Subsequently, spatial prediction maps were produced via two classification approaches: Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and manual classification routine (MC). LDA was able to distinguish dense kelp forest from other habitats (i.e. mixed seaweed vegetation, sand, and barren bedrock), but no variances in kelp density. In contrast, MC also provided information on medium dense kelp distribution which is characterized by intermediate roughness and hardness values evoked by reduced kelp abundances. The prediction maps reach accordance levels of 62% (LDA) and 68% (MC). The presence of vegetation (kelp and mixed seaweed vegetation) was determined with higher prediction abilities of 75% (LDA) and 76% (MC). Since the different habitat classes reveal acoustic signatures that strongly overlap, the manual classification method was more appropriate for separating different kelp forest densities and low-lying vegetation. It became evident that the occurrence of kelp in this area is not simply linked to water depth. Moreover, this study shows that the two seafloor parameters collected with RoxAnn are suitable indicators for the discrimination of different densely vegetated seafloor habitats in shallow environments.

High-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of a thermokarst depression in Siberian ice-rich permafrost deposits

This data set provides a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of a thermokarst depression (~7 km²) on ice-complex deposits in the Arctic Lena Delta, Siberia. The DEM based on a geodetic field survey and was used for quantitative land surface analyses and detailed description of the thermokarst depression morphology. Detailed morphometrical analyses, volume calculations, and solar radiation modeling were performed and statistically analyzed by Ulrich et al. (2010) to investigate the asymmetrical thermokarst depression development and directed lake migration previously proposed by Morgenstern et al. (2008). Furthermore, the high-resolution DEM in combination with satellite data allowed detailed analyses of spatial and temporal landscape changes due to thermokarst development (Günther, 2009).

Análisis, desarrollo y optimización de un sistema para el diseño de redes topográficas valorando el modelo digital del terreno

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo general el análisis de las técnicas de diseño y optimización de redes topográficas, observadas mediante topografía convencional (no satelital) el desarrollo e implementación de un sistema informático capaz de ayudar a la definición de la geometría más fiable y precisa, en función de la orografía del terreno donde se tenga que ubicar. En primer lugar se realizará un estudio de la metodología del ajuste mediante mínimos cuadrados y la propagación de varianzas, para posteriormente analizar su dependencia de la geometría que adopte la red. Será imprescindible determinar la independencia de la matriz de redundancia (R) de las observaciones y su total dependencia de la geometría, así como la influencia de su diagonal principal (rii), números de redundancia, para garantizar la máxima fiabilidad interna de la misma. También se analizará el comportamiento de los números de redundancia (rii) en el diseño de una red topográfica, la variación de dichos valores en función de la geometría, analizando su independencia respecto de las observaciones así como los diferentes niveles de diseño en función de los parámetros y datos conocidos. Ha de señalarse que la optimización de la red, con arreglo a los criterios expuestos, está sujeta a los condicionantes que impone la necesidad de que los vértices sean accesibles, y además sean visibles entre sí, aquellos relacionados por observaciones, situaciones que dependen esencialmente del relieve del terreno y de los obstáculos naturales o artificiales que puedan existir. Esto implica la necesidad de incluir en el análisis y en el diseño, cuando menos de un modelo digital del terreno (MDT), aunque lo más útil sería la inclusión en el estudio del modelo digital de superficie (MDS), pero esta opción no siempre será posible. Aunque el tratamiento del diseño esté basado en un sistema bidimensional se estudiará la posibilidad de incorporar un modelo digital de superficie (MDS); esto permitirá a la hora de diseñar el emplazamiento de los vértices de la red la viabilidad de las observaciones en función de la orografía y los elementos, tanto naturales como artificiales, que sobre ella estén ubicados. Este sistema proporcionaría, en un principio, un diseño óptimo de una red constreñida, atendiendo a la fiabilidad interna y a la precisión final de sus vértices, teniendo en cuenta la orografía, lo que equivaldría a resolver un planteamiento de diseño en dos dimensiones y media1; siempre y cuando se dispusiera de un modelo digital de superficie o del terreno. Dado que la disponibilidad de obtener de manera libre el MDS de las zonas de interés del proyecto, hoy en día es costoso2, se planteará la posibilidad de conjuntar, para el estudio del diseño de la red, de un modelo digital del terreno. Las actividades a desarrollar en el trabajo de esta tesis se describen en esta memoria y se enmarcan dentro de la investigación para la que se plantean los siguientes objetivos globales: 1. Establecer un modelo matemático del proceso de observación de una red topográfica, atendiendo a todos los factores que intervienen en el mismo y a su influencia sobre las estimaciones de las incógnitas que se obtienen como resultado del ajuste de las observaciones. 2. Desarrollar un sistema que permita optimizar una red topográfica en sus resultados, aplicando técnicas de diseño y simulación sobre el modelo anterior. 3. Presentar una formulación explícita y rigurosa de los parámetros que valoran la fiabilidad de una red topográfica y de sus relaciones con el diseño de la misma. El logro de este objetivo se basa, además de en la búsqueda y revisión de las fuentes, en una intensa labor de unificación de notaciones y de construcción de pasos intermedios en los desarrollos matemáticos. 4. Elaborar una visión conjunta de la influencia del diseño de una red, en los seis siguientes factores (precisiones a posteriori, fiabilidad de las observaciones, naturaleza y viabilidad de las mismas, instrumental y metodología de estacionamiento) como criterios de optimización, con la finalidad de enmarcar el tema concreto que aquí se aborda. 5. Elaborar y programar los algoritmos necesarios para poder desarrollar una aplicación que sea capaz de contemplar las variables planteadas en el apartado anterior en el problema del diseño y simulación de redes topográficas, contemplando el modelo digital de superficie. Podrían considerarse como objetivos secundarios, los siguientes apartados: Desarrollar los algoritmos necesarios para interrelacionar el modelo digital del terreno con los propios del diseño. Implementar en la aplicación informática la posibilidad de variación, por parte del usuario, de los criterios de cobertura de los parámetros (distribución normal o t de Student), así como los grados de fiabilidad de los mismos ABSTRACT The overall purpose of this work is the analysis of the techniques of design and optimization for geodetic networks, measured with conventional survey methods (not satellite), the development and implementation of a computational system capable to help on the definition of the most liable and accurate geometry, depending on the land orography where the network has to be located. First of all, a study of the methodology by least squares adjustment and propagation of variances will be held; then, subsequently, analyze its dependency of the geometry that the network will take. It will be essential to determine the independency of redundancy matrix (R) from the observations and its absolute dependency from the network geometry, as well as the influence of the diagonal terms of the R matrix (rii), redundancy numbers, in order to ensure maximum re liability of the network. It will also be analyzed first the behavior of redundancy numbers (rii) in surveying network design, then the variation of these values depending on the geometry with the analysis of its independency from the observations, and finally the different design levels depending on parameters and known data. It should be stated that network optimization, according to exposed criteria, is subject to the accessibility of the network points. In addition, common visibility among network points, which of them are connected with observations, has to be considered. All these situations depends essentially on the terrain relief and the natural or artificial obstacles that should exist. Therefore, it is necessary to include, at least, a digital terrain model (DTM), and better a digital surface model (DSM), not always available. Although design treatment is based on a bidimensional system, the possibility of incorporating a digital surface model (DSM) will be studied; this will allow evaluating the observations feasibility based on the terrain and the elements, both natural and artificial, which are located on it, when selecting network point locations. This system would provide, at first, an optimal design of a constrained network, considering both the internal reliability and the accuracy of its points (including the relief). This approach would amount to solving a “two and a half dimensional”3 design, if a digital surface model is available. As the availability of free DSM4 of the areas of interest of the project today is expensive, the possibility of combining a digital terrain model will arise. The activities to be developed on this PhD thesis are described in this document and are part of the research for which the following overall objectives are posed: 1. To establish a mathematical model for the process of observation of a survey network, considering all the factors involved and its influence on the estimates of the unknowns that are obtained as a result of the observations adjustment. 2. To develop a system to optimize a survey network results, applying design and simulation techniques on the previous model. 3. To present an explicit and rigorous formulation of parameters which assess the reliability of a survey network and its relations with the design. The achievement of this objective is based, besides on the search and review of sources, in an intense work of unification of notation and construction of intermediate steps in the mathematical developments. 4. To develop an overview of the influence on the network design of six major factors (posterior accuracy, observations reliability, viability of observations, instruments and station methodology) as optimization criteria, in order to define the subject approached on this document. 5. To elaborate and program the algorithms needed to develop an application software capable of considering the variables proposed in the previous section, on the problem of design and simulation of surveying networks, considering the digital surface model. It could be considered as secondary objectives, the following paragraphs: To develop the necessary algorithms to interrelate the digital terrain model with the design ones. To implement in the software application the possibility of variation of the coverage criteria parameters (normal distribution or Student t test) and therefore its degree of reliability.

How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bits: Archival Motivation in the Digital Age

Why do people become archivists? Historically (and anecdotally) it was a deep love of musty, old records that drew people to the profession. While there have been many other motivating forces that inspired would-be archivists, it is most often that one hears of people seeking jobs in archives for love of “the stuff,” as evidenced in Kate Thiemer’s blog post, Honest tips for wannabe archivists (2012). As a result of the continually advancing presence of digitized and born digital archival collections, the physical nature of archival “stuff” is changing. While there remains the physical imprint of digital information on floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, hard drives, and old computers; the aspects of these physical artifacts might not evoke the same visceral pull to the profession as musty, raspy, paper-based documents. In light of this shift in physical presentation of information, we are faced with the question: how does love of archival “stuff” translate to work in digital archives? What is and/or will be the pull to become a digital archivist? To answer these questions, we will perform a survey-based study where we will invite archivists who work with both traditional and digital archival material to answer questions related to the aspects of their work that inspired or motivated them to join the profession. What motivates people to become archivists? What aspects of digital archives do or can potentially motivate people to seek out a career as an archivist? What, if any, motivational factors for becoming a traditional archivist are the same as those for becoming a digital archivist? What, if any, motivational factors for becoming a traditional archivist are different from those for becoming a digital archivist? By answering these questions, we hope to expand the archival discussion on what it means to be an archivist in the digital age. What compelling intrinsic, evidential, or informational values are present in digital archival content that will draw professionals to the field? Are there other values inherent in digital content that are currently unexplored? In our poster, we will present our discussion of the topic, our survey design, and results we have at the time of the Institute. Thiemer, K. (2012). Honest tips for wannabe archivists. Archivesnext blog. Retrieved from http://www.archivesnext.com/?p=2849

River Recreation Management in Western States: Results of a Recreation Management Survey

This Capstone represents a qualitative analysis of survey responses concerning river recreation management policies and techniques in the Western United States. Respondents were asked about management topics including permits and fees, monitoring, enforcement, resource management, recreational experience, and current and future demand for whitewater rafting. Responses with consistent results include those for questions concerning permits for commercial uses, justification of fees, and enforcement, while responses with variation in results were received for questions concerning permits for private uses, agency self-sufficiency, monitoring, and use capacity. Most respondents do not expect a significant increased demand for commercial or private boating in the next five years. Respondents that do expect an increase do not see a need for additional commercial outfitters.

Implementation Feasibility of a Digital Nervous System for the Construction Industry: For Efficient and Effective Information Management across the Project Lifecycle

The construction industry has long been considered as highly fragmented and non-collaborative industry. This fragmentation sprouted from complex and unstructured traditional coordination processes and information exchanges amongst all parties involved in a construction project. This nature coupled with risk and uncertainty has pushed clients and their supply chain to search for new ways of improving their business process to deliver better quality and high performing product. This research will closely investigate the need to implement a Digital Nervous System (DNS), analogous to a biological nervous system, on the flow and management of digital information across the project lifecycle. This will be through direct examination of the key processes and information produced in a construction project and how a DNS can provide a well-integrated flow of digital information throughout the project lifecycle. This research will also investigate how a DNS can create a tight digital feedback loop that enables the organisation to sense, react and adapt to changing project conditions. A Digital Nervous System is a digital infrastructure that provides a well-integrated flow of digital information to the right part of the organisation at the right time. It provides the organisation with the relevant and up-to-date information it needs, for critical project issues, to aid in near real-time decision-making. Previous literature review and survey questionnaires were used in this research to collect and analyse data about information management problems of the industry – e.g. disruption and discontinuity of digital information flow due to interoperability issues, disintegration/fragmentation of the adopted digital solutions and paper-based transactions. Results analysis revealed efficient and effective information management requires the creation and implementation of a DNS.

Boston, Massachusetts Region, Digital Elevation Model with Bathymetry

This raster layer represents surface elevation and bathymetry data for the Boston Region, Massachusetts. It was created by merging portions of MassGIS Digital Elevation Model 1:5,000 (2005) data with NOAA Estuarine Bathymetric Digital Elevation Models (30 m.) (1998). DEM data was derived from the digital terrain models that were produced as part of the MassGIS 1:5,000 Black and White Digital Orthophoto imagery project. Cellsize is 5 meters by 5 meters. Each cell has a floating point value, in meters, which represents its elevation above or below sea level.

Mississippi River survey, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1895 (Image 1 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Survey of the Mississippi River : made under the direction of the Mississippi River Commission : chart no. 76, projected from a trigonometrical survey made by the U.S. Coast Survey in 1874. It was published by the Mississippi River Commission ca. 1895. Scale 1:10,000. Covers the City of New Orleans and adjacent portions of Jefferson and St. Bernard Parishes. This layer is image 1 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the northeast portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Louisiana State Plane Coordinate System, South NAD83 (in Feet) (Fipszone 1702). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, canals, drainage, vegetation/ground cover, land ownership in outlying areas, selected public, private, and industrial buildings, parks, cemeteries, Parish boundaries, ferry routes and more. Relief shown by contours. Detailed depths of the Mississippi River shown with soundings and dates of survey, and survey control points. River banks and bottom soil types shown. Includes index chart, list of authorities, and notes. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Mississippi River survey, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1895 (Image 2 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Survey of the Mississippi River : made under the direction of the Mississippi River Commission : chart no. 76, projected from a trigonometrical survey made by the U.S. Coast survey in 1874. It was published by the Mississippi River Commission ca. 1895. Scale 1:10,000. Covers the City of New Orleans and adjacent portions of Jefferson and St. Bernard Parishes. This layer is image 2 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the southeast portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Louisiana State Plane Coordinate System, South NAD83 (in Feet) (Fipszone 1702). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, canals, drainage, vegetation/ground cover, land ownership in outlying areas, selected public, private, and industrial buildings, parks, cemeteries, Parish boundaries, ferry routes and more. Relief shown by contours. Detailed depths of the Mississippi River shown with soundings and dates of survey, and survey control points. River banks and bottom soil types shown. Includes index chart, list of authorities, and notes. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Mississippi River survey, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1895 (Image 3 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Survey of the Mississippi River : made under the direction of the Mississippi River Commission : chart no. 76, projected from a trigonometrical survey made by the U.S. Coast survey in 1874. It was published by the Mississippi River Commission ca. 1895. Scale 1:10,000. Covers the City of New Orleans and adjacent portions of Jefferson and St. Bernard Parishes. This layer is image 3 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the southwest portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Louisiana State Plane Coordinate System, South NAD83 (in Feet) (Fipszone 1702). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, canals, drainage, vegetation/ground cover, land ownership in outlying areas, selected public, private, and industrial buildings, parks, cemeteries, Parish boundaries, ferry routes and more. Relief shown by contours. Detailed depths of the Mississippi River shown with soundings and dates of survey, and survey control points. River banks and bottom soil types shown. Includes index chart, list of authorities, and notes. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Mississippi River survey, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1895 (Image 4 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Survey of the Mississippi River : made under the direction of the Mississippi River Commission : chart no. 76, projected from a trigonometrical survey made by the U.S. Coast survey in 1874. It was published by the Mississippi River Commission ca. 1895. Scale 1:10,000. Covers the City of New Orleans and adjacent portions of Jefferson and St. Bernard Parishes. This layer is image 4 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the northwest portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Louisiana State Plane Coordinate System, South NAD83 (in Feet) (Fipszone 1702). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, canals, drainage, vegetation/ground cover, land ownership in outlying areas, selected public, private, and industrial buildings, parks, cemeteries, Parish boundaries, ferry routes and more. Relief shown by contours. Detailed depths of the Mississippi River shown with soundings and dates of survey, and survey control points. River banks and bottom soil types shown. Includes index chart, list of authorities, and notes. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Barnstable, Massachusetts 15 Minute Digital Raster Graphic

This layer is a digital raster graphic of the historic 15-minute USGS topographic quadrangle map of Barnstable, Massachusetts. The edition date is 1893 and the map was reprinted in 1907. A digital raster graphic (DRG) is a scanned image of a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) standard series topographic map, including all map collar information. The image inside the map neatline is geo-referenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator projection. The horizontal positional accuracy and datum of the DRG matches the accuracy and datum of the source map. The names of quadrangles which border this one appear on the map collar in their respective positions (N,S,E,W) in relation to this map.

Barre, Massachusetts 15 Minute Digital Raster Graphic

This layer is a digital raster graphic of the historic 15-minute USGS topographic quadrangle map of Barre, Massachusetts. The suvery (ground condition) date is 1887, the edition date is March, 1894 and the map was reprinted in 1942. A digital raster graphic (DRG) is a scanned image of a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) standard series topographic map, including all map collar information. The image inside the map neatline is geo-referenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator projection. The horizontal positional accuracy and datum of the DRG matches the accuracy and datum of the source map. The names of quadrangles which border this one appear on the map collar in their respective positions (N,S,E,W) in relation to this map.