961 resultados para design rules


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Optimal design of a power electronics module isolation substrate is assessed using a combination of finite element structural mechanics analysis and response surface optimisation technique. Primary failure modes in power electronics modules include the loss of structural integrity in the ceramic substrate materials due to stresses induced through thermal cycling. Analysis of the influence of ceramic substrate design parameters is undertaken using a design of experiments approach. Finite element analysis is used to determine the stress distribution for each design, and the results are used to construct a quadratic response surface function. A particle swarm optimisation algorithm is then used to determine the optimal substrate design. Analysis of response surface function gradients is used to perform sensitivity analysis and develop isolation substrate design rules. The influence of design uncertainties introduced through manufacturing tolerances is assessed using a Monte-Carlo algorithm, resulting in a stress distribution histogram. The probability of failure caused by the violation of design constraints has been analyzed. Six geometric design parameters are considered in this work and the most important design parameters have been identified. Overall analysis results can be used to enhance the design and reliability of the component.

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Nano-imprint forming (NIF) is among the most attractive manufacturing technologies offering high yield and low-cost fabrication of three-dimensional fine structures and patterns with resolution of few nanometres. Optimising NIF process is critical for achieving high quality products and minimising the risk of commonly observed defects. Using finite element analysis, the effect of various process parameters is evaluated and design rules for safe and reliable NIF fabrication formulated. This work is part of a major UK Grand Challenge project - 3D-Mintegration - for design, simulation, fabrication, assembly and test of next generation 3D-miniaturised systems.

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Timber engineering has advanced over recent decades to offer an alternative to traditional materials and methods. The bonding of fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) with adhesives to timber structures for repair and strengthening has many advantages. However, the lack of established design rules has strongly restrained the use of FRP strengthening in many situations, where these could be a preferable option to most traditional techniques. A significant body of research has been carried out in recent years on the performance of FRP reinforced timber and engineered wood products. This paper gives a State of the Art summary of material formulations, application areas, design approaches and quality control issues for practical engineers to introduce on-site bonding of FRP to timber as a new way in design for structural repair and rehabilitation.

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A companion paper described the partial-interaction localised properties that require the development of pseudo properties. If the quantification through experimental testing of these pseudo properties could be removed by the use of mechanics-based models, which is the subject of this paper, then this would: (a) substantially reduce the cost of developing new reinforced concrete products by reducing the amount of testing; (b) increase the accuracy of designing existing and novel reinforced concrete members and structures, bearing in mind that experimentally derived pseudo properties are only applicable within the range of the testing from which they were derived; and (c) reduce the cost and increase the accuracy of developing reinforced concrete design rules. This paper deals with the development of pseudo properties and behaviours directly through mechanics, as opposed to experimental testing, and their incorporation into member global simulations. It also addresses the need for a fundamental shift to displacement-based analyses as opposed to strain-based analyses.

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The continuous demand for highly efficient wireless transmitter systems has triggered an increased interest in switching mode techniques to handle the required power amplification. The RF carrier amplitude-burst transmitter, i.e. a wireless transmitter chain where a phase-modulated carrier is modulated in amplitude in an on-off mode, according to some prescribed envelope-to-time conversion, such as pulse-width or sigma-delta modulation, constitutes a promising architecture capable of efficiently transmitting signals of highly demanding complex modulation schemes. However, the tested practical implementations present results that are way behind the theoretically advanced promises (perfect linearity and efficiency). My original contribution to knowledge presented in this thesis is the first thorough study and model of the power efficiency and linearity characteristics that can be actually achieved with this architecture. The analysis starts with a brief revision of the theoretical idealized behavior of these switched-mode amplifier systems, followed by the study of the many sources of impairments that appear when the real system is implemented. In particular, a special attention is paid to the dynamic load modulation caused by the often ignored interaction between the narrowband signal reconstruction filter and the usual single-ended switched-mode power amplifier, which, among many other performance impairments, forces a two transistor implementation. The performance of this architecture is clearly explained based on the presented theory, which is supported by simulations and corresponding measured results of a fully working implementation. The drawn conclusions allow the development of a set of design rules for future improvements, one of which is proposed and verified in this thesis. It suggests a significant modification to this traditional architecture, where now the phase modulated carrier is always on – and thus allowing a single transistor implementation – and the amplitude is impressed into the carrier phase according to a bi-phase code.

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Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2015

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Over the last two decades the research and development of legged locomotion robots has grown steadily. Legged systems present major advantages when compared with ‘traditional’ vehicles, because they allow locomotion in inaccessible terrain to vehicles with wheels and tracks. However, the robustness of legged robots, and especially their energy consumption, among other aspects, still lag behind mechanisms that use wheels and tracks. Therefore, in the present state of development, there are several aspects that need to be improved and optimized. Keeping these ideas in mind, this paper presents the review of the literature of different methods adopted for the optimization of the structure and locomotion gaits of walking robots. Among the distinct possible strategies often used for these tasks are referred approaches such as the mimicking of biological animals, the use of evolutionary schemes to find the optimal parameters and structures, the adoption of sound mechanical design rules, and the optimization of power-based indexes.

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Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Edificações

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Com o aumento de plataformas móveis disponíveis no mercado e com o constante incremento na sua capacidade computacional, a possibilidade de executar aplicações e em especial jogos com elevados requisitos de desempenho aumentou consideravelmente. O mercado dos videojogos tem assim um cada vez maior número de potenciais clientes. Em especial, o mercado de jogos massive multiplayer online (MMO) tem-se tornado muito atractivo para as empresas de desenvolvimento de jogos. Estes jogos suportam uma elevada quantidade de jogadores em simultâneo que podem estar a executar o jogo em diferentes plataformas e distribuídos por um "mundo" de jogo extenso. Para incentivar a exploração desse "mundo", distribuem-se de forma inteligente pontos de interesse que podem ser explorados pelo jogador. Esta abordagem leva a um esforço substancial no planeamento e construção desses mundos, gastando tempo e recursos durante a fase de desenvolvimento. Isto representa um problema para as empresas de desenvolvimento de jogos, e em alguns casos, e impraticável suportar tais custos para equipas indie. Nesta tese e apresentada uma abordagem para a criação de mundos para jogos MMO. Estudam-se vários jogos MMO que são casos de sucesso de modo a identificar propriedades comuns nos seus mundos. O objectivo e criar uma framework flexível capaz de gerar mundos com estruturas que respeitam conjuntos de regras definidas por game designers. Para que seja possível usar a abordagem aqui apresentada em v arias aplicações diferentes, foram desenvolvidos dois módulos principais. O primeiro, chamado rule-based-map-generator, contem a lógica e operações necessárias para a criação de mundos. O segundo, chamado blocker, e um wrapper à volta do módulo rule-based-map-generator que gere as comunicações entre servidor e clientes. De uma forma resumida, o objectivo geral e disponibilizar uma framework para facilitar a geração de mundos para jogos MMO, o que normalmente e um processo bastante demorado e aumenta significativamente o custo de produção, através de uma abordagem semi-automática combinando os benefícios de procedural content generation (PCG) com conteúdo gráfico gerado manualmente.

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In this Letter a new physical model for metal-insulatormetal CMOS capacitors is presented. In the model the parameters of the circuit are derived from the physical structural details. Physical behaviors due to metal skin effect and inductance have been considered. The model has been confirmed by 3D EM simulator and design rules proposed. The model presented is scalable with capacitor geometry, allowing designers to predict and optimize quality factor. The approach has been verified for MIM CMOS capacitors

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Die vorliegende Dissertation betrachtet institutionsinterne lokale (Critical-)Incident-Reporting-Systeme ((C)IRS) als eine Möglichkeit zum Lernen aus Fehlern und unerwünschten kritischen Ereignissen (sogenannte Incidents) im Krankenhaus. Die Notwendigkeit aus Incidents zu lernen, wird im Gesundheitswesen bereits seit den 1990er Jahren verstärkt diskutiert. Insbesondere risikoreichen Organisationen, in denen Incidents fatale Konsequenzen haben können, sollten umfassende Strategien erarbeiten, die sie vor Fehlern und unerwünschten Ereignissen schützen und diese als Lernpotenzial nutzen können. Dabei können lokale IRS als ein zentraler Bestandteil des Risikomanagements und freiwillige Dokumentationssysteme im Krankenhaus ein Teil dieser Strategie sein. Sie können eine Ausgangslage für die systematische Erfassung und Auswertung von individuellen Lerngelegenheiten und den Transfer zurück in die Organisation schaffen. Hierfür sind eine lernförderliche Gestaltung, Implementierung und Einbettung lokaler IRS eine wichtige Voraussetzung. Untersuchungen über geeignete lerntheoretisch fundierte und wirkungsvolle IRS-Modelle und empirische Daten fehlen bisher im deutschsprachigen Raum. Einen entsprechenden Beitrag leistet die vorliegende Fallstudie in einem Schweizer Universitätsspital (800 Betten, 6.100 Mitarbeitende). Zu diesem Zweck wurde zuerst ein Anforderungsprofil an lernförderliche IRS aus der Literatur abgeleitet. Dieses berücksichtigt zum einen literaturbasierte Kriterien für die Gestaltung und Nutzung aus der IRS-Literatur, zum anderen die aus der Erziehungswissenschaft und Arbeitspsychologie entlehnten Gestaltungsbedingungen und Erfolgskriterien an organisationales Lernen. Das Anforderungsprofil wurde in drei empirischen Teilstudien validiert und entsprechend adaptiert. In der ersten empirischen Teilstudie erfolgte eine Standortbestimmung der lokalen IRS. Die Erhebung erfolgte in vier Kliniken mittels Dokumentenanalyse, leitfadengestützter Interviews (N=18), sieben strukturierter Gruppendiskussionen und teilnehmender Beobachtungen über einen Zeitraum von 22 Monaten. Erfolgskritische IRS-Merkmale wurden identifiziert mit dem Ziel einer praxisgerechten lernförderlichen Systemgestaltung und Umsetzung von Incident Reporting unter Betrachtung von organisationalen Rahmenbedingungen, Lernpotenzialen und Barrieren. Die zweite Teilstudie untersuchte zwei Fallbeispiele organisationalen Lernens mittels Prozessbegleitung, welche zu einem verwechslungssicheren Design bei einem Medizinalprodukt und einer verbesserten Patientenidentifikation in Zusammenhang mit Blutentnahmen führten. Für das organisationale Lernen im Spital wurden dabei Chancen, Barrieren und Gestaltungsansätze abgeleitet, wie erwünschte Veränderungen und Lernen unter Nutzung von IRS initiiert werden können und dabei ein besseres Gesundheitsresultat erreicht werden kann. Die dritte Teilstudie überprüfte, inwiefern die Nutzung und Implementierung lokaler IRS mittels einer Mitarbeitervollbefragung zur Sicherheitskultur gefördert werden kann. Hierfür wurde eine positive Interaktion, zwischen einer starken Sicherheitskultur und der Bereitschaft ein IRS zu implementieren und Incidents zu berichten, angenommen. Zum Einsatz kam eine deutschsprachige Version des Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (Patientensicherheitsklimainventar) mit einem Rücklauf von 46.8% (2.897 gültige Fragebogen). In 23 von 37 Kliniken führte laut einer Nachbefragung die Sicherheitskulturbefragung zum Implementierungsentscheid. Dies konnte durch Monitoring der IRS-Nutzung bestätigt werden. Erstmals liegen mit diesen Studien empirische Daten für eine wirkungsvolle und lernförderliche Gestaltung und Umsetzung von lokalen IRS am Beispiel einer Schweizer Gesundheitsorganisation vor. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zeigen Chancen und Barrieren für IRS als Berichts- und Lernsysteme im Krankenhaus auf. Als Resultat unsachgemäss gestalteter und implementierter IRS konnte dabei vor allem Lernverhinderung infolge IRS aufgezeigt werden. Blinder Aktionismus und eine fehlende Priorisierung von Patientensicherheit, unzureichende Kompetenzen, Qualifikationen und Ressourcen führten dabei zur Schaffung neuer Fehlerquellen mit einer Verstärkung des Lernens erster Ordnung. Eine lernförderliche Gestaltung und Unterhaltung der lokalen IRS, eingebettet in eine klinikumsweite Qualitäts- und Patientensicherheitsstrategie, erwiesen sich hingegen als wirkungsvoll im Sinne eines organisationalen Lernens und eines kontinuierlichen Verbesserungsprozesses. Patientensicherheitskulturbefragungen erwiesen sich zudem bei entsprechender Einbettung als effektives Instrument, um die Implementierung von IRS zu fördern. Zwölf Thesen zeigen in verdichteter Form auf, welche Gestaltungsprinzipien für IRS als Instrument des organisationalen Lernens im Rahmen des klinischen Risikomanagements und zur Förderung einer starken Patientensicherheitskultur zu berücksichtigen sind. Die Erkenntnisse aus den empirischen Studien münden in ein dialogorientiertes Rahmenmodell organisationalen Lernens unter Nutzung lokaler IRS. Die Arbeit zeigt damit zum einen Möglichkeiten für ein Lernen auf den verschiedenen Ebenen der Organisation auf und weist auf die Notwendigkeit einer (Re-)Strukturierung der aktuellen IRS-Diskussion hin.

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Am Fachgebiet Massivbau (Institut für Konstruktiven Ingenieurbau – IKI) des Fachbereichs Bauingenieurwesen der Universität Kassel wurden Bauteilversuche an zweiaxial auf Druck-Zug belasteten, faserfreien und faserverstärkten Stahlbetonscheiben durchgeführt. Dabei wurden die Auswirkungen der Querzugbeanspruchung und der Rissbildung auf die Druckfestigkeit, auf die Stauchung bei Erreichen der Höchstlast sowie auf die Drucksteifigkeit des stabstahl- und faserbewehrten Betons an insgesamt 56 faserfreien und faserverstärkten Beton- und Stahlbetonscheiben untersucht. Auf der Grundlage der experimentell erhaltenen Ergebnisse wird ein Vorschlag zur Abminderung der Druckfestigkeit des gerissenen faserfreien und faserbewehrten Stahlbetons in Abhängigkeit der aufgebrachten Zugdehnung formuliert. Die Ergebnisse werden den in DIN 1045-1 [D4], Eurocode 2 [E3, E4], CEB-FIP Model Code 1990 [C1] und ACI Standard 318-05 [A1] angegebenen Bemessungsregeln für die Druckstrebenfestigkeit des gerissenen Stahlbetons gegenübergestellt und mit den Untersuchungen anderer Wissenschaftler verglichen. Die bekannten Widersprüche zwischen den Versuchsergebnissen, den vorgeschlagenen Modellen und den Regelwerken aus U.S.A., Kanada und Europa können dabei weitgehend aufgeklärt werden. Für nichtlineare Verfahren der Schnittgrößenermittlung und für Verformungsberechnungen wird ein Materialmodell des gerissenen faserfreien und faserbewehrten Stahlbetons abgeleitet. Hierzu wird die für einaxiale Beanspruchungszustände gültige Spannungs-Dehnungs-Linie nach Bild 22 der DIN 1045-1 auf den Fall der zweiaxialen Druck-Zug-Beanspruchung erweitert.

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El proceso administrativo y de compras de OPL Carga tiene algunas falencias entre ellas: fallas en la Comunicación entre el personal operativo, no se realizan llamadas internas usando con frecuencia el email, produciendo la saturación de solicitudes las cuales terminan sin ser resueltas en cuanto a roles se refiere, no hay enfoque de procesos en vista que no se tiene claras las tareas de cada cargo, adicionalmente no hay claridad en los subprocesos, perjudicando el proceso con el aumento de costos, pérdida de tiempo, las responsabilidades de los funcionario no todas las veces se ejecutan en el tiempo asignado, el liderazgo compartido presenta ambigüedades. Objetivos: Definir el trabajo en equipo en el proceso administrativo y de compras en OPL carga de Bucaramanga. La investigación que a realizar es de tipo descriptivo, busca descubrir las falencias o características que permiten diseñar y desarrollar un modelo de solución para los problemas del equipo de OPL Carga S.A.S. Materiales y métodos: La investigación efectuada es de tipo descriptivo, el objetivo es definir el modelo del trabajo en equipo y describir las falencias en el proceso administrativo y de compras en OPL carga de Bucaramanga, que permitan obtener un diagnóstico integral que conlleve a la implementación de estrategias de solución. Resultados: Se identificaron las falencias en los siguientes aspectos: Variable comunicación, rendimiento, destrezas complementarias, propósito significativo y meta específicas de los funcionarios en OPL carga sección administrativa. Conclusiones: El modelo de trabajo en equipo que OPL aplica es jerárquico, en el que se ofrece estabilidad, seguridad, se toman decisiones en forma piramidal, mediante la planeación de tareas, la colaboración, igualdad y respeto por los miembros, trabajando en pro de la solución de problemas. Se construyó un plano conceptual que permitió exponer la interpretación que la estudiante tiene de las teorías, investigaciones y antecedentes válidos para la comprensión del problema investigado. Área comunicacional: Coordinar acciones tendientes para que los funcionarios respondan a tiempo los emails atenientes a su trabajo. Área condiciones de trabajo: Clarificar y diseñar las reglas de comportamiento al interior de los equipos de trabajo que redunden en el mejoramiento del mismo y la búsqueda de soluciones oportunas. Área metas específicas: Procurar mediante auditorías el cumplimiento de las metas y objetivos propuestos por cada equipo de trabajo.

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The progressing cavity pump artificial lift system, PCP, is a main lift system used in oil production industry. As this artificial lift application grows the knowledge of it s dynamics behavior, the application of automatic control and the developing of equipment selection design specialist systems are more useful. This work presents tools for dynamic analysis, control technics and a specialist system for selecting lift equipments for this artificial lift technology. The PCP artificial lift system consists of a progressing cavity pump installed downhole in the production tubing edge. The pump consists of two parts, a stator and a rotor, and is set in motion by the rotation of the rotor transmitted through a rod string installed in the tubing. The surface equipment generates and transmits the rotation to the rod string. First, is presented the developing of a complete mathematical dynamic model of PCP system. This model is simplified for use in several conditions, including steady state for sizing PCP equipments, like pump, rod string and drive head. This model is used to implement a computer simulator able to help in system analysis and to operates as a well with a controller and allows testing and developing of control algorithms. The next developing applies control technics to PCP system to optimize pumping velocity to achieve productivity and durability of downhole components. The mathematical model is linearized to apply conventional control technics including observability and controllability of the system and develop design rules for PI controller. Stability conditions are stated for operation point of the system. A fuzzy rule-based control system are developed from a PI controller using a inference machine based on Mandami operators. The fuzzy logic is applied to develop a specialist system that selects PCP equipments too. The developed technics to simulate and the linearized model was used in an actual well where a control system is installed. This control system consists of a pump intake pressure sensor, an industrial controller and a variable speed drive. The PI control was applied and fuzzy controller was applied to optimize simulated and actual well operation and the results was compared. The simulated and actual open loop response was compared to validate simulation. A case study was accomplished to validate equipment selection specialist system

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Checking the conformity between implementation and design rules in a system is an important activity to try to ensure that no degradation occurs between architectural patterns defined for the system and what is actually implemented in the source code. Especially in the case of systems which require a high level of reliability is important to define specific design rules for exceptional behavior. Such rules describe how exceptions should flow through the system by defining what elements are responsible for catching exceptions thrown by other system elements. However, current approaches to automatically check design rules do not provide suitable mechanisms to define and verify design rules related to the exception handling policy of applications. This paper proposes a practical approach to preserve the exceptional behavior of an application or family of applications, based on the definition and runtime automatic checking of design rules for exception handling of systems developed in Java or AspectJ. To support this approach was developed, in the context of this work, a tool called VITTAE (Verification and Information Tool to Analyze Exceptions) that extends the JUnit framework and allows automating test activities to exceptional design rules. We conducted a case study with the primary objective of evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed approach on a software product line. Besides this, an experiment was conducted that aimed to realize a comparative analysis between the proposed approach and an approach based on a tool called JUnitE, which also proposes to test the exception handling code using JUnit tests. The results showed how the exception handling design rules evolve along different versions of a system and that VITTAE can aid in the detection of defects in exception handling code