On the relationship between squid and the environment: artisanal jigging for Loligo plei at Sao Sebastiao Island (24 degrees S), southeastern Brazil

The squid Loligo plei concentrates in the southeastern Brazil Bight, where it has traditionally supported small-scale fisheries around Sao Sebastiao Island (SSI). Sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a (Chl a), windspeed, wave height, rainfall, and lunar phase are related to fishing records and to the results of a survey of local fishers to investigate how they believe environmental variables might affect catches of L. plei. Daily fishery-dependent data over the years 2005-2009 were obtained from a fishing cooperative and were matched with satellite and meteorological forecast data. Generalized linear models were used to explore the significance of environmental variables in relation to variability in catch and catch per unit effort (cpue). Squid are fished with jigs in water shallower than 20 m, generally where SST is warmer and Chl a and windspeed are lower. Cpue and monthly catches decreased from 2005 to 2008, followed by a slight increase in 2009. The correlations between fishery and environmental data relate well to fishers` oceanological knowledge, underscoring the potential of incorporating such knowledge into evaluations of the fishery.

Slipper lobster (Crustacea, Decapoda, Scyllaridae) fisheries off the southeastern coast of Brazil: I. Exploitation patterns between 23 degrees 00 ` and 29 degrees 65 ` S

In southeastern Brazil, slipper lobsters (Scyllarides deceptor and S. brasiliensis) are caught by fleets trawling for pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and F. paulensis) and pots-and-traps fishing for octopuses (Octopus vulgaris). Eight hundred fifty-six landings of shrimp trawlers and 28 of the octopus fleet were monitored in the Santos region from May 2006 to April 2007. Additional analysis was performed using a database covering the period from 1999 onwards. This study seeks to identify the recent patterns of exploitation of these lobsters with the goal of improving the way towards fishery sustainability. Scyllarides deceptor was the dominant lobster species with 1032 specimens collected, while only three specimens of S. brasiliensis were identified. The area known as the `Farol do Boi` (23 degrees 01`S, 45 degrees 00`W to 25 degrees 00`S, 45 degrees 40`W at 60-135 m deep) showed the highest Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE). A General Linearized Model (GLM) was used to investigate the factors influencing variations in CPUE in trawl fleets and led to the conclusion that year, month and depth were the most important factors. We detected a significant decrease in the relative abundance of lobsters in the fishing zone despite relatively low fishing effort. Recommendations to protect the lobster resources include taking special precautions in the natural refuge area of the `Farol do Boi`, as an exclusion zone for trawl fleets, and controlling the use of traps longlines to catch octopuses. Concerns about depensatory processes due to the over-exploitation of lobster populations around the world are raised. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Catch rates of artisanal fisheries targeting Dasyatis guttata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) in Todos os Santos Bay, northeastern Brazil

Dasyatis guttata has been target of artisanal fisheries in the coast of Bahia (Northeast Brazil) mainly by “arraieira” (gillnet) and “grozeira” (bottom long-line), but until now there is no stock assessment study. One of the important data for this knowledge is reliable indices of abundance. The aims of the present work are to: (1) estimate the best predictor for relative abundance (catch-per-unit-of-effort, CPUE), examining whether catch (production – kg) was related to: soak time of the gear, size of the gillnet or number of hooks, applying generalized linear model (GLM); (2) estimate the annual CPUE (kg/hooks and kg/m) averaged by gear; and (3) assess the temporal CPUE variance. Based on monthly sampling between January 2012 and January 2013, 222 landings by grozeira and 76 by arraiaiera were recorded in the two landing sites in Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia. A total of 14,550 kg (average = 44 kg/month) of D. guttata was captured. Models for both gears were highly significant (P < 0.0001). The analysis indicated that the most appropriate variable for CPUE analysis was the size of the gillnet (P < 0.001) and the number of hooks (P < 0.0001). Soak time of the gear was not significant for both gears (P = 0.4). High residual deviance expresses the complexity of the relations between ecosystem factors and other fisheries factors affecting relative abundance, which were not considered in this study. The average CPUE by grozeira was 6.39 kg/100 hooks ± 8.89 and by arraieira, 1.47 kg/100 m ± 1.66 over the year. Kruskal-Wallis test showed effect of the month on the mean grozeira CPUE (P = <0.001), but no effect (P = 0.096) on the mean arraieira CPUE. Grozeira CPUE values were highest in December and March, and lowest between May to August

Evolución de la pesquería artesanal de la isla de La Palma entre 1975 y 2010

Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Máster en Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Pesqueros ; 2011-2012

Valutazione degli stock di alici (Engraulis encrasicolus) e sardine (Sardina pilchardus) con metodi di dinamica di popolazione

Il presente studio si occupa di indagare lo stato delle popolazioni di alici, Engraulis encrasicolus, e sardine, Sardina pilchardus, presenti nel Mar Adriatico Centrale e Settentrionale attraverso l’utilizzo di metodi di dinamica di popolazione. L’attenzione per queste specie è dovuta alla loro importanza commerciale; sono, infatti, specie “target” della flotta peschereccia italiana, in particolare nell’area adriatica. I metodi di dinamica di popolazione sono uno degli aspetti più importanti delle scienze della pesca. Attraverso lo stock assessment si possono acquisire informazioni sull’abbondanza in mare delle risorse nel tempo e nello spazio, nonché sulla mortalità dovuta all’attività di pesca, che sono di primaria importanza per l’adozione di misure gestionali. I metodi di dinamica di popolazione esaminati e confrontati in questa tesi sono stati due: Virtual Population Analysis (VPA) e Integrated Catch-at-Age Analysis (ICA). Prima, però, è stato necessario esaminare le modalità con cui ottenere i dati di “input”, quali: tassi di crescita delle specie, mortalità naturale, sforzo di pesca, dati di cattura. Infine, è stato possibile ricostruire nel tempo la storia dello stock in questione e il suo stato attuale, dando indicazioni per lo sfruttamento futuro in un’ottica di conservazione dello stock stesso. Attraverso la determinazione della curva di crescita si sono potuti ottenere i parametri di crescita delle specie in esame, necessari per definire i tassi di mortalità naturale. L’abbondanza di questi stock è stata valutata con i programmi Age Length Key (ALK) e Iterative Age Length Key (IALK). Nei programmi di stock assessment utilizzati si è preferito utilizzare la stima di abbondanza calcolata con il primo metodo, in quanto più rappresentativo dello stock in esame. Un parametro di fondamentale importanza e di difficile stima è la mortalità; in particolare, in questo studio ci siamo occupati di determinare la mortalità naturale. Questa è stata determinata utilizzando due programmi: ProdBiom (Abella et al., 1998) e il sistema ideato da Gislason et al. (2008). Nonostante l’approccio conservativo suggerisca l’utilizzo dei valori ricavati da ProdBiom, in quanto più bassi, si è preferito utilizzare i tassi di mortalità naturale ricavati dalla seconda procedura. Questa preferenza è stata determinata dal fatto che il programma ProdBiom consegna indici di mortalità naturale troppo bassi, se confrontati con quelli presentati in letteratura per le specie in esame. Inoltre, benché nessuno dei due programmi sia stato costruito appositamente per le specie pelagiche, è comunque preferibile la metodologia ideata da Gislason et al. (2008), in quanto ottenuta da un esame di 367 pubblicazioni, in alcune delle quali erano presenti dati per queste specie. Per quanto riguarda i dati di cattura utilizzati in questo lavoro per il calcolo della Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE, cioè le catture per unità di sforzo), si sono utilizzati quelli della marineria di Porto Garibaldi, in quanto questa vanta una lunga serie temporale di dati, dal 1975 ad oggi. Inoltre, in questa marineria si è sempre pescato senza imposizione di quote e con quantitativi elevati. Determinati questi dati è stato possibile applicare i programmi di valutazione degli stock ittici: VPA e ICA. L’ICA risulta essere più attendibile, soprattutto per gli anni recenti, in quanto prevede un periodo nel quale la selettività è mantenuta costante, riducendo i calcoli da fare e, di conseguenza, diminuendo gli errori. In particolare, l’ICA effettua i suoi calcoli considerando che i dati di cattura e gli indici di “tuning” possono contenere degli errori. Nonostante le varie differenze dei programmi e le loro caratteristiche, entrambi concordano sullo stato degli stock in mare. Per quanto riguarda l’alice, lo stock di questa specie nel Mar Adriatico Settentrionale e Centrale, altamente sfruttato in passato, oggi risulta moderatamente sfruttato in quanto il livello di sfruttamento viene ottenuto con un basso livello di sforzo di pesca. Si raccomanda, comunque, di non incrementare lo sforzo di pesca, in modo da non determinare nuove drastiche diminuzioni dello stock con pesanti conseguenze per l’attività di pesca. Le sardine, invece, presentano un trend diverso: dalla metà degli anni ottanta lo stock di Sardina pilchardus ha conosciuto un continuo e progressivo declino, che solo nell’ultimo decennio mostra un’inversione di tendenza. Questo, però, non deve incoraggiare ad aumentare lo pressione di pesca, anzi bisogna cercare di mantenere costante lo sforzo di pesca al livello attuale in modo da permettere il completo ristabilimento dello stock (le catture della flotta italiana sono, infatti, ancora relativamente basse). Questo lavoro, nonostante i vari aspetti da implementare (quali: il campionamento, le metodologie utilizzate, l’introduzione di aspetti non considerati, come ad es. gli scarti,… etc.) e le difficoltà incontrate nel suo svolgimento, ha fornito un contributo di approfondimento sugli spinosi aspetti della definizione del tasso di mortalità naturale, individuando una procedura più adatta per stimare questo parametro. Inoltre, ha presentato l’innovativo aspetto del confronto tra i programmi ICA e VPA, mostrando una buon accordo dei risultati ottenuti. E’ necessario, comunque, continuare ad approfondire questi aspetti per ottenere valutazioni sempre più precise e affidabili, per raggiungere una corretta gestione dell’attività di pesca e ai fini della preservazione degli stock stessi.

Evaluating gillnetting protocols to characterize lacustrine fish communities

Ecological research and monitoring of lacustrine ecosystems often requires a whole-lake assessment of fish communities. Gillnet sampling offers an efficient means of estimating abundance, biomass and fish community composition. However the choice of gillnet sampling protocol may influence lake characterization via physical properties of the nets and allocation of sampling effort between littoral, benthic and pelagic habitats. This paper compares two commonly used, whole-lake sampling protocols applied across 17 prealpine, subalpine and alpine European lakes ranging widely in size, depth and altitude to determine their relative strength for research and management applications. Effort-corrected estimates of abundance, biomass and species richness were correlated between the protocols and both distinguished the trout-dominated alpine communities from subalpine and prealpine lakes dominated by whitefish and perch. A considerable amount of variance remained unexplained between the two protocols however, which seemed to correspond with differences in the proportion of effort among benthic and pelagic habitats. We suggest that both the European standard (CEN) and vertical (VERT) netting protocols are suitable for assessing ecological status and monitoring changes in lake fish communities through time. However the details of each protocol should be kept in mind when comparing fish communities between lakes. Mesh sizes used in CEN nets produce a more even size frequency distribution, suggesting that this protocol is most appropriate for assessing size structure of fish assemblages. The high proportion of netting effort in benthic habitats shallower than 70 m depth under the CEN protocol means that, particularly in larger lakes, outcomes will be disproportionately influenced by the ecological condition of this habitat. The VERT protocol presumably provides a more accurate estimate of whole-lake CPUE and community composition because effort, in terms of net area, is more evenly distributed across the entire volume of the lake. This is particularly important in large and deep lakes where pelagic habitats occupy a high proportion of the lake volume.

Estimating whole-lake fish catch per unit effort

The European standard for gillnetsampling to characterize lake fish communities stratifies sampling effort (i.e., number of nets) within depth strata. Nets to sample benthic habitats are randomly distributed throughout the lake within each depth strata. Pelagic nets are also stratified by depth, but are set only at the deepest point of the lake. Multiple authors have suggested that this design under-represents pelagic habitats, resulting in estimates of whole-lake CPUE and community composition which are disproportionately influenced by ecological conditions of littoral and benthic habitats. To address this issue, researchers have proposed estimating whole-lake CPUE by weighting the catch rate in each depth-compartment by the proportion of the volume of the lake contributed by the compartment. Our study aimed to assess the effectiveness of volume-weighting by applying it to fish communities sampled according to the European standard (CEN), and by a second whole-lake gillnetting protocol (VERT), which prescribes additional fishing effort in pelagic habitats. We assume that convergence between the protocols indicates that volume-weighting provides a more accurate estimate of whole-lake catch rate and community composition. Our results indicate that volume-weighting improves agreement between the protocols for whole-lake total CPUE, estimated proportion of perch and roach and the overall fish community composition. Discrepancies between the protocols remaining after volume-weighting maybe because sampling under the CEN protocol overlooks horizontal variation in pelagic fish communities. Analyses based on multiple pelagic-set VERT nets identified gradients in the density and biomass of pelagic fish communities in almost half the lakes that corresponded with the depth of water at net-setting location and distance along the length of a lake. Additional CEN pelagic sampling effort allocated across water depths and distributed throughout the lake would therefore help to reconcile differences between the sampling protocols and, in combination with volume-weighting, converge on a more accurate estimate of whole-lake fish communities.

Influence of Surface Oceanographic Variability on Abundance of the Western Winter-Spring Cohort of Neon Flying Squid Ommastrephes Bartramii in the Nw Pacific Ocean

Abundance of the Ommastrephes bartramii winter-spring cohort fluctuated greatly from 1995 to 2004. To understand how abundance was influenced by sea surface conditions, we examined the variations in the proportion of thermal habitats with favourable sea surface temperature (SST). The SST data of both the spawning and feeding grounds were used to calculate the monthly proportion of favourable-SST areas (PFSSTA). Catch per fishing day per fishing boat (catch per unit effort, CPUE) of the Chinese mainland squid-jigging fleet was used as squid abundance index. The relationships between CPUE and monthly PFSSTA at spawning and feeding grounds were analyzed, and the relationship between CPUE and selected PFSSTA was quantified with a multiple linear regression model. Results showed that February PFSSTA at the spawning ground and August to November PFSSTA at the feeding ground could account for about 60% of the variability in O. bartramii abundance between 1995 and 2004, that February was the most important period influencing squid recruitment during the spawning season, and that feeding ground PFSSTA during the fishing season would influence CPUE by causing squid to aggregate. Our forecast model was found to perform well when we compared the model-predicted CPUEs and the average CPUEs observed during August to November in 2005 and 2006 from the Chinese squid-jigging fishery.

Literature review of elasmobranch bycatch and retention rate

To address growing concern over the effects of fisheries non-target catch on elasmobranchs worldwide, the accurate reporting of elasmobranch catch is essential. This requires data on a combination of measures, including reported landings, retained and discarded non-target catch, and post-discard survival. Identification of the factors influencing discard vs. retention is needed to improve catch estimates and to determine wasteful fishing practices. To do this we compared retention rates of elasmobranch non-target catch in a broad subset of fisheries throughout the world by taxon, fishing country, and gear. A regression tree and random forest analysis indicated that taxon was the most important determinant of retention in this dataset, but all three factors together explained 59% of the variance. Estimates of total elasmobranch removals were calculated by dividing the FAO global elasmobranch landings by average retention rates and suggest that total elasmobranch removals may exceed FAO reported landings by as much as 400%. This analysis is the first effort to directly characterize global drivers of discards for elasmobranch non-target catch. Our results highlight the importance of accurate quantification of retention and discard rates to improve assessments of the potential impacts of fisheries on these species.

Groundfish survey data from the German Bight from 1902-08, 1919-23, and 1930-1932 and ICES International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) quarter 3 data from 1991 to 2009

Groundfish survey data from the German Bight from 1902-08, 1919-23, and 1930-1932 and ICES International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) quarter 3 data from 1991 to 2009 were analysed with respect to species frequencies, maximum length, trends in catch-per-unit-effort, species richness parameters (SNR) and presence of large fish (Phi40), the latter defined as average presence of species per haul with specimens larger than 40 cm given. Four different periods are distinguished: (a) before 1914 with medium commercial CPUE and low landings, Phi40 approx. 2, high abundance in elasmobranchs and SNR conditions indicating highly diverse assemblages, (b) conditions immediately after 1918 with higher commercial CPUE, recovering landings, Phi40 at > 4 in 1919, and SNR conditions indicating highly diverse assemblages, (c) conditions from 1920 to the early 1930's with decreasing commercial CPUE, increased landings, decreasing Phi40, SNR conditions similar to later years indicating less diverse assemblages, and a decrease in elasmobranchs. In the IBTS series (d), Phi40 remains low indicating an increased rarity of large specimens, and SNR characteristics are similar to the third period. Dab, whiting and grey gurnard have increased considerably in the IBTS series as compared to the historic data. Phi40 is suggested an alternative indicator reflecting community functional diversity when weight based indicators cannot be applied.

Response of Catch-Per-Unit-Effort to Spatial and Environmental Factors: an Exploratory Data Analysis Using Generalized Additive Models

Understanding spatial distributions and how environmental conditions influence catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) is important for increased fishing efficiency and sustainable fisheries management. This study investigated the relationship between CPUE, spatial factors, temperature, and depth using generalized additive models. Combinations of factors, and not one single factor, were frequently included in the best model. Parameters which best described CPUE varied by geographic region. The amount of variance, or deviance, explained by the best models ranged from a low of 29% (halibut, Charlotte region) to a high of 94% (sablefish, Charlotte region). Depth, latitude, and longitude influenced most species in several regions. On the broad geographic scale, depth was associated with CPUE for every species, except dogfish. Latitude and longitude influenced most species, except halibut (Areas 4 A/D), sablefish, and cod. Temperature was important for describing distributions of halibut in Alaska, arrowtooth flounder in British Columbia, dogfish, Alaska skate, and Aleutian skate. The species-habitat relationships revealed in this study can be used to create improved fishing and management strategies.

Distribución espacio temporal de la captura y esfuerzo en la pesquería de la merluza peruana entre el 2004 – 2011

Desde los años 90, la población de la merluza peruana (Merluccius gayi peruanus) pasó por uno de sus periodos más críticos, lo que conllevo al cierre de la pesquería entre septiembre del 2002 a mayo 2004. Bajo el establecimiento de un Régimen Provisional de extracción con la implementación del Sistema de Cuotas Individuales, se reinició la actividad pesquera en 2004, contando además con un sistema de monitoreo de la población entera de la flota arrastrera industrial operativa. El seguimiento de la variación espacial y temporal de la flota permitirá tener una mejor visión de cambios por parte del recurso. Los datos obtenidos a partir de la información comercial se caracterizan por un continuo abastecimiento de datos cuantitativos y en tiempo real. En este contexto, el objetivo general de la presente tesis es caracterizar los patrones anuales e interanuales del comportamiento espacial y temporal de la flota en relación a la dinámica de la merluza peruana. Para ello, se analizó 70922 registros, los cuales representan a cada lance de pesca realizado por las diferentes embarcaciones entre el 2004 y 2011. A diferencia de las Embarcaciones Arrastreras Costeras (EAC), las Embarcaciones Arrastreras de Mediana Escala (EAME) presentaron cambios en su operatividad. Se propone el uso de horas de arrastre por potencia de motor (h*HP) y kilogramos por h*HP (kg/h*HP) como unidades del esfuerzo y Captura por Unidad de Esfuerzo (CPUE) respectivamente, estas variables mostraron similares patrones para ambos tipos de embarcaciones. Si bien la CPUE mostró cierta estabilidad y posterior aumento, el número de individuos capturados de merluza incrementó notablemente; es decir, las merluzas capturadas fueron cada vez más pequeñas, estando la pesquería sustentada principalmente por individuos menores a 29 cm. Finalmente, se observó cualitativamente la existencia de una relación inversa entre el área de distribución de la merluza y su capturabilidad.