Topic 1. Some steric-height features of the water off the Pacific coast of Canada; Topic 2. Possible warming of the water at station P in the northeast Pacific during 1956-1984 [abstract]

TOPIC 1: In terms of seasonal scale, temperature effect dominates the annual change of steric height in the open ocean whereas salinity effect controls it along the continental shelf. Large portion of the annual change of height relative to the 1000-db surface is contained in the upper 100m layer. However, in interannual scale large anomalies of steric height in the open ocean, are more often than not, caused by halosteric rather than thermosteric effect. At least in the open ocean the heights are almost totally determined by the behavior of deep water. Their interannual variability appears to be related to the cumulative effect of Eckman pumping. TOPIC 2: There is a "trend" that over the past 28 years the water at Station P has warmed. Least-square analysis indicates that this warming may be significant but shortening of the time-series data by approximately 10 years fails to show that this is the case. These "trends" have to be interpreted with care. The warming may be "apparent" in that it is not indicated clearly in the deep isopynal surfaces which, during the above period, have deepened. Thus warming at the isobaric surfaces may be the effect of the downward migration of the isopynal surfaces.

Trends and long-term variability of ocean properties at Ocean Station P in the northeast Pacific Ocean [abstract]

Twenty-seven years (1956-1983) of oceanographic data collected at Ocean Station P (50°N/145°W), as well as supplementary data obtained in its neighborhood, have been examined for trends and interannual variability in the northeast Pacific Ocean. There is evidence that the water is warming and freshening and that the isopycnal surfaces are deepening. Trends in oxyty are mostly not significant. The most common periods for the interannual variability appear to be 2 1/2 and 6-7 years. The vertical movement of water accounts for one half of the changes in temperature and salinity and 30% of those in oxyty. Other factors, such as a shift of water masses, may also be important.

Nature of the rain spectrum at a low latitude coastal station

The internal structure of rain falls in terms of rain rate during various instances of time can be determined by measuring rain amounts received during very short intervals of time. A system that can record the intensity of rain fall at every minute has been used for this study.

Influence of size, station time and satiation amount on prey handling time in Anabas testudineus (Bloch)

Satiation amount, satiation time and handling time of Anabas testudineus (Bloch), an air breathing predatory fish was experimentally estimated using guppy (Lebistes reticulatus) as prey. Weight of the fish and satiation time influenced prey handling time. As satiation time is related to the level of hunger, level of hunger was found to influence handling time of prey.

On continued culture trials of Lates calcarifer (Bloch) and Oreochromis mossambicus in the ponds of Kharland Research Station, Panvel, Maharashtra

Pond culture trials of Lates calcarifer (Bloch) were initiated in the ponds of Kharland Research Station, Panvel, from 1985 up to 1989 by adopting varying methods of inputs of commonly available organic substances comprising de-oiled cake of groundnut, rice bran and raw cattle dung. Although provision of zooplankton generated under phased fertilisation technique resulted in considerable yield level, subsequent trials in combination with direct feed methods gave higher yield. Trials during 1990-91 adopting similar feed input techniques were continued but by stocking the seed of both Lates and Oreochromis mossambicus with yield percentage around 72.23 for Lates and 27.73 for Oreochromis. Trials were further continued during next three years. In relation to the organic input levels the yields rate for seven months period was in the range of 119.4 kg/ha to 250.4 kg/ha for Lates. In case of Oreochromis the yield rate varied between 28.5 to 153.32 kg/ha indicating the influence of differential stocking rates and size of the seed of two species.

A novel heavily doped drift-auxiliary cathode lateral insulated gate transistor structure

A novel CMOS-compatible, heavily doped drift auxiliary cathode lateral insulated gate transistor (HDD-ACLIGT) structure is analyzed using two-dimensional device simulation techniques. Simulation results indicate that low on-resistance and a fast turn-off time of less than 50 ns can be achieved by incorporating an additional n+ region which is self-aligned to the gate between the p+ auxiliary cathode and the p well, together with an extended p buried layer in an anode-shorted modified lateral insulated gate transistor (MLIGT) structure. The on-state and its transient performance are analyzed in detail. The on-state performances of the HDD-ACLIGT and the MLIGT are compared and discussed. The results indicate that the HDD-ACLIGT structure is well suited for HVICs. The device is also well suited for integration with self-aligned digital CMOS.

Report of the marine work at Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, California during the six-week period from June 25 to August 5, 1938

The primary objective in doing this work was to become acquainted with as many forms as possible of the marine fauna of the intertidal zone and if possible to determine some of the environmental relationships which exist in as many different types of habitats as possible. Due to limited amount of time spent in this study no very intensive work could be done and only a general survey was made of the more conspicuous forms of life which were encountered. Most of the work consisted of collecting and observing animals in the tide pools during periods of low tides. The animals collected were then taken to the laboratory and observed and determined as to species. Notes were taken as to place, time, and situation under which the animals were found. As many different types of habitats as possible were visited which included rocky intertidal areas of Mussel Point, Point Pinos, Lighthouse Point, Pescadero Point and Carmel Point just east of Carmel Beach. Sandy beaches were visited at Monterey Beach, Carmel Beach and Asilomar Beach. A marine estuary habitat was visited at Elkhorn Slough. More than two hundred species were identified and observed during this six-week period. A rather hasty population study was made of the eelgrass, Phyllospadix, of the intertidal zone at Mussel Point and of an algae, Gigartina caniculata, which grows at the level just above the eelgrass.

Study on Mechanics Parameters of Unloaded Rock Mass about the Underground Powerhouse of Jin-ping Hydroelectric Station

After the excavation of Jinping underground cavern, a strong expansion appears along the unloading direction of the rock mass, mainly in the type of tensile rupture, accompanied by shear destruction, unloading resulted in significant deterioration of mechanical properties of rock. Based on the in-site investigation of rock mass structure, via analyzing the acoustic testing data, we identify the unloading range of the side walls and the division of rock types, and carry out with the solution of rock mechanical parameters about different unloading zone, providing geological foundation for the supporting design of the following design of the side walls, at the same time, providing reference for the selection of mechanical parameters of other underground excavation engineering with similar geological conditions.

No C_4 Plants Found at the Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station in Qinghai, China: Evidence from Stable Carbon Isotope Studies

Using the measurement of stable carbon isotopes in leaves as a tool to investigate photosyn-thetic pathway of 102 plant species grown at an alpine meadow ecosystem, at the foot of the Qilian Mountain, Qinghai, China. The results indicate that the δ~(3)C values of plants have a narrow range from -28.24‰ to -24.84‰, which means that none of the species examined belongs to C_4 and crassulaceous acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthetic pathway and all of these species perform photosynthesis through the C_3 pathway. This is likely due to a long-term adaptation to environments at the alpine meadow ecosystem.

Ecological basis of Alpine meadow ecosystem management in Tibet: Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station

Alpine meadow and shrub are the main pasture types on the Tibetan Plateau, and they cover about 35% of the total land area. In order to understand the structural and functional aspects of the alpine ecosystem and to promote a sustainable animal production system, the Haibei Alpine Meadow Research Station was established in 1976. A series of intensive studies on ecosystem structure and function, including the energy flow and nutrient cycling of the ecosystem, were the main tasks during the first 10 years. Meanwhile, studies with 5 different grazing intensities on both summer and winter pasture have been conducted. In the early years of the 1990s, the research station started to focus its research work on global warming, biodiversity and sustainable animal production systems in pastoral areas. Various methods for improving degraded pasturelands have been developed in the region.