An ethnobotanical study of traditional anti-inflammatory plants used by the Lohit community of Arunachal Pradesh, India

Aim of the study: Most people especially in rural areas depend on herbal medicines to treat many diseases including inflammation-related ailments such as rheumatism, muscle swelling, cut wound, accidental bone fracture, insect bites, pains and burn by fire and hot water. The objectives of this study were: to catalog ethno-medicinal plants of Lohit community, ecological status, indigenous folk medicinal uses, morphological parts used and to determine their reported pharmacological studies. Materials and methods: The ethnobotanical information on traditional medicinal plants exclusively used for management of inflammation-related ailments by the Khampti community of Arunachal Pradesh, India was based on first-hand field survey work through semi-structured interviews. Results and conclusion: A total of 34 species in 32 genera and 22 families were encountered during the field survey. Botanical families such as Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Zingiberaceae and Lamiaceae were represented by the highest numbers of species reported in this study. Thirteen plant species, namely: Bombax ceiba, Canarium strictum, Chloranthus erectus, Xanthium indicum, Lycopodium clavatum, Coleus blumei, Batrachospermum atrum, Chlorella vulgaris, Marchantia palmata, Marchantia polymorpha, Eria pannea, Sterculia villosa and Alpinia galanga are reported for the first time for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of Chloranthus erectus (Buch.-Ham.) Verd. leaf extract in rats

Aim of the study: Chloranthus erectus (Buch.-Ham.) Verdcourt (Chloranthaceae) is a shrub native to tropical and temperate zone of Eastern Himalaya of India and South-East Asia and have traditionally been used as a folklore medicine to treat localised swelling, joint pain, skin inflammation, fever and bodyache. In this study, an attempthas been made to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract obtained from Chloranthus erectus leaves (MECEL) in acute, sub-acute and chronic mouse models. Materials and methods: Inflammation in the hind paw of Wistar albino rat was induced by carrageenan, histamine and serotonin, and tissue granuloma pouch was induced by cotton pellet method. Antiinflammatory drug-phenylbutazone was used as standard drug for comparison. Results: In acute carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema, oral administration of MECEL at 200 mg/kg produced significant inhibition of edema by 38.34 % (p<0.01) while the histamine- and serotonin-induced sub-acute model, the inhibition of paw edema reached 52.54 % (p < 0.001) and 25.5 % (p < 0.01), respectively. in a 7-day study, MECEL at 20 and 50 mg/kg produced significant suppression of cotton pellet-induced tissue granuloma formation in rats. Conclusions: This preliminary study revealed that the methanol extract of Chloranthus erectus exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in the tested models, and may provide the scientific rationale for its popular folk medicine as anti-inflammatory agent.

Temperature independent mixing rules to correlate the solubilities of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs in SCCO2

The accurate experimental determination of the solubilities of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs in supercritical fluids (SCFs) and correlations are essential for the development of supercritical technologies for the pharmaceuticals industry. In this work, the solubilities of penicillinG, penicillinV, flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, aspirin and diflunisal in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) were correlated using Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR EOS) with the modified Kwak and Mansoori mixing rules (mKM) and with Bartle model. The ability of mKM rules was compared against the conventional mixing rules of van der Waals in correlating the solubilities. In the present model, vapor pressure was considered as an adjustable parameter along with binary interactions parameters. In the proposed model, the constants used in the mixing rule, and vapor pressure expression coefficients are temperature independent. The optimization of these constants with experimental data gives binary interaction parameters along with vapor pressure correlations. Sublimation enthalpies were estimated with both the models compared with literature reported experimental values.

Transition metal complexes of 3-aryl-2-substituted 1,2-dihydroquinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives: New class of analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents

Five-coordinate, neutral transition metal complexes of newly designed pyridine-2-ethyl-(3-carboxyhdeneamino)-3-(2-phenyl)-1,2-dihydroquinazoli n-4(3H)-one (L) were synthesized and characterized The structure of ligand is confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies The compounds were evaluated for the anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model while their analgesic activity was determined by acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice wherein the transition metal complexes were found to be more active than the free ligand (C) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS All rights reserved.

Structural studies of analgesics and their interactions. XII. Structure and interactions of anti-inflammatory fenamates. A concerted crystallographic and theoretical conformational study

A theoretical conformational analysis of fenamates, which are N-arylated derivatives of anthranilic acid or 2-aminonicotinic acid with different substituents on the aryl (phenyl) group, is reported. The analysis of these analgesics, which are believed to act through the inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis, was carried out using semi-empirical potential functions. The results and available crystallographic observations have been critically examined in terms of their relevance to drug action. Crystallographic studies of these drugs and their complexes have revealed that the fenamate molecules share a striking invariant feature, namely, the sixmembered ring bearing the carboxyl group is coplanar with the carboxyl group and the bridging imino group,the coplanarity being stabilized by resonance interactions and an internal hydrogen bond between the imino and carboxyl groups. The results of the theoretical analysis provide a conformational rationale for the observed invariant coplanarity. The second sixmembered ring, which provides hydrophobicity in a substantial part of the molecule, has limited conformational flexibility in meclofenamic, mefenamic and flufenamic acids. Comparison of the conformational energy maps of these acids shows that they could all assume the same conformation when bound to the relevant enzyme. The present study provides a structural explanation for the difference in the activity of niflumic acid, which can assume a conformation in which the whole molecule is nearly planar. The main role of the carboxyl group appears to be to provide a site for intermolecular interactions in addition to helping in stabilizing the invariant coplanar feature and providing hydrophilicity at one end of the molecule. The fenamates thus provide a good example of conformation- dependent molecular asymmetry.

Growth inhibitory, apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities displayed by a novel modified triterpenoid, cyano enone of methyl boswellates

Triterpenoids are pentacyclic secondary metabolites present in many terrestrial plants. Natural triterpenoids have been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activities. Here, we show that modifications of ring A of boswellic acid (2 cyano, 3 enone) resulted in a highly active growth inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, pro-differentiative and anti-tumour triterpenoid compound called cyano enone of methyl boswellates (CEMB). This compound showed cytotoxic activity on a number of cancer cell lines with IC50 ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 mu M. CEMB inhibits DNA synthesis and induces apoptosis in A549 cell line at 0.25 mu M and 1 mu M concentrations, respectively. CEMB induces adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells at a concentration of 0.1 mu M. Finally, administration of CEMB intra-tumourally significantly inhibited the growth of C6 glioma tumour xenograft in immuno-compromised mice. Collectively, these results suggest that CEMB is a very potent anti-tumour compound.

Conformational Polymorphism in a Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug, Mefenamic Acid

For several years, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug mefenamic acid, MA, has been known to exist as dimorphs (I and II). We report a new metastable polymorph (III) of MA obtained during attempted co-crystallization experiments and establish its stability relationship with existing forms. At elevated temperatures I and III convert to II, as evident from DSC experiments. On the basis of the lattice energy calculations in conjunction with thermal analysis, the stability order is proposed to be I > II > III at ambient conditions, whereas at elevated temperature the order is II > I > III. In either condition III is a metastable form and hence transforms to I at ambient conditions and to II at higher temperatures. Also we report the structural studies of a DMF solvate and a cytosine complex.

Anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract of Dictamnus dasycarpus leaf in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages

Background: Dictamnus dasycarpus is widely used as a traditional remedy for the treatment of eczema, rheumatism, and other inflammatory diseases in Asia. The current study investigates the molecular mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of the ethanol extract of Dictamnus dasycarpus leaf (DE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Methods: Nitric oxide (NO) production was assessed by Griess reaction and the mRNA and protein expressions of pro inflammatory cytokines, transcription factor, and enzymes were determined by real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting analysis. Results: DE (0.5 and 1 mg/mL) suppressed the NO production by 10 and 33%, respectively, compared to the untreated group in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. DE (0.5 and 1 mg/mL) reduced the mRNA expression of key transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B by 7 and 24%, respectively compared to the untreated group in LPS activated macrophage. The pro inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor a and interleukin 1 beta were also decreased by DE treatment. Moreover, the protein expression of pro inflammatory enzymes, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 were also dramatically attenuated by DE in a dose dependent manner. Conclusions: These results suggest that Dictamnus dasycarpus leaf has a potent anti-inflammatory activity and can be used for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents.

Structural Characterization of Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Immunoglobulin G Fc Proteins

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is central in mediating host defense due to its ability to target and eliminate invading pathogens. The fragment antigen binding (Fab) regions are responsible for antigen recognition; however the effector responses are encoded on the Fc region of IgG. IgG Fc displays considerable glycan heterogeneity, accounting for its complex effector functions of inflammation, modulation and immune suppression. Intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) is pooled serum IgG from multiple donors and is used to treat individuals with autoimmune and inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and Kawasaki’s disease, respectively. It contains all the subtypes of IgG (IgG1-4) and over 120 glycovariants due to variation of an Asparagine 297-linked glycan on the Fc. The species identified as the activating component of IVIG is sialylated IgG Fc. Comparisons of wild type Fc and sialylated Fc X-ray crystal structures suggests that sialylation causes an increase in conformational flexibility, which may be important for its anti-inflammatory properties.

Although glycan modifications can promote the anti-inflammatory properties of the Fc, there are amino acid substitutions that cause Fcs to initiate an enhanced immune response. Mutations in the Fc can cause up to a 100-fold increase in binding affinity to activating Fc gamma receptors located on immune cells, and have been shown to enhance antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This is important in developing therapeutic antibodies against cancer and infectious diseases. Structural studies of mutant Fcs in complex with activating receptors gave insight into new protein-protein interactions that lead to an enhanced binding affinity.

Together these studies show how dynamic and diverse the Fc region is and how both protein and carbohydrate modifications can alter structure, leading to IgG Fc’s switch from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory protein.

Estudos dos efeitos antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórios da própolis sobre as células RAW 264.7 e na resposta inflamatória pulmonar aguda causada pela exposição à fumaça de cigarro em camundongos

A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) causa a redução da capacidade respiratória e seu desenvolvimento é associado à fumaça de cigarro. O cigarro possui mais de 4800 substâncias tóxicas e causa a morte de seis milhões de pessoas por ano no mundo. Estudos buscam meios de reverter os males causados pela fumaça de cigarro. A própolis (P) é um produto produzido por abelhas que possui várias propriedades. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos antioxidantes da P em macrófagos murinos e na inflamação pulmonar aguda induzida pela fumaça de cigarro (CS) em camundongos. A análise dos compostos fitoquímicos do extrato alcóolico da P (EAP) foi feita por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Células da linhagem RAW 264.7 foram tratadas em diversas concentrações de P durante 24 horas. Após tratamento, as seguintes análises foram realizadas: polifenóis totais; viabilidade celular (MTT); potencial redutor (DPPH); espécies reativas de oxigênio totais (ROS) e de malondialdeído (MDA). Trinta camundongos C57BL/6 foram divididos em 3 grupos (n=10/grupo): Controle+P, CS e CS+P. Ambos os grupos CS foram expostos a 6 cigarros/dia durante 5 dias. O grupo CS foi tratado com veículo. O pulmão e o lavado broncoalveolar (BAL) foram coletados para análise histológica e contagem diferencial de células. As análises para mieloperoxidase (MPO), superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), glutationa reduzida (GSH) e oxidada (GSSG), MDA, nitrito e western blotting para TNF-alfa foram realizadas. A análise fitoquímica do EAP mostrou a presença dos ácidos hidrocinâmicos e coumárico, a artepilina C e a drupanina. Foi observado o aumento concentração-dependente dos níveis de polifenóis totais (p<0,001), do MTT (p<0,001) e do DPPH (p<0,001), e o inverso com o MDA (p<0,001). Os níveis de ROS diminuem nas concentrações de 15,6 e 31,2 mg/mL (p<0,05, ambos). A histologia pulmonar do grupo Controle+P foi similar ao do CS+P e foi observado um influxo de macrófagos e neutrófilos no grupo CS (p<0,01 e p<0,001, respectivamente). Os níveis de MPO foram aumentados no grupo CS (526,534,72 mU/mg ptn, p<0,01), mas houve uma redução no grupo CS+P (385,127,64 mU/mg ptn, p<0,05) comparável ao Controle+P (13412,99 mU/mg ptn, p<0,001), o mesmo aconteceu com as enzimas antioxidantes: SOD (Controle+P: 523,529,6 U/mg ptn; CS: 523,529,6 U/mg ptn, p<0,001; CS+P: 246,815,69 U/mg ptn, p<0,001); CAT (Controle+P: 37,383,39 U/mg ptn; CS: 92,686,24 U/mg ptn, p<0,001; CS+P: 59,844,55 U/mg ptn, p<0,05); GPx (Controle+P: 2,230,17 (M/min/mg ptn) x 10-1; CS: 4,510,31 (M/min/mg ptn) x 10-1, p<0,001; CS+P: 2,640,19 (M/min/mg ptn) x 10-1, p<0,05). O inverso ocorreu com a relação GSH/GSSG (Controle+P: 1,0880,17; CS: 0,7360,07, p<0,05; CS+P: 1,2580,10, p<0,05). Os níveis de MDA (Controle+P: 0,2660,05 nMol/mg ptn; CS: 0,940,076 nMol/mg ptn, p<0,001; CS+P: 0,4980,06 nMol/mg ptn, p<0,01) e de nitrito (Controle+P: 50,014,19 Mol/mg ptn; CS: 108,77,73 Mol/mg ptn, p<0,001; CS+P: 58,843,42 nMol/mg ptn, p<0,01) estavam aumentados no CS que em outros grupos. A expressão de TNF-α foi observada no grupo CS. O tratamento da P apresentou ação anti-inflamatória e antioxidante em macrófagos e em camundongos expostos à fumaça de cigarro, possivelmente pela ação dos polifenóis presentes nela