Aplicaciones educativas de la teoría vygotskiana. El programa 'Key to learning' = Applications of vigotsky's theory to education. The 'Key to learning' proggram

En ciencias de la educación, las últimas décadas han estado marcadas por un interés en las ideas de Lev S. Vygotski. De hecho, a partir de esas ideas se han propuesto varias aplicaciones educativas. Una de ellas es el “Key to learning”. El artículo propone una visión general de este programa educativo desarrollado a partir de algunos trabajos e ideas de autores rusos contemporáneos. Primero, desarrollamos algunas ideas en torno a la noción de zona de desarrollo próximo (ZpD). Después, sugerimos la teoría de las habilidades de aprendizaje. En este sentido, el objetivo principal de “Key to learning” es mejorar las habilidades de aprendizaje cognitivas, comunicativas y directivas de niños de entre 3 a 7 años de edad. Para este propósito son creadas 12 unidades curriculares que componen el programa. Para concluir se enfatiza la creación de zonas de desarrollo próximo estructuradas como parte de un sistema de enseñanza y aprendizaje que vincula la actividad, la asistencia y la agencia

Agency problems with non-smooth decision profiles: the case of monopoly under product quality

A method for dealing with monotonicity constraints in optimal control problems is used to generalize some results in the context of monopoly theory, also extending the generalization to a large family of principal-agent programs. Our main conclusion is that many results on diverse economic topics, achieved under assumptions of continuity and piecewise differentiability in connection with the endogenous variables of the problem, still remain valid after replacing such assumptions by two minimal requirements.

Parenting, self-regulation and childhood anxiety : A Self-Determination Theory perspective

Le contrôle psychologique parental est un facteur de risque réputé pour les problèmes intériorisés des enfants (p. ex., Affrunti & Ginsburg, 2011; McLeod, Wood & Weisz, 2007). Selon la Théorie de l'auto-détermination, le contrôle psychologique mène aux problèmes intériorisés (Ryan, Deci, Grolnick, & La Guardia, 2006) car il brime le besoin fondamental d'autonomie. En effet, recevoir de la pression afin de penser, se comporter et se sentir d’une certaine façon (Ryan, 1982) semble favoriser une régulation trop rigide et surcontrôlée (Ryan et al., 2006). Suite aux travaux de Soenens et Vansteenkiste (2010), la distinction conceptuelle entre deux formes de contrôle psychologique, soit manifestes (p. ex., les menaces, forcer physiquement) et dissimulées (p. ex., la surprotection, le marchandage), ont été utilisées pour évaluer le style parental (Étude 1) et les pratiques disciplinaires (Étude 2). Le contrôle psychologique parental et le soutien de l'autonomie (Étude 2) ont été mesurés durant la petite enfance puisque (1) les problèmes intériorisés émergent tôt, (2) le développement du sentiment d'autonomie est central au cours de cette période, et (3) attire probablement plus de contrôle psychologique parental. Avec ses deux articles, la présente thèse vise à clarifier la façon dont le contrôle psychologique manifeste et dissimulé est lié au développement précoce de problèmes intériorisés. L'étude 1 est une étude populationnelle examinant l'impact relatif du style parental sur des trajectoires développementales d'anxiété (N = 2 120 enfants; de 2,5 à 8 ans) avec de nombreux facteurs de risque potentiels provenant de l'enfant, de la mère et de la famille, tous mesurés au cours de la petite enfance. Les résultats ont montré qu'en plus de la timidité des enfants, de la dépression maternelle et du dysfonctionnement familial, le contrôle psychologique manifeste (c.-à-d., coercitif) et dissimulé (c.-à-d., la surprotection) augmentent le risque, pour les enfants, de suivre une trajectoire d'anxiété élevée. Une interaction entre la dépression maternelle et le contrôle dissimulé a été trouvée, ce qui indique que la surprotection augmente l'anxiété des enfants seulement lorsque la dépression maternelle est élevée. Enfin, le contrôle dissimulé prédit également l'anxiété telle que rapportée par les enseignants de deuxième année. Le deuxième article est une étude observationnelle qui examine comment l'autorégulation (AR) des bambins est liée au développement précoce des symptômes intériorisés, tout en explorant comment les pratiques disciplinaires parentales (contrôle et soutien de l'autonomie) y sont associées. Les pratiques parentales ont été codifiées lors d'une requête de rangement à 2 ans (contexte "Do", N = 102), tandis que l'AR des bambins a été codifiée à la fois durant la tâche de rangement ("Do") et durant une tâche d'interdiction (ne pas toucher à des jouets attrayants; contexte «Don't » ), à 2 ans puis à 3 ans. Les symptômes d'anxiété / dépression des enfants ont été évalués par leurs parents à 4,5 ans. Les résultats ont révélé que l'AR aux interdictions à 3 ans diminue la probabilité des enfants à manifester des taux élevés de symptômes d'anxiété / dépression. Les analyses ont aussi révélé que le parentage soutenant l'autonomie était lié à l'AR des enfants aux requêtes, un an plus tard. En revanche, le contrôle psychologique manifeste et dissimulé ont eu des effets délétères sur l'AR. Enfin, seul le contrôle dissimulé a augmenté les probabilités de présenter des niveaux plus élevés de problèmes intériorisés et ce, au-delà de l’effet protecteur de l'AR des bambins. Des résultats mitigés sont issus de cette thèse concernant les effets respectifs des deux formes de contrôle sur les problèmes intériorisés, dépendamment de l'informateur (mère c. enseignant) et de la méthodologie (questionnaires c. données observationnelles). Toutefois, le contrôle psychologique dissimulé était lié à ce problème affectif dans les deux études. Enfin, le soutien à l'autonomie s’est révélé être un facteur de protection potentiel et mériterait d'être étudié davantage.

Análisis al Proceso de Titulación Minera en Colombia desde TOC (Theory Of Constraints)

El incumplimiento reiterado de la normatividad y políticas relacionadas con los tiempos de respuesta del proceso de contratación minera del país, desarrollado actualmente por la recién creada Agencia Nacional de Minería ANM, ha suscitado que la administración del recurso minero no se realice bajo los principios de eficiencia, eficacia, economía y celeridad. Estas debilidades manifiestas provocan represamientos en la resolución de trámites, congelación de áreas para contratar, sobrecostos, demoras en los tiempos de respuesta establecidos por la normatividad vigente y trae como consecuencia incertidumbre en los inversionistas mineros y pérdidas por concepto de recaudo de canon superficiario, entre otras. El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación consiste en analizar el proceso de titulación minera de Colombia a partir de la filosofía de mejora continua desarrollado en la teoría de restricciones TOC (Theory Of Constraints), para poder identificar cuáles son los cuellos de botella que no permiten que el proceso fluya de manera adecuada y proponer alternativas de mejora, que con su implementación exploten y subordinen la limitaciones al sistema.

Social theory and system dynamics practice

This paper explores the social theories implicit in system dynamics (SD) practice. Groupings of SD practice are observed in different parts of a framework for studying social theories. Most are seen to be located within `functionalist sociology'. To account for the remainder, two new forms of practice are discussed, each related to a different paradigm. Three competing conclusions are then offered: 1. The implicit assumption that SD is grounded in functionalist sociology is correct and should be made explicit. 2. Forrester's ideas operate at the level of method not social theory so SD, though not wedded to a particular social theoretic paradigm, can be re-crafted for use within different paradigms. 3. SD is consistent with social theories which dissolve the individual/society divide by taking a dialectical, or feedback, stance. It can therefore bring a formal modelling approach to the `agency/structure' debate within social theory and so bring SD into the heart of social science. The last conclusion is strongly recommended.

Rethinking disability theory and practice: challenging essentialism

This edited volume argues that even in recent Critical Disability Studies which have sought to critique essentialist assumptions in relation to Disability, nevertheless essentialisms remain which predetermine and predirect definitions and arguments in the field. This volume analyses such essentialisms in a wide range of areas such as childhood, gender, sexuality, reproduction, ADHD, autism, the animal, d/Deafness, hirsutism, the body, and vision. Particularly issues such as 'agency', 'voice' and 'body' are explored in terms of their political implications.

The transaction cost economics theory of the family firm: family-based human asset specificity and the bifurcation bias

We develop a transaction cost economics theory of the family firm, building upon the concepts of family-based asset specificity, bounded rationality, and bounded reliability. We argue that the prosperity and survival of family firms depend on the absence of a dysfunctional bifurcation bias. The bifurcation bias is an expression of bounded reliability, reflected in the de facto asymmetric treatment of family vs. nonfamily assets (especially human assets). We propose that absence of bifurcation bias is critical to fostering reliability in family business functioning. Our study ends the unproductive divide between the agency and stewardship perspectives of the family firm, which offer conflicting accounts of this firm type's functioning. We show that the predictions of the agency and stewardship perspectives can be usefully reconciled when focusing on how family firms address the bifurcation bias or fail to do so.

Globalization, Agency, and Institutional Innovation: The Rise of Public-Private Partnerships in Global Governance

Public and private actors increasingly cooperate in global governance, a realm previously reserved for states and intergovernmental organizations (IOs). This trend raises fascinating theoretical questions. What explains the rise in public-private institutions and their role in international politics? Who leads such institutional innovation and why? To address the questions, this paper develops a theory of the political demand and supply of public-private institutions and specifies the conditions under which IOs and non-state actors would cooperate, and states would support this public-private cooperation. The observable implications of the theoretical argument are evaluated against the broad trends in public-private cooperation and in a statistical analysis of the significance of demand and supply-side incentives in public-private cooperation for sustainable development. The study shows that public-private institutions do not simply fill governance gaps opened by globalization, but cluster in narrower areas of cooperation, where the strategic interests of IOs, states, and transnational actors intersect.

Resilience as protagonism: interpersonal relationships, cultural practices, and personal agency among working adolescents in Brazil

A visual methods study was conducted with 16 at-risk youth living in a mid-sized Brazilian city. In this study, we focus on data obtained from four of those youth who were working adolescents, aged 13-15, and identify contextually specific protective processes associated with resilience. Through a reciprocal process of collaborative research that included observation, photo elicitation, video recording of a 'day in the life' of each youth, and semi-structured interviews, youth and researchers co-constructed an understanding of adaptive coping in a particularly challenging social environment. By employing techniques from grounded theory to analyze the data, we identified a pattern of protagonism among these youth that enabled them to maintain well-being despite exploitation as working children. This conceptualization of protagonism as a protective process has implications for human service workers who intervene to improve the living conditions of working children. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.

Light emission and current rectification in a molecular device: Experiment and theory

We have investigated optical and transport properties of the molecular structure 2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-phenylethynyl-cyclopenta-2,4-dienol experimentally and theoretically. The optical spectrum was calculated using Hartree-Fock-intermediate neglect of differential overlap-configuration interaction model. The experimental photoluminescence spectrum showed a peak around 470nm which was very well described by the modeling. Electronic transport measurements showed a diode-like effect with a strong current rectification. A phenomenological microscopic model based on non-equilibrium Green's function technique was proposed and a very good description electronic transport was obtained. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4767457]

Adsorption of NO on the Rh-13, Pd-13, Ir-13, and Pt-13 Clusters: A Density Functional Theory Investigation

The adsorption of NO on transition-metal (TM) surfaces has been widely studied by experimental and theoretical techniques; however, our atomistic understanding of the interaction of nitrogen monoxide (NO) with small TM clusters is far from satisfactory, which compromises a deep understanding of real catalyst devices. In this study, we report a density functional theory study of the adsorption properties of NO on the TM13 (TM = Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt) clusters employing the projected augmented wave method. We found that the interaction of NO with TM13 is much more complex than that for NO/TM(111). In particular, for low symmetry TM13 clusters, there is a strong rearrangement of the electronic charge density upon NO adsorption and, as a consequence, the adsorption energy shows a very complex dependence even for adsorption sites with the same local effective coordination. We found a strong enhancement of the binding energy of NO to the TM13 clusters compared with the TM(111) surfaces, as the antibonding NO states are not occupied for NO/TM13, and the general relationship based on the d-band model between adsorption energy and the center of gravity of the occupied d-states does not hold for the studied TM13 clusters, in particular, for clusters with low symmetry. In contrast with the adsorption energy trends, the geometric NO/TM13 parameters and the vibrational N-O frequencies for different coordination sites follow the same trend as for the respective TM(111) surfaces, while the changes in the frequencies between different surfaces and TM13 clusters reflect the strong NO-TM13 interaction.

Density Functional Theory (DFT) Study of Edaravone Derivatives as Antioxidants

Quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory were employed for the structure-activity relationship and prediction of the antioxidant activity of edaravone and structurally related derivatives using energy (E), ionization potential (IP), bond dissociation energy (BDE), and stabilization energies(Delta E-iso). Spin density calculations were also performed for the proposed antioxidant activity mechanism. The electron abstraction is related to electron-donating groups (EDG) at position 3, decreasing the IP when compared to substitution at position 4. The hydrogen abstraction is related to electron-withdrawing groups (EDG) at position 4, decreasing the BDECH when compared to other substitutions, resulting in a better antioxidant activity. The unpaired electron formed by the hydrogen abstraction from the C-H group of the pyrazole ring is localized at 2, 4, and 6 positions. The highest scavenging activity prediction is related to the lowest contribution at the carbon atom. The likely mechanism is related to hydrogen transfer. It was found that antioxidant activity depends on the presence of EDG at the C-2 and C-4 positions and there is a correlation between IP and BDE. Our results identified three different classes of new derivatives more potent than edaravone.

Platinum-Based Nanoalloys PtnTM55-n (TM=Co, Rh, Au): A Density Functional Theory Investigation

Structural and electronic properties of the PtnTM55-n (TM = Co, Rh, Au) nanoalloys are investigated using density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation and employing the all-electron projected augmented wave method. For TM = Co and Rh, the excess energy, which measures the relative energy stability of the nanoalloys, is negative for all Pt compositions. We found that the excess energy has similar values for a wide range of Pt compositions, i.e., n = 20-42 and n = 28-42 for Co and Rh, respectively, with the core shell icosahedron-like configuration (n = 42) being slightly more stable for both Co and Rh systems because of the larger release of the strain energy due to the smaller atomic size of the Co and Rh atoms. For TM = Au, the excess energy is positive for all compositions, except for n = 13, which is energetically favorable due to the formation of the core-shell structure (Pt in the core and Au atoms at the surface). Thus, our calculations confirm that the formation of core-shell structures plays an important role to increase the stability of nanoalloys. The center of gravity of the occupied d-states changes almost linearly as a function of the Pt composition, and hence, based on the d-band model, the magnitude of the adsorption energy of an adsorbate can be tuned by changing the Pt composition. The magnetic moments of PtnCo55-n decrease almost linearly as a function of the Pt composition; however, the same does not hold for PtRh and PtAu. We found an enhancement of the magnetic moments of PtRh by a few times by increasing Pt composition, which we explain by the compression effects induced by the large size of the Pt atoms compared with the Rh atoms.

Capitals and capabilities: linking structure and agency to reduce health inequalities

While empirical evidence continues to show that low socio-economic position is associated with less likely chances of being in good health, our understanding of why this is so remains less than clear. In this paper we examine the theoretical foundations for a structure-agency approach to the reduction of social inequalities in health. We use Max Weber's work on lifestyles to provide the explanation for the dualism between life chances (structure) and choice-based life conduct (agency). For explaining how the unequal distribution of material and non-material resources leads to the reproduction of unequal life chances and limitations of choice in contemporary societies, we apply Pierre Bourdieu's theory on capital interaction and habitus. We find, however, that Bourdieu's habitus concept is insufficient with regard to the role of agency for structural change and therefore does not readily provide for a theoretically supported move from sociological explanation to public health action. We therefore suggest Amartya Sen's capability approach as a useful link between capital interaction theory and action to reduce social inequalities in health. This link allows for the consideration of structural conditions as well as an active role for individuals as agents in reducing these inequalities. We suggest that people's capabilities to be active for their health be considered as a key concept in public health practice to reduce health inequalities. Examples provided from an ongoing health promotion project in Germany link our theoretical perspective to a practical experience.