Actividades de la Secretaría de la CEPAL relacionadas con la integración de la mujer en el desarrollo económico y social de América Latina y el Caribe desde el 1o de junio de 1991 hasta el 31 de mayo de 1994 = Activities of the ECLAC Secretariat from 1 June 1991 to 31 May 1994 relating to the integration of women into the economic and social development of Latin America and the Caribbean

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Actividades de la Secretaría de la CEPAL con relación a la integración de la mujer en el desarrollo económico y social de América Latina y el Caribe desde el 1o de mayo hasta el 15 de noviembre de 1990 = Activities of the ECLAC Secretariat in the area of the integration of women into the economic and social development of Latin America and the Caribbean, 1 May-15 November 1990

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Actividades de la Secretaría de la CEPAL relacionadas con la integración de la mujer en el desarrollo económico y social de América Latina y el Caribe desde el 1 de julio de 1988 hasta el 31 de mayo de 1991 = Activities of the ECLAC Secretariat from 1 July 1988 to 31 May 1991 relating to the integration of women into the economic and social development of Latin America and the Caribbean

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Actividades de la Secretaría de la CEPAL relacionadas con la integración de la mujer en el desarrollo económico y social de América Latina y el Caribe desde el 1o de junio de 1991 hasta el 31 de mayo de 1992 = Activities of the ECLAC Secretariat from 1 June 1991 to 31 May 1992 relating to the integration of women into the economic and social development of Latin America and the Caribbean

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Nicaragua: las inundaciones de mayo de 1982 y sus repercusiones sobre el desarrollo económico y social del país = Nicaragua: the May 1982 floods and their repercussions on the economic and social development of the country

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Remarks to the Meeting of Experts on the Crisis of Development in Latin America, Santiago, Chile, April 29-May 3, 1985

Documento disponible en otra edición (INT-2123)

Cardiovascular risk factors impair native collateral development and may impair efficacy of therapeutic interventions

Animal and early clinical studies of gene therapy for tissue ischaemia suggested that this approach might provide benefit to patients with coronary artery disease not amenable to traditional revascularization. This enthusiasm was then tempered by the subsequent disappointing results of randomized clinical trials and led researchers to develop strategies using progenitor cells as an alternative to improve collateral function. However, the recent publication of several randomized clinical trials reporting either negative or weakly positive results using this approach have led to questions regarding its effectiveness. There are several factors that need to be considered in explaining the discordance between the positive studies of such treatments in animals and the disappointing results seen in randomized patient trials. Aside from the practical issues of arteriogenic therapies, such as effective delivery, vascular remodelling is an extraordinarily complex process, and the administration of a single agent or cell in the hope that it would lead to lasting physiological effects may be far too simplistic an approach. In addition, however, evidence now suggests that many of the traditional cardiovascular risk factors-such as age and hypercholesterolemia-may impair the host response not only to ischaemia but, critically, also to treatment as well. This review discusses the evidence and mechanisms for these observations and highlights future directions that might be taken in an effort to provide more effective therapies.

Competition between noggin and bone morphogenetic protein 4 activities may regulate dorsalization during Xenopus development.

Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) induces ventral mesoderm but represses dorsal mesoderm formation in Xenopus embryos. We show that BMP-4 inhibits two signaling pathways regulating dorsal mesoderm formation, the induction of dorsal mesoderm (Spemann organizer) and the dorsalization of ventral mesoderm. Ectopic expression of BMP-4 RNA reduces goosecoid and forkhead-1 transcription in whole embryos and in activin-treated animal cap explants. Embryos and animal caps overexpressing BMP-4 transcribe high levels of genes expressed in ventral mesoderm (Xbra, Xwnt-8, Xpo, Mix.1, XMyoD). The Spemann organizer is ventralized in these embryos; abnormally high levels of Xwnt-8 mRNA and low levels of goosecoid mRNA are detected in the organizer. In addition, the organizer loses the ability to dorsalize neighboring ventral marginal zone to muscle. Overexpression of BMP-4 in ventral mesoderm inhibits its response to dorsalization signals. Ventral marginal zone explants ectopically expressing BMP-4 form less muscle when treated with soluble noggin protein or when juxtaposed to a normal Spemann organizer in comparison to control explants. Endogenous BMP-4 transcripts are downregulated in ventral marginal zone explants dorsalized by noggin, in contrast to untreated explants. Thus, while BMP-4 inhibits noggin protein activity, noggin downregulates BMP-4 expression by dorsalizing ventral marginal zone to muscle. Noggin and BMP-4 activities may control the lateral extent of dorsalization within the marginal zone. Competition between these two molecules may determine the final degree of muscle formation in the marginal zone, thus defining the border between dorsolateral and ventral mesoderm.

Transfer of Pattern Recall Skills May Contribute to the Development of Sport Expertise

Superior recall of domain-specific patterns is well established as a defining attribute of expert performers. Recent studies on the developmental histories of expert team ball sport players (e.g. Baker, Côté, & Abernethy, 2003a) also suggest that experts characteristically receive exposure to a wide range of sports in their developing years and that this related sports experience may reduce the amount of sport-specific training needed to become an expert. This study examined whether the facilitation of expertise associated with other sport experience might arise from positive transfer of pattern recall skills from one sport to another. Expert netball, basketball and field hockey players and experienced non-experts performed a recall task for patterns of play derived from each of these sports. Experts from sports different to those shown in the presented pattern consistently outperformed non-experts in their recall of defensive player positions, suggesting some selective transfer of pattern recall skills may indeed be possible