U(2) flavor physics without U(2) symmetry

We present a model of fermion masses based on a minimal, non-Abelian discrete symmetry that reproduces the Yukawa matrices usually associated with U(2) theories of flavor. Mass and mixing angle relations that follow from the simple form of the quark and charged lepton Yukawa textures are therefore common to both theories. We show that the differing representation structure of our horizontal symmetry allows for new solutions to the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems that do not involve modification of the original charged fermion Yukawa textures, or the introduction of sterile neutrinos. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.

Rhetorics and Practices of Modernisation in Russian Industry: a Reflective Analysis of Organisational Cultures in Transition

This research was based on the results of a case study of a large confectionery factory in the Russian city of Samara. The concept of paternalism is clear in many features of the life of Russian enterprises, including the rhetoric and strategy of the management, relationships within the labour force and the stereotypical expectations of workers. The concept also has a much wider bearing, embracing the spheres of state policy, the social, and family relationships, that is every sphere of social life in which the patriarchal, communal, stereotyped way of thinking of the Soviet people is reproduced. A substantial proportion of the state's role in providing social protection for the population is carried out through enterprises. In spite of low salaries and the absence of career opportunities, female workers were as strongly attached to the enterprise as to their homes. Romanov's research showed how the development of capitalism in industries in Russia is destroying the cultural and social identities of female workers and is contributing to gender inequality. Interpersonal relations are becoming increasingly utilitarian and distant and the basic features of the patriarchal type of administrative control are becoming blurred. This control is becoming more subtle, but gender segregation is preserved in the new framework and indeed becoming more obvious, being reproduced both at the departmental level and in the hiring policy of the enterprise as a whole.

Relations between the attentional blink and aspects of psychometric intelligence: A fixed-links modeling approach

The attentional blink phenomenon (AB) represents impaired identification of the second of two targets presented in rapid succession within a stream of stimuli. Despite the well-known association between attentional processes and psychometric intelligence (PI), evidence for a relationship between AB and PI is highly inconsistent. Theory and empirical findings suggest AB to be multifaceted. Hence, relations between AB and PI may be blurred when AB is measured as a single process. Furthermore, different aspects of PI might be differentially related to AB. The present study explored the relationship between processes underlying AB and general PI as well as specific aspects of PI (Reasoning, Speed, Memory, and Creativity) in 201 female students. Fixed-links modeling revealed three processes underlying AB: (1) a U-shaped process positively related to Speed and negatively related to Memory but unrelated to Reasoning, Creativity, and general PI, (2) an increasing process positively related to Reasoning, Speed, Memory, and general PI but not to Creativity, and (3) a decreasing process positively related to general PI and Memory but not to other aspects of PI. Our findings demonstrate that dissociating processes underlying AB and considering specific aspects of PI is required to understand the relationship between AB and PI.

A 350 ka record of climate change from Lake El'gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic: refining the pattern of climate modes by means of cluster analysis

Abstract. Rock magnetic, biochemical and inorganic records of the sediment cores PG1351 and Lz1024 from Lake El’gygytgyn, Chukotka peninsula, Far East Russian Arctic, were subject to a hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis in order to refine and extend the pattern of climate modes as defined by Melles et al. (2007). Cluster analysis of the data obtained from both cores yielded similar results, differentiating clearly between the four climate modes warm, peak warm, cold and dry, and cold and moist. In addition, two transitional phases were identified, representing the early stages of a cold phase and slightly colder conditions during a warm phase. The statistical approach can thus be used to resolve gradual changes in the sedimentary units as an indicator of available oxygen in the hypolimnion in greater detail. Based upon cluster analyses on core Lz1024, the published succession of climate modes in core PG1351, covering the last 250 ka, was modified and extended back to 350 ka. Comparison to the marine oxygen isotope (�18O) stack LR04 (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005) and the summer insolation at 67.5� N, with the extended Lake El’gygytgyn parameter records of magnetic susceptibility (�LF), total organic carbon content (TOC) and the chemical index of alteration (CIA; Minyuk et al., 2007), revealed that all stages back to marine isotope stage (MIS) 10 and most of the substages are clearly reflected in the pattern derived from the cluster analysis.

Intergenerational support: A comparison between Russian and German adult daughters

The aim of this study is a Russian-German cross-cultural comparison of the actual support and the readiness for support that adult daughters give to their parents as well as of the conditions for this support. Compared to Russia, Germany can be characterized by a more individualistic value system and a fully developed social-welfare system. Therefore, the extent of intergenerational support should be less in Germany than in Russia. Furthermore, the study attempts to test if the support-related differences between the two countries are mediated by differences in cultural values. The participants were German and Russian adult daughters who at the same time were mothers of adolescent children. The cross-cultural comparisons showed that compared to their German counterparts, Russian adult daughters reported more current support as well as a higher readiness for future support. These differences were mediated through a higher emotional interdependence (intimacy) of the Russian adult daughters, as well as through their considerably higher family values and norm-oriented motives for support. The results are discussed with regard to theoretical approaches regarding parent-child relations and the culture-specific meaning of intergenerational support in Russia and Germany.

The relations between Arabs and Israelites prior to the rise of Islam

D. S. Margoliouth

Attitudes and Beliefs of Pig Farmers and Wild Boar Hunters Towards Reporting of African Swine Fever in Bulgaria, Germany and the Western Part of the Russian Federation

This study investigated the attitudes and beliefs of pig farmers and hunters in Germany, Bulgaria and the western part of the Russian Federation towards reporting suspected cases of African swine fever (ASF). Data were collected using a web-based questionnaire survey targeting pig farmers and hunters in these three study areas. Separate multivariable logistic regression models identified key variables associated with each of the three binary outcome variables whether or not farmers would immediately report suspected cases of ASF, whether or not hunters would submit samples from hunted wild boar for diagnostic testing and whether or not hunters would report wild boar carcasses. The results showed that farmers who would not immediately report suspected cases of ASF are more likely to believe that their reputation in the local community would be adversely affected if they were to report it, that they can control the outbreak themselves without the involvement of veterinary services and that laboratory confirmation would take too long. The modelling also indicated that hunters who did not usually submit samples of their harvested wild boar for ASF diagnosis, and hunters who did not report wild boar carcasses are more likely to justify their behaviour through a lack of awareness of the possibility of reporting. These findings emphasize the need to develop more effective communication strategies targeted at pig farmers and hunters about the disease, its epidemiology, consequences and control methods, to increase the likelihood of early reporting, especially in the Russian Federation where the virus circulates

The Aramaic of the Old Testament : a grammatical and lexical study of its relations with other early Aramaic dialects

by H. H. Rowley

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 42 - Korrespondenzen u.a. mit Kurt Pinthus (p. I 21, 1-130)

1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Pierre van Paassen, 31.01.1944; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Frederick M. Padelford, 25.03.1941; 1 Exposé und Beilage von Karl O. Paetel sowie sowie Briefwechsel mit Karl A. Wittfogel; 2 Briefe zwischen Karl A. Wittfogel und Margot von Mendelssohn, 01.06.1941, 04.06.1941; 2 Briefe von Max Horkheimer an D. D. Paige, August 1944; 2 Briefe zwischen Maria Pape und Max Horkheimer, 23.07.1949, 29.07.1949; 1 Brief von Fritz Pappenheim an Max Horkheimer, 11.03.1939; 2 Briefe zwischen Claire Patek-Hohenadl und Max Horkheimer, 18.02.1945, 02.03.1945; 4 Briefe zwischen Wilhelm Pauck und Max Horkheimer, 1938; 2 Briefe von Max Horkheimer an Thomas Peardon, September 1941; 2 Briefe zwischen Christine Peck und Max Horkheimer, 01.02.1944, 16.02.1944; 2 Briefe zwischen Alexander H. Pekelis und Max Horkheimer, 20.10.1941, 29.10.1941; 4 Briefe zwischen Pendle Hill Wallingford und Max Horkheimer, 21.05.1940, 1940; 1 Einladung von The People Lobby an Max Horkheimer, April 1937; 1 Brief von Franz L. Neumann an Selig Perlman, 08.10.1941; 2 Briefe zwischen Florence Pfleger und Max Horkheimer, 30.10.1944, 06.11.1944; 2 Briefe zwischen The Philharmonic-Symphony Society of New York und Max Horkheimer, 11.06.1936, 22.06.1936; 2 Briefe zwischen Philosophical Library New York und Max Horkheimer, 09.09.1941; 2 Briefe von Max Horkheimer an Donald A. Piatt, Oktober 1940; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Alfred Pinkus, 27.08.1942; 20 Briefe und Beilage zwischen Kurt Pinthus und Max Horkheimer, 1940-1942; 1 Brief von Friedrich Pollock an das American Consul General Berlin, 20.05.1941; 1 Brief von Friedrich Pollock an den National Refugee Service New York, 30.04.1941; 4 Briefe zwischen The Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars, New York und Friedrich Pollock, 27.09.1940-1941; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an John Simon Guggeheim von der Memorial Foundation, 08.11.1940; 3 Brief zwischen Robert Plank und Max Horkheimer, 12.07.1944, 1944; 4 Briefe und 1 Beilage zwischen Richard S. Plant und Max Horkheimer, Januar 1939; 2 Briefe zwischen Caroline S. Platt und Max Horkheimer, 06.05.1942, 08.05.1942; 1 Brief und 2 Beilagen vom Pledge for Peace Committee New York an Max Horkheimer, 10.04.1944; 1 Brief vom Popular Publications, Inc. New York an Mein, 23.10.1939; 2 Briefe von Else Heim an die Popular Publikations, Inc. New York, 1939; 1 Brief und 1 Beilage von Frederick Pollock an Leonard Powers, 03.06.1941; 2 Briefe zwischen S. Pressburger udn Max Horkheimer, 18.06.1939, 05.07.1939; 2 Briefe zwsichen dem Preston Hotel, Swampscott und Max Horkheimer, 28.04.1937, 08.05.1937; 1 Brief von Lucio José F. Weil an das Preston Hotel, Swampscott, 25.06.1936; 5 Briefe zwischen F. V. Preve und Max Horkheimer, 1937; 4 Briefe zwischen Rena Proulx und Max Horkheimer, 1934, 1937; 2 Briefe zwischen dem Psychatry Journal of the Biology and the Pathology of Interpersonal Relations Washington und Max Horkheimer, 21.08.1939, 11.09.1939;

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 14 - Korrespondenzen u.a. mit Hugo Fischer und Karl August Wittfogel (p. I 7, 224-429)

1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Rosel Favez, 03.12.1935; 5 Briefe zwischen Sidney B. Fay von der Bureau of International Search Cambridge, Massachusetts und Max Horkheimer, 1939-1941; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an James Feibleman, 02.03.1942; 5 Briefe von Hans Feibelmann an Max Horkheimer, 1936-1937; 2 Briefe zwischen Babette Feigenbaum und Max Horkheimer, 29.04.1941, 05.05.1941; 1 Brief von Arthur Feiler an Max Horkheimer, 15.10.1939; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Adolf Feitler, 03.01.1935; 3 Briefe zwischen Frederick V. Filed von dem American Council Institute of Pacific Relations und Max Horkheimer, 1937, 05.04.1937; 9 Briefe zwischen Thea Field, Lowell Field und Max Horkheimer, 1935-1941; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Finkelstein, 18.09.1941; 7 Briefe zwischen Harry Finkelstein und Max Horkheimer, 1936-1940; 1 Brief von Louis Finkelstein an Robert MacIver, 29.05.1940; 2 Briefe zwischen Louis Finkelstein und Max Horkheimer, 06.06.1940, 04.06.1940; 15 Briefe zwischen Hugo Fischer und Max Horkheimer, 1937-1938; 1 Brief von Hugo Fischer an P. Tillich; 1 Brief von Hugo Fischer an Karl A. Wittfogel, 17.06.1940; 2 Briefe von Max Horkheimer an Ernest Manheim, April 1942; 1 Brief von Alexander Farquharson an Max Horkheimer, 20.01.1940; 3 Briefe zwischen dem Institute of International Education, New York Edgar J. Fisher und Max Horkheimer, Oktober 1938, 18.10.1938; 10 Briefe zwischen Paul Fischer und Max Horkheimer, 1938-1940; 2 Briefe zwischen der Hessian Hills School New York und Max Horkheimer, 21.02.1938, 28.02.1938; 2 Briefe zwischen Dorothy Canfield Fisher und Max Horkheimer, 24.01.1939, 19.01.1939; 1 Brief von Ossip K. Flechtheim an Max Horkheimer, 04.01.1941; 2 Briefe zwischen der University of Minnesota, Minneapolis und Max Horkheimer, 02.08.1945, 15.09.1945; 3 Briefe zwischen Leo Löwenthal und Max Horkheimer, 1943-1945, 17.08.1945; 2 Briefe zwischen der University of Denver, Colorado und Max Horkheimer, 11.05.1943, 28.05.1943; 1 Brief von dem Institute Universitaire De Hautes Etudes Internationales Genf an Max Horkheimer, 25.01.1939; 1 Brief von Hans Kelsen an Max Horkheimer, 30.01.1939; Lebenslauf und 2 Empfehlungsschreiben von Max Fleischmann für Prof. Edwin Borchard; 1 Brief von der Columbia University in the City of New York an Franz Neumann, 17.04.1940; 3 Briefe zwischen Philipp Flesch und Max Horkheimer, 26.03.1940, 1939-1940; 17 Briefe zwischen Babette Fletcher, Theo Fletcher und Max Horkheimer, 1941-1950; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Abraham Flexner, 07.06.1939; 1 Brief von Robert Fließ an Max Horkheimer, 24.10.1938; 1 Brief von der Foreign Policy Association New York an Max Horkheimer, 03.11.1934; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Rudolf Forster, 10.01.1940; 2 Briefe von der Fortune Time & Life Building New York und Max Horkheimer, 1938-1940; 4 Briefe zwischen Siegmund H. Foulkes (Fuchs) und Max Horkheimer, 1936-1937, 31.12.1936; 5 Briefe zwischen Elsie M. Foulstone und Max Horkheimer, 1941; 1 Brief von Mary Fox an Max Horkheimer, 09.12.1938; 5 Briefe zwischen Ernst Fraenkel und Max Horkheimer, 1936-1938; 1 Heiratsanzeige Liesl Frank; 7 Briefe zwischen Philipp Frank und Max Horkheimer, 1937-1939; 6 Briefe zwischen Lothar G. Frank und Max Horkheimer, 1941; 7 Briefe zwischen Felix Frankfurter und Max Horkheimer, 1937-1941; 2 Briefe zwischen Joseph Freeman und Max Horkheimer, 22.11.1944; 1 Brief von der Free Synagogue New York an Max Horkheimer, 14.11.1938; 2 Briefe zwsichen Benjamin Freilichmann und Max Horkheimer, 07.01.1939, 23.01.1939; 2 Briefe zwischen dem Frenkel Travel Service New York und Max Horkheimer, 21.02.1936, 23.02.1936; 2 Briefe zwischen Hugo Freund und Max Horkheimer, 14.11.1938, 18.11.1938; 2 Briefe zwischen Julius A. Jr. Freynick und Max Horkheimer, 11.09.1939, 18.09.1939;

Psychological inquiries : in an series of essays, intended to illustrate the mutual relations of the physical organization and the mental faculties

by Sir Benjamin C. Brodie

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 687 - "Experimental Movie Project", "The Police and Minority Groups" u.a. (p. IX 150.1-17 - IX 152.1-2)

"Experimental Movie Project" (1945-46):; 1. "Below the Surface", Drehbuch des Testfilms, a) als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 46 Blatt, b) als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 26 Blatt, c) als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 26 Blatt, d) als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 26 Blatt "Experimental Movie Project" (1945-46): Memoranden zum Test; 2. 'Notes' 25.4.1946, Typoskript, 1 Blatt; 3. "Memorandum on Experimental Movie Project", 19.4.1946. Typoskript, 3 Blatt; 4. "Memorandum re: 'Below the Surface" (Juli 1945). Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 5. Dore Schary und Allen Rivkin: 'Memorandum, Subject: New Suggested Treatment for 'Below the Surface'", 13.7.1945. Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 6. Hans Richter: "Report about the film script 'Below the surface'", 7. u. 8.7.1945, a) Typoskript, 1 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 1 Blatt; 7. Hans Richter: Bestätigung der Vereinbarung mit dem American Jewish Committee, 3.7.1945. Typoskript, 1 Blatt; 8. "Notes and Suggestions re Experimental Motion Picture", Juni 1945. Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 9. Siegfried Kracauer; "Suggestions for the Dialogue" (4.4.1945). Typoskript, 3 Blatt; 10. "Motion Picture", März 1945. Typoskript, 5 Blatt; 11. "Project on a Test film", a) Typoskript, 4 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 5 Blatt; 12. "Memorandum re: 'Below the Surface'", a) Typoskript, 3 Blatt, b) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen von Theodor W. Adorno, 3 Blatt; "Experimental Movie Project" (1945-46): Korrespondenz zum Test-Film-Projekt:; 13. Friedrich Pollock: 1 Brief an Max Horkheimer, Santa Monica, California, 12.10.1945; 14. Theodor W. Adorno: 2 Briefe an Max Horkheimer, Los Angeles und Santa Monica, California, 1945; 15. Joseph M. Proskauer: 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer, o.O., 29.6.1945, 1 Brief mit Unterschrift an Max Horkheimer, o.O., o.D., 3 Blatt; 16. Alexander Hackenschmied, 1 Brief mit Unterschrift an Max Horkheimer, New York, 19.6.1945, 1 Blatt; 17. Gilbert Gabriel: 1 Brief von John Slawson, o.O., 22.3.1945, 2 Blatt; "The Police and Minority Groups" (1946):; 1. "The Police and Minority Groups". Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 2. Robert W. Kenny: "Police and Minority Groups - an Experiment". Als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 17 Blatt; 3. Davis McEntire, Robert B. Powers: "Police Training Bulletin. A Guide to Race Relations for Police Officers", State of California, 1946, 38 Seiten; Max Horkheimer: "Memorandum on a Study of Race Hatred in Post-War Germany" (1946):; 1. Memorandum, a) Typoskript, 8 Blatt, b) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen und handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 6 Blatt, c) Typoskript, 5 Blatt, d) Teilstück, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 1 Blatt e) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 5 Blatt, f) Teilstück, Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 2 Blatt, g) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 7 Blatt, h) Teilstück, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen und Ergänzungen, 1 Blatt, i) Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 2. Theodor W. Adorno: "Ad Memorandum Neumann", Manuskript, 3 Blatt;

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 690 - Materialien zu Forschungsprojekten über Antisemitismus u.a. (p. IX 157 - IX 163.1-9)

"Beitrag des Instituts für Sozialforschung zu dem Forschungsprojekt über Autorität" (3.1.1951). Typoskript, 5 Blatt; "Reactions to the Antisemitic Incidents in January 1960. A Pilot Study in Frankfurt am Main. Summary of Procedure and Results" (1960). Typoskript, 6 Blatt (= Alt.Sig. IX 234.13 a); "Proposal for International Study of Anti-Semitism" (1960):; 1. American Jewish Committee: Luncheon Meeting, May 25, 1960, Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 2. American Jewish Committee, Institute of Human Relations: "The JDA Agencies and Germany" (17.5.1960). Als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 32 Blatt; Exzerpte aus Werken über Antisemitismus, Literaturlisten (etwa 1933-46):; 1. Everett R. Clinchy, Typoskript, 1 Blatt; 2. Paul K. Hatt, Typoskript, 3 Blatt; 3. John Moffat Mecklin, Typoskript, 3 Blatt; 4. Conrad Henry Moehlman, Typoskript, 4 Blatt; 5. Maurice Samuel, Typoskript, 5 Blatt; 6. Milton Steinberg, Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 7. "General Literature on Antisemitism", Liste, Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Ergänzungen, 1 Blatt; 8. "Bibliography" zum Judentum, 15 Blatt; 9. Literaturliste, handschriftliche Notizen, 9 Blatt; 10. Literaturliste, eigenhändige Notizen von Max Horkheimer, 1 Blatt; 11. Literaturliste, 1 Blatt; 12. Zitate zum Judentum aus Zeitschriften, 1 Blatt; Memorandum zum Antisemitismus (1944-48):; 1. S. Andhil Fineberg: "Notes on 'A Mask for Privilege' by Carey McWilliams", als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 4 Blatt; Carey McWilliams: "Memorandum" (8.5.1948), Typoskript, 3 Blatt; Lawrence Bloomgarden und S.A. Fineberg: "In Reply to Carey McWilliams Memorandum of May 8th", Typoskript, 3 Blatt; 2. Rundbriefe der American Jewish Sociological Society, 1944, als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 4 Blatt; 3. Bericht über einen Vortrag von Wladimir Eliasberg über Antisemitismus, Typoskript, 1 Blatt; Abschriften und Übersetzungen aus Zeitungsartikeln über Antisemitismus (1939-43):; 1. "A Note on Anti-Semitism", aus: The New Statesman and Nation (13.3.1939), Typoskript, 7 Blatt; 2. Abschriften aus deutschen und englischen Zeitungen, 1939, Typoskript, 1 Blatt; 3. "A Homility of the Bishop of Cremona" (Übersetzung aus: Osservatore Romano) 1939. Typoskript, 18 Blatt; Veröffentlichungen über Antisemitismus, Vorurteil, Demagogie (1941-63):; 1. Earl Raab und Seymour M. Lipset: "Prejudice and Society", Freedom Pamphlet Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith (New York 1963), 48 Seiten; 2. Committee on Education, Training and Research in Race Relations of the University of Chicago: Bulletin, Nr. 1, 30.6.1948, 55. Seiten; 3. Solomon Andhil Fineberg: "Checkmate for Rabble-Rousers. What to Do When the Demagogue Comes to Town", Sonderdruck aus Commentary, Vol. 2, 1946 und eine Broschüre, 20 Seiten; 4. Kurt Lewin: "A new Approach to Old Problems", aus: Congress Week, 19.1.1945, 2 Blatt; 5. Eric A. Johnston: "Intolerance", New York, 11.1.1945, Heft, 8 Blatt; 6. Philip Wylie: "Memorandum on Anti-Semitism", aus: American Mercury, Januar 1945, 5 Blatt; 7. S.I. Hayakawa: "Race and Words", aus: Common Sense, Juli 1943, 3 Blatt; 8. David Riesman: "The Politics of Persecution". Als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 21 Blatt; 9. James P. Gifford, Frank D. Schroth, Maximilian Moss, Edward A. Richards, Samuel J. Levinson, Thomas G. Grace: "Anti-Semitism. It's Causes and Cures", New York, 1941, 30 Seiten;

Evaluating the U.S. Global Health Policy Initiative

In understanding that the efforts made in improving global health affects the health of U.S. citizens, a policy analysis of President Barak Obama's Global Health Initiative was conducted. Using materials gathered from experts in the field of health and their findings and recommendations, paired with the current policies of other G8 countries that pledged to support the efforts of improving global health, the analysis was conducted using four specifically defined criteria. The set criteria determine the appropriateness, responsiveness, effectiveness and equity of Obama's GHI in comparison to other G8 country health policies and overall global health priorities. G8 countries without a specific global health policy, or with a policy that was not in English were excluded from this study and Switzerland, headquarters of the World Health Organization, was added due to its membership in the OECD, and the fact that it has a specific foreign health policy. In evaluating the U.S. Global Health Initiative it is clear that in terms of implementing foreign policy specific to health, the United States is on the forefront alongside the United Kingdom and Switzerland. Other G8 Countries have pledged monies and in order to Millennium Development Health Goals by 2015. The U.S. Global Health Policy does not address issues necessary to meet Millennium Development Goals in Health. Instead the Global Health Initiative is focused narrowly on Fighting and rolling back the HIV/Aids Epidemic based on President Bush's PEPFAR policy. Policy recommendations for a more effective and efficient Global Health Initiative include building upon the PEPFAR policy foundation in order to strengthen health systems worldwide, allowing individuals and communities to combat unnecessary death and disease through research, education, and other preventative methods.^