Aspectos oceanográficos durante la evaluación del recurso merluza (Cr. BIC SNP-1, 9505-06)

Describe las características frías entre Callao - Talara, por la intensidad del afloramiento costero, el cual se ha observado con valores menores de 18ºC, 35,05 00/00 y 4.00 ml/l de temperatura, salinidad y oxígeno, respectivamente. Algunos rezagos de Aguas Subtropicales Superficiales (ASS) se manifiestan cerca de la costa, frente a Pimentel y Punta Aguja -Talara. Un frente Ecuatorial (FE) muy marcado se presentó entre Talara - Cabo Blanco, con temperatura de 18 a 25 °C y salinidades de 35,1 a 34,0‰. La extensión Sur de la Corriente de Cromwell (ESCC) se encuentra fortalecida dentro de las 40 mn entre Paita-Punta Aguja, y debilitada por fuera de las 50 mn frente a Salaverry. La temperatura y el oxígeno a nivel de la profundidad de pesca variaron de 11,78 a 16,24° C y 0,14 a 1,55 mL/L, respectivamente.

Las comunidades benticas entre los 03º y 09º S en mayo de 1995 (Cr. BIC SNP-1, 9505-06)

Estudio de la estructura de las comunidades bentónicas sublitorales de fondo blando mediante el análisis de 11 muestras de draga colectadas entre los 03°38 ' y 09°16 'S, entre el 12 y 19 de mayo de 1995. Se determinó la biodiversidad a nivel de especies de macrobentos para las subáreas A, B, C, D. Se evaluó el nivel de similaridad entre las 11 estaciones analizadas a nivel de grupos taxonómicos (Polychaeta, Crustacea, Mollusca, Nemertinea y otros), así como la relación entre el nivel de estrés de las comunidades de las subáreas latitudinales A, B, C, D y la agremiación en el grupo dominante (Polychaeta). Fueron diferenciadas un total de 73 especies macrobénticas de las cuales el 64,38% pertenece a la clase Polychaeta. El patrón de distribución de las biomasas totales del macrobentos es más simple que el de las abundancias, con una tendencia a la ubicación de los valores máximos al norte de los 04° S. Se comprueba una relación inversa entre el grado de agremiación y el nivel de estrés medido con el índice SEP.

Características del subsistema demersal durante el crucero de evaluación del recurso merluza (Cr. BIC SNP-1, 9505-06)

Describe la composición por especies de las capturas obtenidas durante la etapa de evaluación del crucero BIC SNP-1 9505-06, entre el 10 de mayo al 13 de junio de 1995, comprendiendo desde Huarmey hasta Puerto Pizarro. Se capturaron 80 especies entre peces (64), crustáceos (10), moluscos (4), equinodermos (1). La mayor diversidad de especies se encontró al norte de los 6°S (subáreas A, B, C, D); se destaca una disminución hacia el sur de este paralelo.

Características biológicas de la merluza y otras especies demersales en otoño de 1995 (Cr. BIC SNP-1, 9505-06)

Se analizan las características biológicas de la merluza, vocador y cabrilla observándose diferencias respecto al invierno de 1994, para la misma área de estudio. La merluza presentó una distribución latitudinal estratificada por tamaños, ubicándose los ejemplares más pequeños al sur de 7° S y los más grandes al norte de éste. El rango de tamaños estuvo entre 10 y 77 cm de longitud total, con una moda en 22 cm y otra en 34 cm. Predominaron los ejemplares de 1 y 2 años de edad. La longitud promedio de los machos por área varió entre 23,4 y 36,3 cm y en las hembras entre 22,8 y 49,7 cm. El proceso de maduración sexual se presentó algo adelantado al norte de los 6° S. La alimentación de merluza estuvo constituida por 24 tipos de presa, siendo los grupos de peces y crustáceos dos de mayor importancia, destacando Engraulis ringens, Euphausia mucronata y la misma merluza.

Comentario general sobre el desarrollo del crucero de evaluación del recurso merluza en invierno de 1996. Cr. BIC SNP-1 9607-08

Describe los aspectos metodológicos aplicados en el desarrollo del crucero de evaluación del recurso merluza en invierno de 1996, consistente en dos etapas: un rastreo acústico basado en un muestréo sistemático con lances de comprobación y una evaluación por área barrida propiamente dicha. Así mismo, presenta la estructura y nivel de la población de merluza, las condiciones oceanográficas y la estructura del subsistema demersal.

Report CR-A-219-B - Cabo Verde Estudo do Sector Agrícola

A. A Singularidade de Cabo Verde Cabo Verde e unica entre a familia de na90es. ~ uma republica de ilhas (Fig. 1.1) suficientemente distanciadas umas das outras e do continente africano (600 km) para dissuadir visitas imprevistas ou fortuitas. Seu isolamento serviu para fortalecer sua singular cultura crioula, porem a cllsta de contactos frequentes com influencias e inforrna90es externas. Cabo Verde e muito pequeno. Sua popula9ao de 300.000 habitantes, que mal chegaria para tornar uma cidade auto-suficiente num complexo industrial, esta dividida entre nove ilhas. A capital, Praia, conta somente com 23.000 habitantes, e e, essencialmente, urna pequena e simpatica cidade onde a maior parte dos vercursos pode ser feita a pe e onde encontros casuais entre funcionarios do governo sao provavelmente tao irnportantes quanto os formais meios de comunica9ao pelo telefone ou por escrito. Cabo Verde e tambem pequeno ern termos de area territorial, embora ocupe urna area relativamente grande de ocea~o. Sua superficie total e pouco mais de 4.000 km2 , porem suas nove ilhas principais estao espalhadas por uma POr9aO grande, quadrangular, do Atlantico medindo aproximadamente 240 qUilometros de urn lado. A superficie total (nao incluindo partes da plataforma continental que se estende para alem do litoral externo das ilhas) e comparavel as republicas de Togo ou Sri Lanka, ou cerca de metade da Guatemala. A nao ser pelo servi90 de barcas entre Fogo e Brava, e entre Sao Vicente e Santo Antao, as ilhas estao demasiado distantes entre si para urn conveniente transporte maritimo. Avioes sao, portanto, essenciais as comunica90es e trafego entre as ilhas, embora para transac90es lentas e volurnosas 0 transporte maritimo, seja por embarca90es a vela ou a motor, e sempre urna alternativa devido aos ventos constantes e condi90es atmosfericas geralmente boas.

Crucero de investigaciones sobre el recurso calamar gigante o pota a bordo del BIC SNP-1. CR.9510-11 Chicama - Pto. Pizarro

Indica los acondicionamiento al BIC SNP-1 para la pesca del calamar y los resultados obtenidos entre la zona de Chicama hasta Pto. Pizarro, en octubre y noviembre de 1995. Asimismo, presenta los resultados de la aplicación del método de captura con máquinas calamareras, sistema de luces y sistema de anclaje y de los muestreos oceanográficos, acústicos y biológicos-pesqueros.

Structural characterization of laser-treated Cr3C2-NiCr coatings

The interconnected porosity of the Cr3C2-NiCr coatings obtained by high-velocity oxy fuel spraying is detrimental in corrosion and wear resistance applications. Laser treatments allow sealing of their surfaces through melting and resolidification of a thin superficial layer. A Nd:YAG laser beam was used to irradiate Cr3C2-NiCr coatings either in the continuous wave mode or at different repetition rates in the pulsed one. Results indicated that high peak and low mean laser irradiances are not good, since samples presented deep grooves and an extensive crack network. At low peak and higher mean laser irradiances the surface was molten, and only a few shallow cracks were observed. The interconnected porosity was completely eliminated in a layer up to 80 m thick, formed by large Cr7C3 grains imbedded in a NiCr matrix.

Influence of cassette type on the DQE of CR systems.

In our recent paper by Monnin et al. [Med. Phys. 33, 411-420 (2006)], an objective analysis of the relative performance of a computed radiography (CR) system using both standard single-side (ST-VI) and prototype dual-side read (ST-BD) plates was reported. The presampled modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectrum (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) for the systems were determined at three different beam qualities representative of paediatric chest radiography, at an entrance detector air kerma of 5 microGy. Experiments demonstrated that, compared to the standard single-side read system, the MTF for the dual-side read system was slightly reduced, but a significant decrease in image noise resulted in a marked increase in DQE (+40%) in the low spatial frequency range. However, the DQE improvement for the ST-BD plate decreased with increasing spatial frequency, and, at spatial frequencies above 2.2 mm(-1), the DQE of the dual-side read system was lower than that of the single-side one.

Hydroxyapatite coatings grown by pulsed laser deposition with a beam of 355 nm wavelength

Calcium phosphate coatings, obtained at different deposition rates by pulsed laser deposition with a Nd:YAG laser beam of 355-nm wavelength, were studied. The deposition rate was changed from 0.043 to 1.16 /shot by modification of only the ablated area, maintaining the local fluence constant to perform the ablation process in similar local conditions. Characterization of the coatings was performed by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffractometry, and infrared, micro-Raman, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The coatings showed a compact surface morphology formed by glassy gains with some droplets on them. Only hydroxyapatite (HA) and alpha-tricalcium phosphate (alpha-TCP) peaks were found in the x-ray diffractograms. The relative content of alpha TCP diminished with decreasing deposition rates, and only HA peaks were found for the lowest rate. The origin of alpha TCP is discussed.

Structural characterization of laser-treated Cr3C2-NiCr coatings

The interconnected porosity of the Cr3C2-NiCr coatings obtained by high-velocity oxy fuel spraying is detrimental in corrosion and wear resistance applications. Laser treatments allow sealing of their surfaces through melting and resolidification of a thin superficial layer. A Nd:YAG laser beam was used to irradiate Cr3C2-NiCr coatings either in the continuous wave mode or at different repetition rates in the pulsed one. Results indicated that high peak and low mean laser irradiances are not good, since samples presented deep grooves and an extensive crack network. At low peak and higher mean laser irradiances the surface was molten, and only a few shallow cracks were observed. The interconnected porosity was completely eliminated in a layer up to 80 m thick, formed by large Cr7C3 grains imbedded in a NiCr matrix.

Roughness and light scattering of ion-beam-sputtered fluoride coatings for 193 nm

Scattering characteristics of multilayer fluoride coatings for 193 nm deposited by ion beam sputtering and the related interfacial roughnesses are investigated. Quarter- and half-wave stacks of MgF2 and LaF3 with increasing thickness are deposited onto CaF2 and fused silica and are systematically characterized. Roughness measurements carried out by atomic force microscopy reveal the evolution of the power spectral densities of the interfaces with coating thickness. Backward-scattering measurements are presented, and the results are compared with theoretical predictions that use different models for the statistical correlation of interfacial roughnesses.

Procedure to characterize microroughness of optical thin films: application to ion-beam-sputtered vacuum-ultraviolet coatings

A method for characterizing the microroughness of samples in optical coating technology is developed. Measurements over different spatial-frequency ranges are composed into a single power spectral density (PSD) covering a large bandwidth. This is followed by the extraction of characteristic parameters through fitting of the PSD to a suitable combination of theoretical models. The method allows us to combine microroughness measurements performed with different techniques, and the fitting procedure can be adapted to any behavior of a combined PSD. The method has been applied to a set of ion-beam-sputtered fluoride vacuum-UV coatings with increasing number of alternative low- and high-index layers. Conclusions about roughness development and microstructural growth are drawn.

Ultraviolet optical and microstructural properties of MgF2 and LaF3 coatings deposited by ion-beam sputtering and boat and electron-beam evaporation

Single layers of MgF2 and LaF3 were deposited upon superpolished fused-silica and CaF2 substrates by ion-beam sputtering (IBS) as well as by boat and electron beam (e-beam) evaporation and were characterized by a variety of complementary analytical techniques. Besides undergoing photometric and ellipsometric inspection, the samples were investigated at 193 and 633 nm by an optical scatter measurement facility. The structural properties were assessed with atomic-force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, TEM techniques that involved conventional thinning methods for the layers. For measurement of mechanical stress in the coatings, special silicon substrates were coated and analyzed. The dispersion behavior of both deposition materials, which was determined on the basis of various independent photometric measurements and data reduction techniques, is in good agreement with that published in the literature and with the bulk properties of the materials. The refractive indices of the MgF2 coatings ranged from 1.415 to 1.440 for the wavelength of the ArF excimer laser (193 nm) and from 1.435 to 1.465 for the wavelength of the F2 excimer laser (157 nm). For single layers of LaF3 the refractive indices extended from 1.67 to 1.70 at 193 nm to ~1.80 at 157 nm. The IBS process achieves the best homogeneity and the lowest surface roughness values (close to 1 nmrms) of the processes compared in the joint experiment. In contrast to MgF2 boat and e-beam evaporated coatings, which exhibit tensile mechanical stress ranging from 300 to 400 MPa, IBS coatings exhibit high compressive stress of as much as 910 MPa. A similar tendency was found for coating stress in LaF3 single layers. Experimental results are discussed with respect to the microstructural and compositional properties as well as to the surface topography of the coatings.