Thymus Celakivskyanus

Von Max Schulze

A novel role for neural crest cells in thymus organogenesis

Classical ablation studies have shown that neural crest cells (NCC) are critical for thymus organogenesis, though their role in this process has never been determined. We have used a mouse model deficient in NCC near the thymus rudiment to investigate the role of NCC in thymus organogenesis. Splotch mice exhibit a lack of NCC migration due to mutation in the gene encoding the transcription factor Pax 3. Homozygous mutants, designated Pax3Sp/Sp, display a range of phenotypes including spina bifida, cardiac outflow tract deformities, and craniofacial deformities. Pax3Sp/Sp, mice have also been reported to have hypoplastic and abnormal thymi, which is consistent with the expected result based on the classical ablation studies. However, in contrast to the dogma, we find that the thymus lobes in Pax3Sp/Sp, mice are even larger in size than those of littermate controls, although they fail to migrate and are therefore ectopic. Differentiation of the thymic epithelial compartments occurs normally, including the ability to import hematopoietic precursors, until the embryos die at embryonic day E13.0. We also investigated the patterning of the third pharyngeal pouch which gives rise to both the thymus and the parathyroid. Using RNA probes to detect expression of transcription factors exclusively expressed in the ventral, thymus- or dorsal, parathyroidfated domains of the E11.5 third pouch, we show that the parathyroid domain is restricted and the thymus-fated domain is expanded in Pax3Sp/Sp, embryos. Furthermore, mixing of the boundary between these domains occurs at E12.0. These results necessitate reconsideration of the previously accepted role for NCC in thymus organogenesis. NCC are not required for outgrowth of the thymus up to E13.0, and most strikingly, we have discovered a novel role for NCC in establishing parathyroid versus thymus fate boundaries in the third pharyngeal pouch. ^

A cohort study of occupational asbestos-exposure related neoplasms in Texas Gulf Coast area

A cohort study was conducted in Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast area on individual workers who have been exposed to asbestos for 15 years or more. Most of these workers were employed in petrochemical industries. Of the 15,742 subjects initially selected for the cohort study, 3,258 had positive chest X-ray findings believed to be related to prolonged asbestos exposure. These subjects were further investigated. Their work out included detailed medical and occupational history, laboratory tests and spirometry. One thousand eight-hundred and three cases with positive chest X-ray findings whose data files were considered complete at the end of May 1986 were analyzed and their findings included in this report.^ The prevalence of lung cancer and cancer of the following sights: skin, stomach, oropharyngeal, pancreas and kidneys were significantly increased when compared to data from Connecticut Tumor Registry. The prevalence of other chronic conditions such as hypertension, emphysema, heart disease and peptic ulcer was also significantly high when compared to data for the U.S. and general population furnished by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). In most instances the occurrence of cancer and the chronic ailment previously mentioned appeared to follow 15-25 years of exposure to asbestos. ^

Effects of thymus size and involution on the contribution of recent thymic emigrants to the peripheral T cell pool

The contribution of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) to the peripheral naïve T cell population is necessary to maintain diversity of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and produce immune responses against newly encountered antigens. The thymus involutes with age, after irradiation or chemotherapy, and due to severe viral infections. Thymus involution results in decreased thymopoiesis and RTE output leading to a reduced diversity of peripheral T cells. This increases susceptibility to disease and impairs immune responsiveness to vaccines. Therefore, studies aimed at maintaining or regenerating thymic function are integral for maintaining and restoring peripheral TCR diversity. Mice that express a K5.CyclinD1 transgene expression have a severely hyperplastic thymus that fails to undergo involution. Both thymocyte and TEC development appear normal in these mice. We have used the K5.CyclinD1 transgenic model to test the hypothesis that preventing thymus involution will sustain RTE output and incorporation into the peripheral T cell pool to prevent naïve T cell depletion with age. The K5.CyclinD1 transgene was crossed to the RAG2p-GFP transgenic model so that RTEs could be tracked by the intensity of the GFP signal. The frequency and number of RTEs in naïve CD4 splenic T cells was analyzed at monthly intervals to 5 months of age. Using this double transgenic approach, we determined that preventing thymus involution does maintain or enhance the number of RTEs in the peripheral T cell pool before and after thymus involution.

Expression of p53, {\it * ras\/} and PCNA in human colonic neoplasms: Possible biomarkers of malignant potential

Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality and early detection can significantly improve the clinical outcome. Most colorectal cancers arise from benign neoplastic lesions recognized as adenomas. Only a small percentage of all adenomas will become malignant. Thus, there is a need to identify specific markers of malignant potential. Studies at the molecular level have demonstrated an accumulation of genetic alterations, some hereditary but for the most occurring in somatic cells. The most common are the activation of ras, an oncogene involved in signal transduction, and the inactivation of p53, a tumor suppressor gene implicated in cell cycle regulation. In this study, 38 carcinomas, 95 adenomas and 20 benign polyps were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for the abnormal expression of p53 and ras proteins. An index of cellular proliferation was also measured by labeling with PCNA. A general overexpression of p53 was immunodetected in 66% of the carcinomas, while 26% of adenomas displayed scattered individual positive cells or a focal high concentration of positive cells. This later was more associated with severe dysplasia. Ras protein was detected in 37% of carcinomas and 32% of adenomas mostly throughout the tissue. p53 immunodetection was more frequent in adenomas originating in colons with synchronous carcinomas, particularly in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis and it may be a useful marker in these cases. Difference in the frequency of p53 and ras alterationbs was related to the location of the neoplasm. Immunodetection of p53 protein was correlated to the presence of a mutation in p53 gene at exon 7 and 5 in 4/6 carcinomas studied and 2 villous adenomas. Thus, we characterized in adenomas the abnormal expression of two proteins encoded by the most commonly altered genes in colorectal cancer. p53 alteration appears to be more specifically associated with transition to malignancy than ras. By using immunohistochemistry, a technique that keeps the architecture of the tissue intact, it was possible to correlate these alterations to histopathological characteristics that were associated with higher risks for transformation: villous content, dysplasia and size of adenoma. ^

Tuning of activation thresholds explains flexibility in the selection and development of T cells in the thymus

Immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes expressing T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) are selected by TCR-mediated recognition of peptides associated with major histocompatibility complex molecules on thymic stromal cells. Selection ensures reactivity of the mature cells to foreign antigens and tolerance to self. Although much has been learned about the factors that determine whether a thymocyte with a given specificity will be positively or negatively selected, selection as an aspect of the developmental process as a whole is less well-understood. Here we invoke a model in which thymocytes tune their response characteristics individually and dynamically in the course of development. Cellular development and selection are driven by receptor-mediated metabolic perturbations. Perturbation is a measure of the net intracellular change induced by external stimulation. It results from the integration of several signals and countersignals over time and therefore depends on the environment and the maturation stage of the cell. Individual cell adaptation limits the range of perturbations. Such adaptation renders thymocytes less sensitive to the level of stimulation per se, but responsive to environmental changes in that level. This formulation begins to explain the mechanisms that link developmental and selection events to each other.

Thymus transplantation, a critical factor for correction of autoimmune disease in aging MRL/+mice.

MRL/MP-+/+ (MRL/+) mice develop pancreatitis and sialoadenitis after they reach 7 months of age. Conventional bone marrow transplantation has been found to be ineffective in the treatment of these forms of apparent autoimmune disease. Old MRL/+ mice show a dramatic thymic involution with age. Hematolymphoid reconstitution is incomplete when fetal liver cells (as a source of hemopoietic stem cells) plus fetal bone (FB; which is used to recruit stromal cells) are transplanted from immunologically normal C57BL/6 donor mice to MRL/+ female recipients. Embryonic thymus from allogeneic C57BL/6 donors was therefore engrafted along with either bone marrow or fetal hematopoietic cells (FHCs) plus fragments of adult or fetal bone. More than seventy percent of old MRL/+ mice (> 7 months) that had been given a fetal thymus (FT) transplant plus either bone marrow or FHCs and also bone fragments survived more than 100 days after treatment. The mice that received FHCs, FB, plus FT from allogeneic donors developed normal T cell and B cell functions. Serum amylase levels decreased in these mice whereas they increased in the mice that received FHCs and FB but not FT. The pancreatitis and sialoadenitis already present at the time of transplantations were fully corrected according to histological analysis by transplants of allogeneic FHCs, FB and FT in the MRL/+ mice. These findings are taken as an experimental indication that perhaps stem cell transplants along with FT grafts might represent a useful strategy for treatment of autoimmune diseases in aged humans.

Prolactin increases CD4/CD8 cell ratio in thymus-grafted congenitally athymic nude mice.

One distinctive effect on T-cell development was analyzed by selectively increasing serum prolactin (PRL) concentration in thymus-grafted congenitally athymic nude mice and by neutralizing PRL in suspension cultures of thymus from 1-day-old neonatal mice. Flow cytometric analysis of single-positive CD4+ and CD8+ cells derived from inguinal lymph nodes revealed a CD4/CD8 cell ratio of 2.2 +/- 0.18 (mean +/- SEM) in thymus-grafted nude mice that is similar to the ratio for immune-competent BALB/c mice (2.0 +/- 0.06). Addition of the pituitary to thymus-grafted nude mice significantly elevated serum PRL (P < 0.005) and increased the CD4/CD8 cell ratio (2.8 +/- 0.12; P < 0.005), demonstrating preferential stimulation of CD4+ cell development. T cells in nude mice receiving sham (submandibular salivary gland) or pituitary grafts alone were below detectable levels. Suspension cultures of neonatal thymus treated with anti-mouse PRL antiserum resulted in 20% and 30% decreases in double-positive CD4+8+ thymocytes and thymocyte viability, respectively. A 10-fold increase in double-negative CD4-8- thymocytes expressing the interleukin 2 receptor alpha chain, CD25, was also observed concurrently. Our findings illustrate an important way in which PRL may participate in two interrelated mechanisms: the regulation of peripheral single-positive cells and the maintenance of thymocyte viability during the double-positive stage of intrathymic differentiation.

Inhibition of acute in vivo human immunodeficiency virus infection by human interleukin 10 treatment of SCID mice implanted with human fetal thymus and liver.

To improve the usefulness of in vivo mode for the investigation of the pathophysiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we modified the construction of SCID mice implanted with human fetal thymus and liver (thy/liv-SCID-hu mice) so that the peripheral blood of the mice contained significant numbers of human monocytes and T cells. After inoculation with HIV-1(59), a primary patient isolate capable of infecting monocytes and T cells, the modified thy/liv-SCID-hu mice developed disseminated HIV infection that was associated with plasma viremia. The development of plasma viremia and HIV infection in thy/liv-SCID-hu mice inoculated with HIV-1(59) was inhibited by acute treatment with human interleukin (IL) 10 but not with human IL-12. The human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in these modified thy/liv-SCID-hu mice were responsive to in vivo treatment with exogenous cytokines. Human interferon gamma expression in the circulating human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was induced by treatment with IL-12 and inhibited by treatment with IL-10. Thus, these modified thy/liv-SCID-hu mice should prove to be a valuable in vivo model for examining the role of immunomodulatory therapy in modifying HIV infection. Furthermore, our demonstration of the vivo inhibitory effect of IL-10 on acute HIV infection suggests that further studies may be warranted to evaluate whether there is a role for IL-10 therapy in preventing HIV infection in individuals soon after exposure to HIV such as for children born to HIV-infected mothers.

Human neoplasms elicit multiple specific immune responses in the autologous host.

Expression of cDNA libraries from human melanoma, renal cancer, astrocytoma, and Hodgkin disease in Escherichia coli and screening for clones reactive with high-titer IgG antibodies in autologous patient serum lead to the discovery of at least four antigens with a restricted expression pattern in each tumor. Besides antigens known to elicit T-cell responses, such as MAGE-1 and tyrosinase, numerous additional antigens that were overexpressed or specifically expressed in tumors of the same type were identified. Sequence analyses suggest that many of these molecules, besides being the target of a specific immune response, might be of relevance for tumor growth. Antibodies to a given antigen were usually confined to patients with the same tumor type. The unexpected frequency of human tumor antigens, which can be readily defined at the molecular level by the serological analysis of autologous tumor cDNA expression cloning, indicates that human neoplasms elicit multiple specific immune responses in the autologous host and provides diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to human cancer.

Linfoma renale del gatto:rilievi anatomopatologici, immunofenotipizzazione delle popolazioni linfocitarie ed espressione tissutale dell'antigene virale FeLV gp70.

Riassunto Il linfoma è una delle neoplasie più diffuse nel gatto. Questa neoplasia è stata classificata in base alla localizzazione anatomica nella forma Mediastinica (che interessa il timo e/o i linfonodi mediastinici), Alimentare, Multicentrica (che interessa diversi linfonodi e/o la milza e/o il fegato, Extranodale (che coinvolge i reni, SNC o la cute). Le cellule neoplastiche sono caratterizzate da diverse sottopopolazioni, che sono definite tramite immunofenotipizzazione ottenuta mediante tecniche immunoistochimiche (IHC), così che possano essere classificate come cellule B o T o non B/non T. I gatti infetti dal virus della leucemia felina (FeLV, Gammaretrovirus) presentano elevata incidenza di linfomi rispetto ai gatti non infetti. I meccanismi proposti di sviluppo neoplastico sono mutagenesi inserzionali o stimolazione persistente delle cellule immunitarie dell’ospite da parte di antigeni virali, i quali possono promuovere la trasformazione in senso maligno dei linfociti. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è stato esaminare i rilievi patologici, l’espressione di FeLV e l’immonofenotipo (B, T, nonB/nonT) nei reni felini affetti da linfoma. Abbiamo effettuato colorazione Ematossilina- Eosina ed Immunoistochimica per FeLV gp70, CD3 e CD79. Nello studio sono stati inclusi i tessuti di 49 gatti presentati all’Unità Operativa di Anatomia Patologica e Patologia Generale del Dipartimento di Scienze Medico Veterinarie dell’Università degli studi di Parma. Il 39% dei casi (19/49) sono caratterizzati dalla presenza di lesioni linfomatose a livello renale. Questa popolazione è costituita dal 52,6% 3 (10/19) maschi e dal 47,4% (9/19) femmine. L’età è compresa tra 8 mesi e 17 anni ed in particolare 26,6% (5/19) sono giovani (0-2 anni), 47,4% (9/19) sono adulti (2-10 anni) e 26,3% (5/19) sono anziani (>10 anni). Per quanto riguarda la classificazione anatomica la forma renale appare primitiva in 5 casi (25%), in 8 casi (42%) appare secondaria a linfomi multicentrici, in 3 casi (15,7%) a linfomi mediastinici e in altri 3 casi (15,7%) a linfomi gastrici e intestinali. Per quanto riguarda l’immunofenotipizzazione sono risultati CD3 positivi il 73,7% (14/19) e CD3 negativi il 27,3% (5/19); CD79 alpha positivi il 26,3% (5/19) e CD79 alpha negativi il 73,7% (14/19); l’espressione della proteina gp70 è stata individuata nel 78,9% (15/19) delle neoplasie renali, mentre il 21,1% (4/19) non presentava espressione della proteina. Nei 4 anni presi in considerazione nello studio si evince un’elevata incidenza della localizzazione anatomica renale sul totale di linfomi osservati. Non si è notata correlazione statistica tra linfomi renali, età e sesso dei soggetti presi in esame ma vi è un’elevata percentuale di animali adulti ed anziani affetti dalla patologia. Nella valutazione fenotipica dell’infiltrato neoplastico si è osservata l’elevata espressione di CD3, caratterizzando i linfociti come appartenenti alla sottopopolazione T. Inoltre si è evidenziato come un elevato numero di cellule neoplastiche esprimano gp70; ciò permette di affermare che i linfociti neoplastici sono infettati dal virus FeLV, il quale inoltre è in attiva replicazione. I marker CD3 e gp70 sono risultati fortemente correlati statisticamente; si può affermare perciò che l’espansione clonale dei linfociti T è correlata alla presenza e replicazione del virus.

Lesões em DNA promovidas por produtos de oxidação do β-caroteno: possíveis implicações biológicas

Apesar de diversos estudos in vitro e em populações indicarem um efeito protetor do β-caroteno em sistemas biológicos, estudos epidemiológicos como o \"The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study\" (ATBC) e o \"The Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial\" (CARET) mostraram um aumento na incidência de câncer pulmonar em indivíduos fumantes suplementados com β-caroteno. Essa ação contraditória tem sido chamada na literatura de \"Paradoxo do β-Caroteno\". Sabe-se que este carotenóide sob altas pressões de oxigênio ou na presença de peróxidos pode sofrer oxidação e levar a formação de compostos como aldeídos, epóxidos, etc, que são capazes de se adicionarem covalentemente ao DNA. Estudos, in vitro e in vivo têm demonstrado a possibilidade de os metabólitos do β-caroteno agirem como agentes pró-carcinogênicos. Estes agentes quando ativados quimicamente podem levar à formação de adutos de DNA. Já se sabe que alguns desses adutos encontramse em níveis aumentados em diversas situações de risco de câncer. Diversos grupos, incluindo o nosso, têm demonstrado a formação de lesões em DNA a partir de aldeídos e epóxidos exógenos ou gerados endogenamente. O presente trabalho mostra que a reação do β-caroteno e dois de seus produtos de oxidação, retinal e β-apo-8\'-carotenal, com 2\'-desoxiguanosina e DNA leva à formação de adutos. Dentre os adutos formados, foi caracterizado o aduto 1,N2eteno-2\'-desoxiguanosina (1 ,N2-εdGuo). Os níveis de outro aduto de DNA, a 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2\'-deoxiguanosina (8-oxodGuo), também foram monitoradas para estudo comparativo. A formação dos adutos também foi verificada em fibroblastos normais de pulmão humano (linhagem IMR-90) expostos ao β-caroteno e aos seus produtos de oxidação. Experimentos com ratos suplementados com β-caroteno e expostos à fumaça de cigarro em períodos de 7, 30 e 180 dias, mostraram níveis aumentados de 1,N2-εdGuo nos animais suplementados com o carotenóide comparado ao grupo veículo. Aumento no nível de 8-oxodGuo também foi verificado nos tratamentos de 7 e 180 dias. Um aumento significativo no nível do eteno aduto também foi verificado nos animais suplementados com β-caroteno e expostos à fumaça de cigarro, comparado ao grupo apenas exposto à fumaça após 7 e 180 dias de exposição. Nestes mesmos grupos, o aumento do 8-oxodGuo só foi observado no tratamento por 180 dias. Sabendo que estas lesões são comprovadamente mutagênicas, nossos estudos podem contribuir para o esclarecimento dos mecanismos envolvidos na formação de câncer em fumantes suplementados ou não com β-caroteno.

Identification of genetic determinants associated with susceptibility and therapeutic efficacy in Philadelphia-negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

Poster presented at the Scientific Toxomics Meeting, 28 September 2015, Lisbon, Portugal.

Syllabus of dermal pathology. Course no. 3, Nevi and neoplasms.

Mode of access: Internet.

Current cancer research on endocrine neoplasms : epidemiology, etiology and related biology.

Prepared for the ICRDB Program by the Current Cancer Research Project Analysis Center.