Tuberculosis Mortality and Living Conditions in Bern, Switzerland, 1856-1950.

BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a poverty-related disease that is associated with poor living conditions. We studied TB mortality and living conditions in Bern between 1856 and 1950. METHODS We analysed cause-specific mortality based on mortality registers certified by autopsies, and public health reports 1856 to 1950 from the city council of Bern. RESULTS TB mortality was higher in the Black Quarter (550 per 100,000) and in the city centre (327 per 100,000), compared to the outskirts (209 per 100,000 in 1911-1915). TB mortality correlated positively with the number of persons per room (r = 0.69, p = 0.026), the percentage of rooms without sunlight (r = 0.72, p = 0.020), and negatively with the number of windows per apartment (r = -0.79, p = 0.007). TB mortality decreased 10-fold from 330 per 100,000 in 1856 to 33 per 100,000 in 1950, as housing conditions improved, indoor crowding decreased, and open-air schools, sanatoria, systematic tuberculin skin testing of school children and chest radiography screening were introduced. CONCLUSIONS Improved living conditions and public health measures may have contributed to the massive decline of the TB epidemic in the city of Bern even before effective antibiotic treatment became finally available in the 1950s.

Catharine Waugh McCullouch papers in the Mary Earhart Dillon collection, 1869-1945

Collection primarily documents McCulloch's research on women's legal status, and her work with the Illinois Equal Suffrage Association, the National American Woman Suffrage Association, and the League of Women Voters. There is also documentation of women in the legal profession, of McCulloch's friendships with the other women suffragists and lawyers, and some biographical material. The papers contain little information about her family or social life.

The fungi / by Frederick A. Wolf and Frederick T. Wolf.

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The fungi / by Frederick A. Wolf and Frederick T. Wolf.

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Los sellos postales del Uruguay; comunes, provisorios, oficiales, conmemorativos, de tasa y papel moneda, emitidos desde 1856 hasta 1914.

Mode of access: Internet.

Wisconsin statutes, 1915 /

Includes index.

At home and on the battlefield;

Appendices: I. Some account of Mary and Charlotte Stephenson (1771-1850; 1772-1853), sisters of Sir Benjamin Stephenson, written by their niece, Charlotte Augusta Stephenson (p. 363-370)--II. The romantic story of Mrs. George Coxe (1753-1843), told by her great-niece, Charlotte Augusta Stephenson (p. 371-377)

The magic of jewels and charms,

Mode of access: Internet.

The Silesian loan and Frederick the Great,

"Printed authorities quoted": p. xii.

Frederick the Great and his seven years war,

Mode of access: Internet.

Letters from high latitudes; being some account of a voyage in 1856 in the schooner yacht "Foam" to Iceland, Jan Meyen, and Spitzbergen;

Mode of access: Internet.

Memoirs of the life and correspondence of the Reverend Christian Frederick Swartz, to which is prefixed a Sketch of the history of Christianity in India /

Mode of access: Internet.

Frederick the Great and his court : an historical romance /

Tr. of Friedrich der Grosse und sein hof.

Battles of Saratoga, 1777; the Saratoga Monument Association, 1856-1891,

The battle of Saratoga.--History of the Saratoga Monument Association, 1856-1891.--Schuylerville.--A visit to the battle ground.--Visitor's guide to Saratoga Springs.