OCULAR SYPHILIS IN A KIDNEY TRANSPLANT RECIPIENT

We present a case of ocular syphilis after a renal transplantation involving progressive vision loss without clinically identifiable ocular disease. Electroretinography showed signs of ischemia, especially in the internal retina. A serological test was positive for syphilis. Lumbar puncture revealed lymphocytic meningitis and a positive serologic test for syphilis in the cerebrospinal fluid. The patient was treated with penicillin, and had a quick vision improvement. In the case of transplant recipients, clinicians should always consider the diagnosis of ocular syphilis in cases with unexplained visual acuity decrement, as this condition may cause serious complications if not treated.

Análise Retrospectiva e Caracterização Epidemiológica de 151 Casos de Inflamação Ocular

Objectivo: Analisar e caracterizar uma amostra de doentes de uma consulta de inflamação ocular. Material e Métodos: Análise retrospectiva de 503 consultas realizadas por um clínico entre 1 de Agosto de 2012 e 31 de Agosto de 2013 no Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central com recurso aos respectivos processos clínicos. Na análise da casuística da consulta foram incluídos 151 doentes. Desses, 24 padeciam de doenças auto-imunes em seguimento para monitorização de toxicidade a fármacos mas sem registo de qualquer episódio de uveíte, pelo que foram excluídos da avaliação estatística referente às uveítes. Dos 127 doentes com uveíte foram incluídos 197 olhos. Resultados: A média de idades foi de 53,8±16,5 anos, sendo 60% do sexo feminino e 40% masculino. A inflamação foi bilateral em 70 e unilateral em 57 doentes. O tipo de uveíte mais frequente foi a anterior (51,2%), seguida da panuveíte (21,3%), posterior (19,7%), intermédia (3,9%), episclerite (3,2%) e esclerite (0,8%). As etiologias foram agrupadas em: doenças sistémicas (34%), doenças infecciosas (30%), idiopáticas (27%) e patologias oculares específicas (9%). A acuidade visual média nos olhos com uveíte anterior foi 0.8, panuveíte 0.2, uveíte posterior 0.2, uveíte intermédia 0.7, episclerite e esclerite 1.0. Dos 197 olhos com uveíte, 27 (13,7%) foram submetidos a cirurgia de catarata e 5 (2,5%) a cirurgia de glaucoma. Conclusões: Apesar de se tratar de uma amostra relativamente pequena, reveste-se de importância dado ser fundamental conhecer a realidade em cada centro de referência de forma a optimizar os recursos disponíveis e a melhorar a abordagem clínica.

Ocular Pulse Amplitude and Doppler Waveform Analysis in Glaucoma Patients

PURPOSE: To determine the correlation between ocular blood flow velocities and ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) in glaucoma patients using colour Doppler imaging (CDI) waveform analysis. METHOD: A prospective, observer-masked, case-control study was performed. OPA and blood flow variables from central retinal artery and vein (CRA, CRV), nasal and temporal short posterior ciliary arteries (NPCA, TPCA) and ophthalmic artery (OA) were obtained through dynamic contour tonometry and CDI, respectively. Univariate and multiple regression analyses were performed to explore the correlations between OPA and retrobulbar CDI waveform and systemic cardiovascular parameters (blood pressure, blood pressure amplitude, mean ocular perfusion pressure and peripheral pulse). RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-two patients were included [healthy controls: 55; primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG): 74; normal-tension glaucoma (NTG): 63]. OPA was statistically different between groups (Healthy: 3.17 ± 1.2 mmHg; NTG: 2.58 ± 1.2 mmHg; POAG: 2.60 ± 1.1 mmHg; p < 0.01), but not between the glaucoma groups (p = 0.60). Multiple regression models to explain OPA variance were made for each cohort (healthy: p < 0.001, r = 0.605; NTG: p = 0.003, r = 0.372; POAG: p < 0.001, r = 0.412). OPA was independently associated with retrobulbar CDI parameters in the healthy subjects and POAG patients (healthy CRV resistance index: β = 3.37, CI: 0.16-6.59; healthy NPCA mean systolic/diastolic velocity ratio: β = 1.34, CI: 0.52-2.15; POAG TPCA mean systolic velocity: β = 0.14, CI 0.05-0.23). OPA in the NTG group was associated with diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate (β = -0.04, CI: -0.06 to -0.01; β = -0.04, CI: -0.06 to -0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Vascular-related models provide a better explanation to OPA variance in healthy individuals than in glaucoma patients. The variables that influence OPA seem to be different in healthy, POAG and NTG patients.

Tratamiento de la toxoplasmosis, observaciones en 112 pacientes

En los últimos 5 anos hemos tratado 112 casos de toxoplasmosis. La mayor parte presentaba abortos o coriorretinitis; algunos presentaban meningo-encefalitis, miocarditis y otras formas. Ocho por ciento de los pacientes presentaban dos cuadros anatomoclínicos de toxoplasmosis. Se administro en forma alterna pirimetamina, sulfametopirazina o espiramicina durante períodos prolongados, practicando reacción de Sabin y Feldman cada tres meses. La meta es negativizar la prueba serológica, la cual generalmente logramos. Clinicamente se aprecia curación al observar la desaparición de los fenômenos inflamatorios en el fondo del ojo, la desaparición de adenopatías u otros signos clínicos, ó el desarrollo de embarazos normales con productos normales en mujeres abortadoras. Considerando los graves problemas que hemos visto en hijos de madres con toxoplasmosis, preferimos tratar a éstas antes de nuevos embarazos.

Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii antigens with sera from toxoplasmosis patients

Some proteins of the Toxoplasma gondii are recognized by IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies in patients with acute and chronic toxoplasmosis, depending on the strain and stage of the Toxoplasma. Sixty-nine sera from immunocompetent individuals were studied through the Western-Blot Test: 20 has an acute infection, 29 has a chronic toxoplasmosis infection and 20 were healthy (seronegatives). The protein analysis revealed by IgG and IgM antibodies were performed through the Immunoplot method in order to know their recognition frequency (f) and be valued as infection markers. In the acute phase, the IgM antibodies showed a recognition frequency (f = 0.60) for the 60kDa protein, and in the chronic phase the IgG antibodies showed a recognition frequency (f = 0.68) for the 12kDa protein. Seronegatives revealed no type of band. The protein of 12kDa can be a diagnostic marker of the chronic phase while protein 60kDa of the acute phase of toxoplasmosis.

Soroepidemiologia da toxoplasmose e avaliação ocular pela Tela de Amsler, em pacientes da zona rural, atendidos na unidade de saúde do município de Jaguapitã, PR, Brasil

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a soroepidemiologia do T. gondii e relato de problemas oculares em pacientes da zona rural que procuraram a unidade de saúde de Jaguapitã, Paraná. Soros de 82 pacientes foram submetidos a reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta, para detectar a presença de anticorpos anti-T. gondii da classe IgG, sendo a soropositividade considerada para diluições 3 1:16. Problemas oculares foram avaliados através da Tela de Amsler. Dos 82 soros avaliados 68 (82,9%) foram sororeagentes a toxoplasmose e 14 (17,1%) não reagentes. Os títulos mais frequentes foram de 64 (23/33,8%) e 256 (16/23,5%), e os maiores títulos foram de 4096 (8/11,8%). O teste da Tela de Amsler revelou 22 (26,8%) pacientes que relataram algum tipo de alteração, sendo que o sexo masculino foi um fator de proteção em relação ao sexo feminino (OR = 0,21 0,04 < OR < 0,86 c2 = 4,98 p = 0,02). No presente estudo os fatores de risco avaliados pelo inquérito sócio cultural e epidemiológico não revelaram diferenças estatísticas significativas. Através do presente trabalho observou-se que o T. gondii encontra-se amplamente distribuído na população estudada.

Prenatal toxoplasmosis diagnosis from amniotic fluid by PCR

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common infections all over the world. Most cases are asymptomatic, except in immunosuppressed individuals and fetuses, which can be seriously damaged. Prenatal diagnosis should be made as soon as possible since treatment of the mother can minimize fetal sequelae. Our aim in this study was to test the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR) in 86 samples of amniotic fluid from women who seroconverted during pregnancy. DNA was amplified using external primers and, in a second step, internal primers, in a nested PCR system. Samples were also inoculated into mice and the newborn were evaluated by T. gondii serology, skull x-ray, transfontanel ultrasound, fundoscopic examination, lumbar puncture and clinical examination. PCR was positive in seven cases and negative in 79. Among PCR-positive cases, two were negative by inoculation into mice and by clinical evaluation; among PCR-negative ones, three had clinical evidence of toxoplasmosis and one was positive after inoculation into mice. PCR showed values of sensitivity = 62.5% and specificity = 97.4%; the values of inoculation into mice where 42.9% and 100%, respectively. Although PCR should not be used alone for prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis, it is a promising method and deserves more studies to improve its efficacy.

Toxoplasma antibody and stool parasites in public school children, Rolândia, Paraná, Brazil

The occurrence of toxoplasmosis and enteroparasitosis was studied in 434 children from elementary schools in the rural and urban areas of Rolândia, Paraná State, Brazil. Sera and fecal samples from all the students were submitted to IFA for Toxoplasma gondii and coproparasitological tests, respectively. The children were tested by Amsler grid and 72 of them were examined for the presence of lesions compatible with ocular toxoplasmosis. Some variables were tested but none showed increased risk for toxoplasmosis. The distribution according to sex and age and also same other variables are presented and discussed. Correlations between Amsler's grid test, toxoplama RIFI, occurrence of eyes lesions and enteroparasitosis are also considered.

Pesquisa de anticorpos anti Toxoplasma gondii em fluidos intra-oculares (humor vítreo e humor aquoso) de pacientes com toxoplasmose ocular, na cidade de Belém, PA

Foi realizada pesquisa de anticorpos IgG, IgM e IgA anti-Toxoplasma gondii no soro e fluidos intra-oculares (humor aquoso e vítreo) de pacientes com toxoplasmose ocular. A partir dos resultados obtidos verificou-se que anticorpos IgG e IgA intraocular anti-Toxoplasma gondii podem vir a ser importantes marcadores no diagnóstico de toxoplasmose ocular.

Serological screening and toxoplasmosis exposure factors among pregnant women in South of Brazil

Serological screening and evaluation of exposure factors for Toxoplasma gondii transmission were conducted in 2126 pregnant women from southern Brazil. Specific antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii were presented by 74.5% (n=1583) of the pregnant women evaluated. Contact with soil was found to be the major factor for infection.

An estimation of the frequency of gestational toxoplasmosis in the Brazilian Federal District

Acute infections by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy (gestational toxoplasmosis) are known to cause serious health problems to the fetus (congenital toxoplasmosis). In Brasília, there have been few studies on the incidence of toxoplasmosis. This report summarizes a retrospective study performed on 2,636 selected pregnant women attended by the public health system of Guará, a satellite-city of Brasília. In this survey, 17 cases of gestational toxoplasmosis were detected; 15 of which were primary maternal infection and the remaining 2 were consistent with secondary maternal infection. These results suggest an annual seroconversion rate of 0.64 percent (90 percent confidence interval: 0.38, 0.90).

Avaliação do sinal de dor à compressão do globo ocular nas síndromes meníngeas infecciosas

As síndromes meníngeas infecciosas se constituem em emergência médica, cujo diagnóstico clínico-epidemiológico deve ser prontamente estabelecido para início precoce da terapêutica adequada. Entretanto, em muitos casos os dados clínicos não são suficientes para se confirmar ou afastar esse diagnóstico. Por isso, o objetivo de avaliar o sinal de dor à compressão do globo ocular em 57 pacientes com suspeita de síndrome meníngea infecciosa, de ambos os sexos e com idade igual ou superior a quatro anos. A sensibilidade (34,5%), especificidade (78,6%) e valores preditivos positivo (62,5%) e negativo (53,7%) da dor à compressão do globo ocular foram semelhantes à rigidez de nuca, sendo boa (Kappa=0,65) a concordância entre os dois observadores independentes. A dor à compressão do globo ocular, em conjunto com outros achados clínicos, pode ser de grande valia no processo diagnóstico de pacientes com síndromes meníngeas infeciosas.

Avidity of IgG antibodies against excreted/secreted antigens of Toxoplasma gondii: immunological marker for acute recent toxoplasmosis

Detection of anti-toxoplasma IgM antibodies has frequently been used as a serological marker for diagnosing recently acquired toxoplasmosis. However, the persistence of these antibodies in some patients has complicated the interpretation of serological results when toxoplasmosis is suspected. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the avidity of IgG antibodies against excreted/secreted antigens of Toxoplasma gondii by means of immunoblot, to establish a profile for acute recent infection in a single serum sample and confirm the presence of residual IgM antibodies obtained in automated assays. When we evaluated the avidity of IgG antibodies against excreted/secreted antigens of Toxoplasma gondii by means of immunoblot, we observed phase-specific reactivity, i.e. cases of acute recent toxoplasmosis presented low avidity and cases of non-acute recent toxoplasmosis presented high avidity towards the 30kDa protein fraction, which probably corresponds to the SAG-1 surface antigen. Our results suggest that the avidity of IgG antibodies against excreted/secreted antigens of Toxoplasma gondii is an important immunological marker for distinguishing between recent infections and for determining the presence of residual IgM antibodies obtained from automated assays.