Financial Engineering Instruments and their Assessment Under EU State Aid Rules. Bruges European Economic Policy (BEEP) Briefing 26/2013

Financial engineering instruments such as guarantees, loans and equity are increasingly used in public funding of enterprises. These instruments have three attractive features: they are repayable, they “leverage” private involvement, and they have a multiplier effect because they generate new income. At the same time, however, they are technically complex and they are subject to state aid rules. Their assessment under EU state aid rules creates two additional problems. First, under certain conditions financial instruments may not contain state aid. This is when public authorities act as “private investors”. This means that state aid cannot be presumed to exist in all financial instruments. It must first be established through market analysis. Second, when state aid is found to be present it is not always possible to quantify it. For this reason the state aid rules that apply to financial instruments differ significantly from other rules. This paper reviews how financial instruments have been assessed by the European Commission and under which conditions the state aid they may contain can be considered to be compatible with the internal market. The paper finds that by and large Member States have succeeded to design measures that have all been approved by the Commission.

Facts to aid student consideration of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Formerly The Handbook for better student choice.

Grants-in-aid and other financial assistance programs administered by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

Mode of access: Internet.

Educational scholarships, loans, and financial aids.

Cover title.

The Federal Student Aid Information Center.

Mode of access: Internet.

A geographical hand book: or, A description of the different countries ... : also a concise outline of the principal cities, towns and villages of each, giving their kind of manufactures, population and notable events of history ... Adapted as an aid to the student of history /

Mode of access: Internet.

Parents of Illinois eighth graders : a survey of their knowledge about academic and financial planning for their child's education beyond high school /

Mode of access: Internet.

Adam's Latin grammar : with numerous additions and improvements, designed to aid the more advanced student by fuller elucidations of the Latin classics / by C.D. Cleveland.

Mode of access: Internet.

Outlines of oryctology. An introduction to the study of fossil organic remains; especially of those found in the British strata; intended to aid the student in his enquiries respecting the nature of fossils, and their connection with the formation of the earth.

Mode of access: Internet.

The student's manual : designed, by specific directions, to aid in forming and strengthening the intellectual and moral character and habits of the student /

Mode of access: Internet.

Abuses in federal student aid programs : hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session.

Hearings held Feb. 20, 1990-

Report on the Iowa College Student Aid Commission for the year ended June 30, 2015

Report on the Iowa College Student Aid Commission for the year ended June 30, 2015

Value-oriented process modeling : integrating financial perspectives into business process re-design

Purpose – Financial information about costs and return on investments are of key importance to strategic decision-making but also in the context of process improvement or business engineering. In this paper we propose a value-oriented approach to business process modeling based on key concepts and metrics from operations and financial management, to aid decision making in process re-design projects on the basis of process models. Design/methodology/approach – We suggest a theoretically founded extension to current process modeling approaches, and delineate a framework as well as methodical support to incorporate financial information into process re-design. We use two case studies to evaluate the suggested approach. Findings – Based on two case studies, we show that the value-oriented process modeling approach facilitates and improves managerial decision-making in the context of process re-design. Research limitations / implications – We present design work and two case studies. More research is needed to more thoroughly evaluate the presented approach in a variety of real-life process modeling settings. Practical implications – We show how our approach enables decision makers to make investment decisions in process re-design projects, and also how other decisions, for instance in the context of enterprise architecture design, can be facilitated. Originality/value – This study reports on an attempt to integrate financial considerations into the act of process modeling, in order to provide more comprehensive decision making support in process re-design projects.