128 resultados para Spice
Resumo:
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists or more commonly known as synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) were originally created to obtain the medicinal value of THC but they are an emerging social problem. SCs are mostly produced coated on herbal materials or in powder form and marketed under a variety of brand names, e.g. “Spice”, “K2”. Despite many SCs becoming controlled under drug legislation, many of them remain legal in some countries around the world. In Scotland, SCs are controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 that only cover a few early SCs. In Saudi Arabia, even fewer are controlled. The picture of the SCs-problem in Scotland is vague due to insufficient prevalence data, particularly that using biological samples. Whilst there is evidence of increasing use of SCs throughout the world, in Saudi Arabia, there is currently no data regarding the use of products containing SCs among Saudi people. Several studies indicate that SCs may cause serious toxicity and impairment to health therefore it is important to understand the scale of use within society. A simple and sensitive method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of 10 parent SCs (JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-250, JWH-200, AM-1248, UR-144, A-796260, AB-FUBINACA, 5F-AKB-48 and 5F-PB-22) in whole blood and 8 corresponding metabolites (JWH-018 4-OH pentyl, JWH-073 3-OH butyl, JWH-250 4-OH pentyl, AM-2201 4-OH pentyl, JWH-122 5-OH pentyl, JWH-210 5-OH pentyl, 5F-AKB-48 (N-4 OH pentyl), 5F-PB-22 3-carboxyindole)in urine using LLE and LC-MS/MS. The method was validated according to the standard practices for method validation in forensic toxicology (SWGTOX, May 2013). All analytes gave acceptable precision, linearity and recovery for analysing blood and urine samples. The method was applied to 1,496 biological samples, a mixture of whole blood and urine. Blood and/or urine samples were analysed from 114 patients presenting at Accident and Emergency in Glasgow Royal Infirmary, in spring 2014 and JuneDecember 2015. 5F-AKB-48, 5F-PB-22 and MDMB-CHMICA were detected in 9, 7 and 9 cases respectively. 904 urine samples from individuals admitted to/liberated from Scottish prisons over November 2013 were tested for the presence of SCs. 5F-AKB-48 (N-4 OH pentyl) was detected in 10 cases and 5F-PB-22 3-carboxyindole in 3 cases. Blood and urine samples from two post-mortem cases in Scotland with suspected ingestion of SCs were analysed. Both cases were confirmed positive for 5F-AKB-48. A total of 463 urine samples were collected from personnel who presented to the Security Forces Hospital in Ryiadh for workplace drug testing as a requirement for their job during July 2014. The results of the analysis found 2 samples to be positive for 5F-PB-22 3carboxyindole. A further study in Saudi Arabia using a questionnaire was carried out among 3 subpopulations: medical professionals, members of the public in and around smoking cafes and known drug users. With regards to general awareness of Spice products, 16%, 11% and 22% of those participants of medical professionals, members of the public in and around smoking cafes and known drug users, respectively, were aware of the existence of SCs or Spice products. The respondents had an overall average of 4.5% who had a friend who used these Spice products. It is clear from the results obtained in both blood and urine testing and surveys that SCs are being used in both Scotland and Saudi Arabia. The extent of their use is not clear and the data presented here is an initial look into their prevalence. Blood and urine findings suggest changing trends in SC use, moving away from JWH and AM SCs to the newer 5F-AKB-48, 5-F-PB-22 and MDMBCHMICA compounds worldwide. In both countries 5F-PB-22 was detected. These findings clarify how the SCs phenomenon is a worldwide problem and how the information of every country regarding what SCs are seized can help and is not specific for that country. The analytes included in the method were selected due to their apparent availability in both countries, however it is possible that some newer analytes have been used and these would not have been detected. For this reason it is important that methods for testing SCs are updated regularly and evolve with the ever-changing availability of these drugs worldwide. In addition, there is little published literature regarding the concentrations of these drugs found in blood and urine samples and this work goes some way towards understanding these.
Resumo:
The focus of this research is to explore the applications of the finite difference formulation based on the latency insertion method (LIM) to the analysis of circuit interconnects. Special attention is devoted to addressing the issues that arise in very large networks such as on-chip signal and power distribution networks. We demonstrate that the LIM has the power and flexibility to handle various types of analysis required at different stages of circuit design. The LIM is particularly suitable for simulations of very large scale linear networks and can significantly outperform conventional circuit solvers (such as SPICE).
Resumo:
Objetivo: Identificar estructuras estandarizadas para la formulación de preguntas clínicas en el marco de la práctica basada en la evidencia. Método: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura. La búsqueda bibliográfica se efectuó en las bases de datos MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE y LILACS, y en el buscador académico Google Scholar. Se efectuaron estrategias de búsqueda sensibles y acordes a cada base de datos. Límites de búsqueda: intervalo de tiempo (enero de 1995 a abril de 2015), idioma (artículos en inglés). Se usaron palabras clave libres y descriptores del Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) pertinentes: evidence based practice, question, formulation, well-built question, framework. Resultados: Se encontraron 10 manuscritos que aportaron el diseño original de estructuras para la formulación de preguntas clínicas en el ámbito de la práctica basada en la evidencia. El modelo PICO es la estructura más conocida y comúnmente utilizada en investigación cuantitativa y de él derivan los modelos PICOT, PICOTT, PICOS, PIPOH, PECORD, PESICO. En el campo de la gestión sanitaria la estructura ECLIPSE se erige para formulación de preguntas relacionadas con la gestión. Por último, para la búsqueda de evidencias cualitativas se han configurado los modelos SPICE y SPIDER adecuando sus componentes al fenómeno cualitativo. Conclusiones: Estos modelos estandarizadas se comportan como un instrumento idóneo para guiar la estrategia de búsqueda y delimitar el área de interés. Dada la gran variedad de piezas que integran las estructuras, su conocimiento exhaustivo acrecienta sus usos potenciales. Estas estructuras no deben ser consideradas como una guía rígida a la que ceñirse ineludiblemente.
Resumo:
Poster presented at the ICFC 2015 - International Conference on Food Contaminants. Infarmed, Lisbon, 14-15 April 2015
Resumo:
Questo progetto di ricerca si pone l'obiettivo di gettare luce sul commercio delle spezie nel Medioevo, a partire dai preziosi dati contenuti nei registri del dazio di Bologna (1388-1448), nei quali venivano raccolti tutti i prodotti afferenti al cosiddetto "dazio della mercanzia" che transitavano in città per poi proseguire il viaggio verso altre destinazioni. Nel Medioevo, Bologna rappresentava un importante snodo per collegare i principali empori del mare Adriatico (prima fra tutti Venezia) con i mercati della Toscana, come Firenze, Pisa e il suo sbocco marittimo, Porto Pisano, da cui le spezie salpavano in direzione di altre regioni europee, come la Francia, l'Inghilterra, la penisola iberica e le Fiandre. I quantitativi di spezie giornalieri, mensili, annuali e totali costituiscono un dato inedito ed inaspettato: infatti, un prodotto tradizionalmente descritto dalla storiografia come raro, prezioso e difficile da reperire, affluiva in realtà con sorprendente costanza e raggiungendo volumi molto elevati. Considerando che Bologna, nonostante la sua importanza nel panorama italiano, rappresentava pur sempre uno snodo "minore" nella complessa rete di circuiti commerciali su cui erano solite viaggiare le spezie (come le grandi rotte marittime, per esempio), questi quantitativi tanto elevati di spezie ci obbligano a riflettere su quanto detto sino ad ora sul commercio di questi prodotti nel Medioevo e a mettere i dati bolognesi a confronto con quelli provenienti da altre fonti. Affiancando al tradizionale metodo storiografico un approccio "empirico", che tenga conto delle caratteristiche materiali ed organolettiche delle spezie, nonché delle informazioni provenienti da un ampio numero di fonti – non necessariamente legate al periodo preso in esame – è possibile riaprire il dibattito attorno a questo tema, che ha ancora molto da offrire alla ricerca storico alimentare.
Resumo:
Questa tesi è stata svolta in collaborazione con un’azienda di Cesena che si occupa della progettazione e costruzione di caricabatterie e saldatrici e si pone come scopo di analizzare quello che viene chiamato carico "rigenerativo" un dispositivo che permette di testare e collaudare questo tipo di macchine consumando la minor energia elettrica possibile. In particolare si discuterà come avviene il funzionamento del circuito di interfaccia e la sua resa energetica attraverso alcune simulazioni con vari tipi di carichi. Verrà anche presa in esame una prova con il circuito realizzato e confrontata con quella analoga svolta al simulatore.
Resumo:
The present work describes the different stages of design, implementation, and validation procedures for an interleaved DC-DC boost converter intended for the 2022 Futura, a fuel cell-powered racing catamaran developed by the UniBoAT team. The main goal of the entire design has been the significant reduction of the weight of the converter by removing heat sinks and reducing component size while increasing its efficiency by adopting high-end power switches and the interleaved architecture operated with a synchronous control strategy. The obtained converter has been integrated into the structure containing the fuel cell stack obtaining a fully integrated system. The realized device has been based on an interleaved architecture with six phases controlled digitally through the average current mode control. The design has been validated through simulations carried out using the software LT-Spice, whereas experimental validations have been performed by means of laboratory bench tests and on-field tests. Detailed thermal and efficiency analyses are provided with the bench tests under the two synchronous and non-synchronous operating modes and with the adoption of the phase shedding technique. The prototype implementation and its performance in real operating conditions are also discussed. Eventually, it is underlined as the designed converter can be used in other applications requiring a voltage-controlled boost converter.
Resumo:
Esperimenti di radar bistatico sono stati impiegati con successo nell’esplorazione spaziale ai fini di sondare a distanza superfici planetarie attraverso la riflessione di un segnale radio da parte di un corpo bersaglio. Un'appropriata analisi degli echi riflessi può fornire informazioni sulla struttura, sulla composizione chimica e sulla rugosità della superficie del target su scale proporzionali alle lunghezze d’onda trasmesse. Nel seguente studio si propone la modellazione della geometria del collegamento radio tra JUICE e la Terra per trovare opportunità per la sonda di eseguire esperimenti di radar bistatico sulla superficie di Ganimede, durante i soli flyby della luna. Questi, anche se ancora non è stato programmato con dettaglio nella fase scientifica della missione, potrebbero coincidere con finestre temporali plausibili per l’implementazione degli esperimenti analizzati. Ulteriori considerazioni vertono poi sull’angolo di incidenza e sull’effetto che questo avrà sull’accuratezza della stima della costante dielettrica superficiale della luna, effettuabile con osservazioni bistatiche. L’algoritmo principale per il calcolo del punto speculare e i grafici presentati, sono stati implementati con l’ausilio del software MATLAB e del toolkit SPICE. I risultati ottenuti, analizzando i flyby presi a riferimento, mostrano come la geometria della missione, per la maggior parte di essi, non sia la più favorevole per poter effettuare questo tipo di osservazione. Solo tre dei sette flyby analizzati: G04, G05 e G06, risultano avere una geometria favorevole per esperimenti di radar. bistatico su Ganimede.