Efeito da prática de alimentação infantil e de fatores associados sobre a ocorrência da cárie dental em pré-escolares de 18 a 48 meses

Este estudo foi realizado objetivando estudar o efeito das práticas de alimentação infantil e de fatores associados sobre a ocorrência de cárie dental. Para isso, determinou-se o ceo-d e o ceo-s em 156 crianças de 18 a 48 meses e foi aplicado às mães um questionário incluindo perguntas sobre a ocupação do pai, nível educacional da mãe, higiene bucal, época de erupção do dente e sobre práticas de alimentação infantil. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através dos testes X2 e Mann-Whitney U. A média do ceo-s foi 3,4 com 40% das crianças livres de cáries, sendo que 36 e 24% tinham um ceo-d maior que 0 e 4, respectivamente. Notou-se que 72% das crianças eram alimentadas ao seio, 17% apenas com mamadeira e 10% pelos dois meios. Das crianças alimentadas apenas com mamadeira 70% apresentaram cárie. A cárie de mamadeira foi observada em 20% das crianças, sendo que 77% destas tinham sido alimentadas por mais de 12 meses. As crianças, cujos pais eram profissionais com terceiro grau de escolaridade, tiveram significativamente menos cárie do que aquelas de pais com nível técnico ou pais operários. A prevalência de cárie na faixa etária estudada foi relativamente alta. As crianças com cárie de mamadeira tenderam a manter seus hábitos de aleitamento por mais de 12 meses, sendo que o uso de mamadeira açucarada estava presente em 100% dos casos.

Saúde materno-infantil: visão crítica dos determinantes e dos programas assistenciais

Discute-se a determinação social da saúde materno-infantil nas Américas, a partir de inúmeras publicações e recomendações oficiais. Observou-se que nem todos os estudos valorizam apropriadamente as variáveis sociais e que muitos deles as consideram no mesmo nível de importância das variáveis biológicas. Como conseqüência, a compreensão final dos achados fica prejudicada e as conclusões e recomendações extraídas ficam longe de tocar a raiz dos problemas. Diferentes variáveis sociais (como escolaridade materna ou assistência médica) encontram-se freqüentemente associadas com variáveis biológicas (como peso ao nascer ou estado nutricional). Esta associação, no entanto, pode não representar uma relação causai, mas tão somente a ocorrência simultânea de características pertencentes a uma única classe social. Reitera-se a necessidade de estudos que reconheçam as classes sociais e analisem os resultados sobre saúde materno-infantil em relação às mesmas. Estes estudos provavelmente evidenciarão a importância social da saúde materno-infantil e evitarão as habituais diretrizes e recomendações restritas ao plano puramente técnico.

Análise das condições de saúde e de vida da população urbana de Botucatu, SP: I - Descrição do plano amostral e avaliação da amostra

Descreve-se o processo de amostragem para o levantamento das condições de saúde e de vida da população urbana de Botucatu, SP (Brasil), pelo método de entrevistas domiciliárias. Analisa-se a representatividade da amostra, segundo a distribuição percentual da população por estrato e segundo as variáveis sexo e idade. Comparam-se os critérios externos de estratificação sócio-econômica com a renda familiar e per capita das famílias entrevistadas. Comenta-se as dificuldades de operacionalizar o conceito de classe social através de zonas sócio-espaciais, em investigações domiciliares e em estudos epidemiológicos que utilizam dados de registro rotineiros.

Zootherapy goes to town: the use of animal-based remedies in urban areas of NE and N Brazil

This paper examines the therapeutic possibilities offered by animal-based remedies in five Brazilian cities. Information was obtained through semi-structured questionnaires applied to 79 traders of medicinal animals at Sao Luis, Teresina, Joao Pessoa and Campina Grande (Northeastern) and Belem (Northern) Brazil. We recorded the use of 97 animal species as medicines, whose products were recommended for the treatment of 82 illnesses. The most frequently quoted treatments concerned the respiratory system (58 species; 407 use-citations), the osteomuscular system and conjunctive tissue (46 species; 384 use-citations), and the circulatory system (34 species; 124 use-citations). Mammals (27 species), followed by reptiles (24) and fishes (16) represented the bulk of medicinal species. In relation to users, 53% of the interviewees informed that zootherapeuticals resources were sought after by people from all social classes, while 47% stated that low income people were the main buyers. The notable use and commercialization of medicinal animals to alleviate and cure health problems and ailments in cities highlights the resilience of that resource in the folk medicine. Most remedies quoted by interviewees depend on wild-caught animals, including some species under official protection. Among other aspects, the harvesting of threatened species confers zootherapy a role in the discussions about biodiversity conservation in Brazil. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.

Status sócio econômico e deficiência intelectual em escolares

Raven's Progressive Matrices were completed by 536 school children. Wechsler's Intelligence Scale for Children was applied to children who performed badly on Raven's Test (percentile 5 or less). Father's occupation and education, items of property and sums of spending money were assessed in all families. Clinical history and physical examination were recorded for deficient children. Mental deficiency was present in 94 children (17.5%); it was more frequent in those from lower socioeconomic classes (90 deficient children in a total of 427); it was more frequent in the peripheral school (69 deficient children) than in the midtown school (relatively less poor children); no significant difference was found in sex distribution among social classes. 67 children had an intelligence quotient between 50 and 69. Undernourishment was severe marked (18 children), moderate (48 children) or absent (26 children). Most children (67) were insufficiently stimulated by their parents.

Synchronizing Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) on videos for Open Digital TV with educational purposes

The TV is a potential midia of communication that affects all social classes and it is available in 98% of Brazilian homes. It has been used as a distributor of educational materials since the 1950s. By 2016 the Open Digital TV (ODTV) in Brazil might cover the entire national territory, replacing the TV with analog signals. Concerns about accessibility for People with Special Needs (PSN) in that media have become more intense since the 1990s worldwide. In Brazil, it is estimated 24.6 million of PSN, 23% of them having some type of hearing loss. Of these, 2.9% are reported as deafs. Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) is considered the first literacy language for deaf people in Brazil. In this context, this paper presents a proposal to facilitate the generation of educational content for ODTV based on two components. One is called SynchrLIBRAS and allows subtitles synchronization in Portuguese and a LIBRAS translator window of videos downloaded from the Web. The second component allows the visualization of this content through the Brazilian System of Digital TV and IPTV - environments that implement the middleware Ginga-NCL. The main focus of this paper is the presentation of the first component: SynchrLIBRAS. This proposal has educational purposes, contributing to teach LIBRAS to people who may collaborate with social inclusion of the deaf people.

Treinamento esfncteriano anal: Estudo transversal em crianças de 3 a 6 anos de idade

Objective: To assess the practice of children's toilet training through interviews with parents and caretakers. Methods: A cross-sectional study of healthy children using a questionnaire applied to parents or caretakers of 100 consecutive children aged 3 to 6 years old. Results: 97% of the children were home-trained by their mothers and 92% of them used their intuition, previous experience with an older child and grandmothers' experience. Bowel and bladder toilet training started simultaneously in 84% of the cases, whereas 41% of the children mastered stool control earlier. Mothers with lower educational level and of social classes C, D and E initiated the training earlier and one of the related reasons was the cost of disposable diapers. Age in initiation or duration of toilet training was similar for boys and girls. Children presented most of the readiness symptoms for toilet training and only a small number of them used a seat reducer or a foot support. There was no increase in constipation prevalence after toilet training and there was no encopresis. Conclusions: Mothers were responsible for bowel toilet training and initiated it with no specialized help. In C-D-E social classes, the cost of diapers was determinant to initiate bowel toilet training.

Sprawling and Urban transportation system: Impacts in the city of Londrina, Parana, Brazil

After nearly 80 years since the construction of its core, represented today by the city's central area, Londrina, located in the state of Parana, has the appearance of a new city but its features and trends of planning policies depict the bad examples of Brazilian cities. With a booming urban growth, from north to south of the county, the urban interstices represented by big voids in the middle of the city created speculation and the concept of an ideal city slowly disappeared. With a metropolitan appearance and, at the same time, with small town aspects, Londrina stands out as an automobile-oriented city, a fact that has impacted the livelihood of the population, generating environmental impacts for all social classes. This paper discusses how the form of occupation in Londrina, characterized by the sprawl phenomenon and its relation to car preference as a mode of transportation has generated urban environmental impacts. It was concluded that the choice of using cars in Londrina, as well in other medium-sized Brazilian cities studied by the comparative method, has increased and has generated bottlenecks in traffic. As a consequence, there is a constant expropriation of properties for widening roads and at the same time, the presence of various densities and urban voids that form an uneven urban space and an obstacle to efficient urban planning. © 2012 WIT Press.

Spatial segregation, employment and poverty in Montevideo

Includes bibliography

Income polarization, the middle class and informal employment in Greater Buenos Aires, 1974-2010

Includes bibliography

O contexto educativo e cultural da pobreza no ensino público municipal em São Bernardo do Campo

Pós-graduação em Artes - IA

O setor sucroenergético no Brasil: Estado, hegemonia e relações internacionais - o caso da UNICA no agribusiness internacional

Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FFC

A atualidade da criminalização produzida sobre o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Teto – MTST: o caso do acampamento Chico Mendes

Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FFC

A Federação das Indústrias do Estado de São Paulo e as inflexões do capital na década de 1990

Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FFC

Mídia impressa e leitor: uma leitura crítica e polissêmica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)