Effect of low fluoride acidic dentifrices on dental remineralization

This study evaluated the capacity of fluoride acidic dentifrices (pH 4.5) to promote enamel remineralization using a pH cycling model, comparing them with a standard dentifrice (1,100 µgF/g). Enamel blocks had their surface polished and surface hardness determined (SH). Next, they were submitted to subsurface enamel demineralization and to post-demineralization surface hardness analysis. The blocks were divided into 6 experimental groups (n=10): placebo (without F, pH 4.5, negative control), 275, 412, 550, 1,100 µgF/g and a standard dentifrice (positive control). The blocks were submitted to pH cycling for 6 days and treatment with dentifrice slurries twice a day. After pH cycling, surface and cross-sectional hardness were assessed to obtain the percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR) and the integrated loss of subsurface hardness (ΔKHN). The results showed that %SHR was similar among acidic dentifrices with 412, 550, 1,100 µgF/g and to the positive control (Tukey's test; p>0.05). For ΔKHN, the acidic dentifrice with 550 µg F/g showed a better performance when compared with the positive control. It can be concluded that acidic dentifrice 550 µgF/g had similar remineralization capacity to that of positive control.

Bioremediation of PAHs - Limitations and soultions

Introduction 1.1 Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the environment Worldwide industrial and agricultural developments have released a large number of natural and synthetic hazardous compounds into the environment due to careless waste disposal, illegal waste dumping and accidental spills. As a result, there are numerous sites in the world that require cleanup of soils and groundwater. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major groups of these contaminants (Da Silva et al., 2003). PAHs constitute a diverse class of organic compounds consisting of two or more aromatic rings with various structural configurations (Prabhu and Phale, 2003). Being a derivative of benzene, PAHs are thermodynamically stable. In addition, these chemicals tend to adhere to particle surfaces, such as soils, because of their low water solubility and strong hydrophobicity, and this results in greater persistence under natural conditions. This persistence coupled with their potential carcinogenicity makes PAHs problematic environmental contaminants (Cerniglia, 1992; Sutherland, 1992). PAHs are widely found in high concentrations at many industrial sites, particularly those associated with petroleum, gas production and wood preserving industries (Wilson and Jones, 1993). 1.2 Remediation technologies Conventional techniques used for the remediation of soil polluted with organic contaminants include excavation of the contaminated soil and disposal to a landfill or capping - containment - of the contaminated areas of a site. These methods have some drawbacks. The first method simply moves the contamination elsewhere and may create significant risks in the excavation, handling and transport of hazardous material. Additionally, it is very difficult and increasingly expensive to find new landfill sites for the final disposal of the material. The cap and containment method is only an interim solution since the contamination remains on site, requiring monitoring and maintenance of the isolation barriers long into the future, with all the associated costs and potential liability. A better approach than these traditional methods is to completely destroy the pollutants, if possible, or transform them into harmless substances. Some technologies that have been used are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition (for example, base-catalyzed dechlorination, UV oxidation). However, these methods have significant disadvantages, principally their technological complexity, high cost , and the lack of public acceptance. Bioremediation, on the contrast, is a promising option for the complete removal and destruction of contaminants. 1.3 Bioremediation of PAH contaminated soil & groundwater Bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade or detoxify hazardous wastes into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide, water and cell biomass Most PAHs are biodegradable unter natural conditions (Da Silva et al., 2003; Meysami and Baheri, 2003) and bioremediation for cleanup of PAH wastes has been extensively studied at both laboratory and commercial levels- It has been implemented at a number of contaminated sites, including the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989, the Mega Borg spill off the Texas coast in 1990 and the Burgan Oil Field, Kuwait in 1994 (Purwaningsih, 2002). Different strategies for PAH bioremediation, such as in situ , ex situ or on site bioremediation were developed in recent years. In situ bioremediation is a technique that is applied to soil and groundwater at the site without removing the contaminated soil or groundwater, based on the provision of optimum conditions for microbiological contaminant breakdown.. Ex situ bioremediation of PAHs, on the other hand, is a technique applied to soil and groundwater which has been removed from the site via excavation (soil) or pumping (water). Hazardous contaminants are converted in controlled bioreactors into harmless compounds in an efficient manner. 1.4 Bioavailability of PAH in the subsurface Frequently, PAH contamination in the environment is occurs as contaminants that are sorbed onto soilparticles rather than in phase (NAPL, non aqueous phase liquids). It is known that the biodegradation rate of most PAHs sorbed onto soil is far lower than rates measured in solution cultures of microorganisms with pure solid pollutants (Alexander and Scow, 1989; Hamaker, 1972). It is generally believed that only that fraction of PAHs dissolved in the solution can be metabolized by microorganisms in soil. The amount of contaminant that can be readily taken up and degraded by microorganisms is defined as bioavailability (Bosma et al., 1997; Maier, 2000). Two phenomena have been suggested to cause the low bioavailability of PAHs in soil (Danielsson, 2000). The first one is strong adsorption of the contaminants to the soil constituents which then leads to very slow release rates of contaminants to the aqueous phase. Sorption is often well correlated with soil organic matter content (Means, 1980) and significantly reduces biodegradation (Manilal and Alexander, 1991). The second phenomenon is slow mass transfer of pollutants, such as pore diffusion in the soil aggregates or diffusion in the organic matter in the soil. The complex set of these physical, chemical and biological processes is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, biodegradation processes are taking place in the soil solution while diffusion processes occur in the narrow pores in and between soil aggregates (Danielsson, 2000). Seemingly contradictory studies can be found in the literature that indicate the rate and final extent of metabolism may be either lower or higher for sorbed PAHs by soil than those for pure PAHs (Van Loosdrecht et al., 1990). These contrasting results demonstrate that the bioavailability of organic contaminants sorbed onto soil is far from being well understood. Besides bioavailability, there are several other factors influencing the rate and extent of biodegradation of PAHs in soil including microbial population characteristics, physical and chemical properties of PAHs and environmental factors (temperature, moisture, pH, degree of contamination). Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing possible rate-limiting processes during bioremediation of hydrophobic organic contaminants in a contaminated soil-water system (not to scale) (Danielsson, 2000). 1.5 Increasing the bioavailability of PAH in soil Attempts to improve the biodegradation of PAHs in soil by increasing their bioavailability include the use of surfactants , solvents or solubility enhancers.. However, introduction of synthetic surfactant may result in the addition of one more pollutant. (Wang and Brusseau, 1993).A study conducted by Mulder et al. showed that the introduction of hydropropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPCD), a well-known PAH solubility enhancer, significantly increased the solubilization of PAHs although it did not improve the biodegradation rate of PAHs (Mulder et al., 1998), indicating that further research is required in order to develop a feasible and efficient remediation method. Enhancing the extent of PAHs mass transfer from the soil phase to the liquid might prove an efficient and environmentally low-risk alternative way of addressing the problem of slow PAH biodegradation in soil.

Preventing erosion with novel agents

Objectives: This in vitro study aimed to investigate the protective effect of four commercial novel agents against erosion. Methods: Ninety human molars were distributed into 9 groups, and after incubation in human saliva for 2 h, a pellicle was formed. Subsequently, the specimens were submitted to demineralization (orange juice, pH 3.6, 3 min) and remineralization (paste slurry containing one of the tested novel agents, 3 min) cycles, two times per day, for 4 days. The tested agents were: (1) DenShield Tooth; active ingredient: 7.5% W/W NovaMin® (calcium sodium phosphosilicate); (2) Nanosensitive hca; active ingredient: 7.5% W/W NovaMin®; (3) GC Tooth Mousse; active ingredient: 10% Recaldent™ (CPP-ACP); (4) GC MI Paste Plus; active ingredients: 10% Recaldent™, 900 ppm fluoride. Two experimental procedures were performed: in procedure 1, the tested agents were applied prior to the erosive attack, and in procedure 2 after the erosive attack. A control group receiving no prophylactic treatment was included. Surface nanohardness (SNH) of enamel specimens was measured after pellicle formation and after completion of daily cyclic treatment. Results: SNH significantly decreased at the end of the experiment for all groups (p < 0.05). In both procedures, there was no statistically significant difference between the control group and those treated with paste slurries (p > 0.05). In addition, the changes in SNH (ΔSNH = SNHbaseline − SNHfinal) did not show statistically significant difference between both procedures (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Tooth erosion cannot be prevented or repaired by these novel agents, regardless of fluoride content.

Conventional and anti-erosion fluoride toothpastes: effect on enamel erosion and erosion-abrasion

New toothpastes with anti-erosion claims are marketed, but little is known about their effectiveness. This study investigates these products in comparison with various conventional NaF toothpastes and tin-containing products with respect to their erosion protection/abrasion prevention properties. In experiment 1, samples were demineralised (10 days, 6 × 2 min/day; citric acid, pH 2.4), exposed to toothpaste slurries (2 × 2 min/day) and intermittently stored in a mineral salt solution. In experiment 2, samples were additionally brushed for 15 s during the slurry immersion time. Study products were 8 conventional NaF toothpastes (1,400-1,490 ppm F), 4 formulations with anti-erosion claims (2 F toothpastes: NaF + KNO(3) and NaF + hydroxyapatite; and 2 F-free toothpastes: zinc-carbonate-hydroxyapatite, and chitosan) and 2 Sn-containing products (toothpaste: 3,436 ppm Sn, 1,450 ppm F as SnF(2)/NaF; gel: 970 ppm F, 3,030 ppm Sn as SnF(2)). A mouth rinse (500 ppm F as AmF/NaF, 800 ppm Sn as SnCl(2)) was the positive control. Tissue loss was quantified profilometrically. In experiment 1, most NaF toothpastes and 1 F-free formulation reduced tissue loss significantly (between 19 and 42%); the Sn-containing formulations were the most effective (toothpaste and gel 55 and 78% reduction, respectively). In experiment 2, only 4 NaF toothpastes revealed significant effects compared to the F-free control (reduction between 29 and 37%); the F-free special preparations and the Sn toothpaste had no significant effect. The Sn gel (reduction 75%) revealed the best result. Conventional NaF toothpastes reduced the erosive tissue loss, but had limited efficacy regarding the prevention of brushing abrasion. The special formulations were not superior, or were even less effective.

Chemical compatibility of soil-bentonite cutoff wall backfills containing modified bentonites

This study examined the chemical compatibility of several model soil-bentonite(SB) backfills with an inorganic salt solution (CaCl2). First, bentonite-water slurry was created using a natural sodium-bentonite, as well as two modified bentonites –multiswellable bentonite (MSB) and a “salt-resistant” bentonite (SW101). Once slurries that met typical construction specifications had been created using the various bentonites,the model SB backfills were prepared for each type of bentonite. These backfills werealso designed to meet conventional construction and design requirements. The SB backfills were then subjected to permeation with tap water and/or CaCl2 solutions of various concentrations in order to evaluate the compatibility of the SB backfills with inorganic chemicals. The results indicate that SB backfill experiences only minor compatibility issues (i.e., no large differences between the hydraulic conductivity of the SB backfill to tap water and CaCl2) compared to many other types of clay barriers. In addition, SB backfills show no major change in final hydraulic conductivity to CaCl2 when permeated with tap water before CaCl2 versus being permeated with CaCl2 directly. These results may be due to the ability of the bentonite in the SB backfills to undergo osmotic swelling before permeation begins, and the inability of the CaCl2 solutions to undo the osmotic swelling. Similar results were obtained for all three clays tested, and while MSB did show less compatibility issues than the natural bentonite and SW101, it appears that the differences in performance may generally be negligible. Overall, thisstudy makes a significant addition to the understanding of SB cutoff wall compatibility.

Impact of different toothpastes on the prevention of erosion

The aim of the present study was to test the impact of different toothpastes on the prevention of erosion. Enamel demineralization and remineralization were monitored using surface microhardness (SMH) measurements. Human enamel specimens were treated following two different procedures: (1) incubation in toothpaste slurry followed by acid softening and artificial saliva exposure; (2) acid softening followed by incubation in toothpaste slurry and artificial saliva exposure. For the control procedure, toothpaste treatment was excluded. The following toothpastes were tested: Zendium, Sensodyne Proschmelz (Pronamel), Prodent Rocket Power, Meridol and Signal active. Normalized SMH values compared to the baseline (= 1.00) after 1-hour artificial saliva exposure for procedure 1 (respectively for procedure 2) were as follows (mean: 95% CI): Sensodyne Proschmelz 0.97: 0.93, 1.00 (0.92: 0.90, 0.94), Zendium 0.97: 0.94, 1.00 (0.89: 0.83, 0.95), Meridol 0.97: 0.94, 1.00 (0.94: 0.92, 0.96), Signal active 0.94: 0.91, 0.97 (0.95: 0.91, 0.99), Prodent Rocket Power 0.92: 0.90, 0.94 (0.93: 0.89, 0.97) and control 0.91: 0.88, 0.94. Further exposure to artificial saliva for up to 4 h showed no significant improvement of SMH. Regression analyses revealed a significant impact of the applied procedure. Incubation in toothpaste slurries before the acid challenge seems to be favorable to prevent erosion. None of the tested toothpastes showed statistically significant better protection than another against an erosive attack.

Lithographiebasierte Fertigung keramischer Bauteile

Im Rahmen des EU-Projektes PHOCAM entwickelt das beteiligte Konsortium Anlagen und Materialien für die generative Fertigung keramischer Bauteile auf Basis der Photopolymerisation. Das Kernelement der verwendeten Fertigungsanlagen, der DLP Projektor, erzeugt mittels leistungsstarker LEDs und einem 1080p DMD (Digital Micromirror Device) Bilder mit 1920x1080 Bildpunkten und der Pixelgröße von 40µm, woraus sich die Baufeldgröße von 76,8x43,2mm ergibt. Ein hochviskoser Schlicker, bestehen aus einem gefülltem fotosensitiven Harzsystem, wird von unten durch die gläserne Materialwanne belichtet, wodurch der Schlicker lokal aushärtet (polymerisiert). Auf diese Weise entsteht der Grünling, der in schichtbauweise (Standardschichtdicke von 25-50µm) aufgebaut ist. Im nachfolgenden Sinterprozess werden die Grünlinge zu den fertigen Keramikteilen gebrannt. Als keramisches Basismaterial für den Schlicker wurde vorwiegend Aluminiumoxid in Pulverform verwendet. Mit dem entwickelten System konnten bislang Schlicker mit einem Füllgrad (Keramikanteil) bis zu 50Vol% erfolgreich verarbeitet und zu Keramikteilen mit einer theoretischen Dichte von 99,6% gesintert werden.

Randomised in situ study on the efficacy of a tin/chitosan toothpaste on erosive-abrasive enamel loss

Tin is a notable anti-erosive agent, and the biopolymer chitosan has also shown demineralisation-inhibiting properties. Therefore, the anti-erosive/anti-abrasive efficacy of the combination of both compounds was tested under in situ conditions. Twenty-seven volunteers were included in a randomised, double-blind, three-cell crossover in situ trial. Enamel specimens were recessed on the buccal aspects of mandibular appliances, extraorally demineralised (6 × 2 min/day) and intraorally treated with toothpaste slurries (2 × 2 min/day). Within the slurry treatment time, one-half of the specimens received additional intraoral brushing (5 s, 2.5 N). The tested toothpastes included a placebo toothpaste, an experimental NaF toothpaste (1,400 ppm F(-)) and an experimental F/Sn/chitosan toothpaste (1,400 ppm F(-), 3,500 ppm Sn(2+), 0.5% chitosan). The percentage reduction of tissue loss (slurry exposure/slurry exposure + brushing) compared to placebo was 19.0 ± 47.3/21.3 ± 22.4 after use of NaF and 52.5 ± 30.9/50.2 ± 34.3 after use of F/Sn/chitosan. F/Sn/chitosan was significantly more effective than NaF (p ≤ 0.001) and showed good efficacy against erosive and erosive-abrasive tissue loss. This study suggests that the F/Sn/chitosan toothpaste could provide good protection for patients who frequently consume acidic foodstuffs.

Biphytane and stable carbon isotopic values of sugars and glycerol from ODP Hole 204-1245D and 201-1229A

The membrane lipids diglycosyl-glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (2G-GDGTs) in marine subsurface sediments are believed to originate from uncultivated benthic archaea, yet the production of 2G-GDGTs from subseafloor samples has not been demonstrated in vitro. In order to validate sedimentary biosynthesis of 2G-GDGTs, we performed a stable carbon isotope probing experiment on a subseafloor sample with six different 13C-labelled substrates (bicarbonate, methane, acetate, leucine, glucose and Spirulina platensis biomass). After 468 days of anoxic incubation, only glucose and S. platensis resulted in label uptake in lipid moieties of 2G-GDGTs, indicating incorporation of carbon from these organic substrates. The hydrophobic moieties of 2G-GDGTs showed minimal label incorporation, with up to 4 per mil 13C enrichment detected in crenarchaeol-derived tricyclic biphytane from the S. platensis-supplemented slurries. The 2G-GDGT-derived glucose or glycerol moieties also showed 13C incorporation (Dd13C = 18 - 38 per mil) in the incubations with glucose or S. platensis, consistent with a lipid salvage mechanism utilized by marine benthic archaea to produce new 2G-GDGTs. The production rates were nevertheless rather slow, even when labile organic matter was supplied. The 2G-GDGT turnover times of 1700 - 20 500 years were much longer than those estimated for subseafloor microbial communities, implying that sedimentary 2G-GDGTs as biomarkers of benthic archaea are cumulative records of past and present generations.

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on rheological and termal properties of chickpea Cicer arietinum L. flour slurry and heat-induced paste.

Thermorheological changes in high hydrostatic pressure (HHP)-treated chickpea flour (CF) slurries were studied as a function of pressure level (0.1, 150, 300, 400, and 600 MPa) and slurry concentration (1:5, 1:4, 1:3, and 1:2 flour-to-water ratios). HHP-treated slurries were subsequently analyzed for changes in properties produced by heating, under both isothermal and non-isothermal processes. Elasticity (G′) of pressurized slurry increased with pressure applied and concentration. Conversely, heat-induced CF paste gradually transformed from solid-like behavior to liquid-like behavior as a function of moisture content and pressure level. The G′ and enthalpy of the CF paste decreased with increasing pressure level in proportion with the extent of HHP-induced starch gelatinization. At 25 °C and 15 min, HHP treatment at 450 and 600 MPa was sufficient to complete gelatinization of CF slurry at the lowest concentration (1:5), while more concentrated slurries would require higher pressures and temperature during treatment or longer holding times. Industrial relevance Demand for chickpea gel has increased considerably in the health and food industries because of its many beneficial effects. However, its use is affected by its very difficult handling. Judicious application of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) at appropriate levels, adopted as a pre-processing instrument in combination with heating processes, is presented as an innovative technology to produce a remarkable decrease in thermo-hardening of heat-induced chickpea flour paste, permitting the development of new chickpea-based products with desirable handling properties and sensory attributes.

The NH3-Abating effect of Slurry Injection as Influenced by Soil Moisture in a Semiarid Arable Soil

Accumulation of large volumes of dilute slurries is considered one of the major problems related to intensive farming (Sommer et al., 2004). In the EU-27, more than half of the total N excretion is applied to croplands due to technical advantages for farmers (e.g. reuse of nutrients). However, the N use efficiency of slurries produced by livestock is low, i.e. only 20-52% of the excreted N is recovered by crops. Much of the remainder can be lost into the atmosphere as ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), dinitrogen (N2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx).

Effects of nutrition on digestión efficicency and gaseous emissions from slurry in growing-finishing pigs. I. Influence of the inclusión of two levels of orange pulp and carb meal in isofibrous diets

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing the level of two sources of fibrous by-products, orange pulp (OP) and carob meal (CM), in iso-NDF growing-finishing pig diets on nutrient balance, slurry composition and potential ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) emissions. Thirty pigs (85.4 ± 12.3 kg) were fed five iso-nutritive diets: a commercial control wheat/barley (C) and four experimental diets including two sources of fibrous by-products (OP and CM) and two dietary levels (75 and 150 g/kg) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. After a 14-day adaptation period, faeces and urine were collected separately for 7 days to measure nutrient digestibility and the excretory patterns of N from pigs (6 replicates per diet) housed individually in metabolic pens. For each animal, the derived NH3 and CH4 emissions were measured in samples of slurry over an 11- and 100-day storage periods, respectively. Source and level of the fibrous by-products affected digestion efficiency in a different way as the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), fibre fractions and gross energy increased with OP but decreased with CM (P < 0.05). Crude protein CTTAD decreased with the inclusion of both sources of fibre, being lower at the highest dietary level. Faecal concentration of fibre fractions increased (P < 0.05) with the level of inclusion of CM but decreased with that of OP (P < 0.01). High dietary level for both sources of fibre increased (P < 0.02) CP faecal content but urine N content decreased (from 205 to 168 g/kg DM, P < 0.05) in all the fibre-supplemented compared to C diet. Additionally, the proportions of undigested dietary, water soluble, and bacterial and endogenous debris of faecal N excretion were not affected by treatments. The initial slurry characteristics did not differ among different fibre sources and dietary levels, except pH, which decreased at the highest by-product inclusion levels. Ammonia emission per kg of slurry was lower in all the fibre-supplemented diets than in C diet (from 2.44 to 1.81 g, P < 0.05). Additionally, slurries from the highest dietary level of by-products tended (P < 0.06) to emit less NH3 per kg of initial total Kjeldahl N and showed a lower B0, independently of the fibre source. Thus, the fibre sources and their dietary levels affected pig nutrient digestion and composition of urine and faeces, showing potential to decrease NH3 and CH4 emissions at high levels of inclusion, independently of type of fibre.

Ammonia and methane gas emissions from pig slurry: variability induced through feeding strategies

Esta Tesis doctoral fue desarrollada para estudiar las emisiones de amoniaco (NH3) y metano (CH4) en purines de cerdos, y los efectos ocasionados por cambios en la formulación de la dieta. Con este propósito, fueron llevados a cabo tres estudios. El experimento 1 fue realizado con el objetivo de analizar los factores de variación de la composición de purines y establecer ecuaciones de predicción para emisiones potenciales de NH3 y CH4. Fueron recogidas setenta y nueve muestras de piensos y purines durante dos estaciones del año (verano y invierno) de granjas comerciales situadas en dos regiones de España (Centro y Mediterráneo). Se muestrearon granjas de gestación, maternidad, lactación y cebo. Se determinó la composición de piensos y purines, y la emisión potencial de NH3 y CH4. El contenido de nutrientes de los piensos fue usado como covariable en el análisis. La espectroscopia de reflectancia del infrarrojo cercano (NIRS) se evaluó como herramienta de predicción de la composición y potencial emisión de gases del purín. Se encontró una amplia variabilidad en la composición de piensos y purines. Las granjas del Mediterráneo tenían mayor pH (P<0,001) y concentración de cenizas (P =0,02) en el purín que las del Centro. El tipo de granja también afectó al contenido de extracto etéreo (EE) del purín (P =0,02), observando los valores más elevados en las instalaciones de animales jóvenes. Los resultados sugieren un efecto tampón de la fibra de la dieta en el pH del purín y una relación directa (P<0,05) con el contenido de fibra fecal. El contenido de proteína del pienso no afectó al contenido de nitrógeno del purín, pero disminuyó (P=0,003) la concentración de sólidos totales (ST) y de sólidos volátiles (SV). Se obtuvieron modelos de predicción de la emisión potencial de NH3 (R2=0,89) y CH4 (R2=0,61) partir de la composición del purín. Los espectros NIRS mostraron una buena precisión para la estimación de la mayor parte de los constituyentes, con coeficientes de determinación de validación cruzada (R2cv) superiores a 0,90, así como para la predicción del potencial de emisiones de NH3 y CH4 (R2cv=0,84 y 0,68, respectivamente). El experimento 2 fue realizado para investigar los efectos del nivel de inclusión de dos fuentes de sub-productos fibrosos: pulpa de naranja (PN) y pulpa de algarroba (PA), en dietas iso-fibrosas de cerdos de cebo, sobre la composición del purín y las emisiones potenciales de NH3 y CH4. Treinta cerdos (85,4±12,3 kg) fueron alimentados con cinco dietas iso-nutritivas: control comercial trigo/cebada (C) y cuatro dietas experimentales incluyendo las dos fuentes de sub-productos a dos niveles (75 y 150 g/kg) en una estructura 2 × 2 factorial. Después de 14 días de periodo de adaptación, heces y orina fueron recogidas separadamente durante 7 días para medir la digestibilidad de los nutrientes y el nitrógeno (N) excretado (6 réplicas por dieta) en cerdos alojados individualmente en jaulas metabólicas. Las emisiones de NH3 y CH4 fueron medidas después de la recogida de los purínes durante 11 y 100 días respectivamente. La fuente y el nivel de subproductos fibrosos afectó a la eficiencia digestiva de diferentes formas, ya que los coeficientes de digestibilidad total aparente (CDTA) para la materia seca (MS), materia orgánica (MO), fracciones fibrosas y energía bruta (EB) aumentaron con la PN pero disminuyeron con la inclusión de PA (P<0,05). El CDTA de proteína bruta (PB) disminuyó con la inclusión de las dos fuentes de fibra, siendo más bajo al mayor nivel de inclusión. La concentración fecal de fracciones fibrosas aumentó (P<0,05) con el nivel de inclusión de PA pero disminuyó con el de PN (P<0,01). El nivel más alto de las dos fuentes de fibra en el pienso aumentó (P<0,02) el contenido de PB fecal pero disminuyó el contenido de N de la orina (de 205 para 168 g/kg MS, P<0,05) en todas las dietas suplementadas comparadas con la dieta C. Adicionalmente, las proporciones de nitrógeno indigerido, nitrógeno soluble en agua, nitrógeno bacteriano y endógeno excretado en heces no fueron afectados por los tratamientos. Las características iniciales del purín no difirieron entre las diferentes fuentes y niveles de fibra, excepto para el pH que disminuyó con la inclusión de altos niveles de sub-productos. La emisión de NH3 por kg de purín fue más baja en todas las dietas suplementadas con fibras que en la dieta C (2,44 vs.1,81g de promedio, P<0,05). Además, purines de dietas suplementadas con alto nivel de sub-productos tendieron (P<0,06) a emitir menos NH3 por kg de nitrógeno total y mostraron un potencial más bajo para emitir CH4, independientemente de la fuente de fibra. El experimento 3 investigó los efectos de la fuente de proteína en dietas prácticas. Tres piensos experimentales fueron diseñados para sustituir una mescla de harina y cascarilla de soja (SOJ) por harina de girasol (GIR) o por DDGS del trigo (DDGST). La proporción de otros ingredientes fue modificada para mantener los contenidos de nutrientes similares a través de las dietas. El cambio en la fuente de proteína dio lugar a diferencias en el contenido de fibra neutro detergente ligada a proteína bruta (FNDPB), fibra soluble (FS) y lignina ácido detergente (LAD) en la dieta. Veinticuatro cerdos (ocho por dieta), con 52,3 o 60,8 kg en la primera y segunda tanda respectivamente, fueron alojados individualmente en jaulas metabólicas. Durante un periodo de 7 días fue determinado el balance de MS, el CDTA de los nutrientes y la composición de heces y orina. Se realizó el mismo procedimiento del experimento 2 para medir las emisiones de NH3 y CH4 de los purines de cada animal. Ni la ingestión de MS ni el CDTA de la MS o de la energía fueron diferentes entre las dietas experimentales, pero el tipo de pienso afectó (P<0.001) la digestibilidad de la PB, que fue mayor para GIR (0,846) que para SOJ (0,775), mientras que la dieta DDGST mostró un valor intermedio (0,794). La concentración fecal de PB fue por tanto influenciada (P<0,001) por el tratamiento, observándose la menor concentración de PB en la dieta GIR y la mayor en la dieta SOJ. La proporción de N excretado en orina o heces disminuyó de 1,63 en la dieta GIR hasta 0,650 en la dieta SOJ, como consecuencia de perdidas más bajas en orina y más altas en heces, con todas las fracciones de nitrógeno fecales creciendo en paralelo a la excreción total. Este resultado fue paralelo a una disminución de la emisión potencial de NH3 (g/kg purín) en la dieta SOJ con respecto a la dieta GIR (desde 1,82 a 1,12, P<0,05), dando valores intermedios (1,58) para los purines de la dieta DDGST. Por otro lado, el CDTA de la FS y de la fibra neutro detergente (FND) fueron afectados (P<0,001 y 0,002, respectivamente) por el tipo de dieta, siendo más bajas en la dieta GIR que en la dieta SOJ; además, se observó un contenido más alto de FND (491 vs. 361g/kg) en la MS fecal para la dieta GIR que en la dieta SOJ, presentando la dieta DDGST valores intermedios. El grado de lignificación de la FND (FAD/FND x 100) de las heces disminuyó en el orden GIR>DDGST>SOJ (desde 0,171 hasta 0,109 y 0,086, respectivamente) en paralelo a la disminución del potencial de emisión de CH4 por g de SV del purín (desde 301 a 269 y 256 mL, respectivamente). Todos los purines obtenidos en estos tres experimentos y Antezana et al. (2015) fueron usados para desarrollar nuevas calibraciones con la tecnología NIRS, para predecir la composición del purín y el potencial de las emisiones de gases. Se observó una buena precisión (R2cv superior a 0,92) de las calibraciones cuando muestras de los ensayos controlados (2, 3 y Antezana et al., 2015) fueron añadidas, aumentando el rango de variación. Una menor exactitud fue observada para TAN y emisiones de NH3 y CH4, lo que podría explicarse por una menor homogeneidad en la distribución de las muestras cuando se amplía el rango de variación del estudio. ABSTRACT This PhD thesis was developed to study the emissions of ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) from pig slurry and the effects caused by changes on diet formulation. For these proposes three studies were conducted. Experiment 1 aimed to analyse several factors of variation of slurry composition and to establish prediction equations for potential CH4 and NH3 emissions. Seventy-nine feed and slurry samples were collected at two seasons (summer and winter) from commercial pig farms sited at two Spanish regions (Centre and Mediterranean). Nursery, growing-fattening, gestating and lactating facilities were sampled. Feed and slurry composition were determined, and potential CH4 and NH3 emissions measured. Feed nutrient contents were used as covariates in the analysis. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was evaluated as a predicting tool for slurry composition and potential gaseous emissions. A wide variability was found both in feed and slurry composition. Mediterranean farms had a higher pH (P<0.001) and ash (P=0.02) concentration than those located at the centre of Spain. Also, type of farm affected ether extract (EE) content of the slurry (P=0.02), with highest values obtained for the youngest animal facilities. Results suggested a buffer effect of dietary fibre on slurry pH and a direct relationship (P<0.05) with fibre constituents of manure. Dietary protein content did not affect slurry nitrogen content (N) but decreased (P=0.003) in total solid (TS) and volatile solids (VS) concentration. Prediction models of potential NH3 emissions (R2=0.89) and biochemical CH4 potential (B0) (R2=0.61) were obtained from slurry composition. Predictions from NIRS showed a high accuracy for most slurry constituents with coefficient of determination of cross validation (R2cv) above 0.90 and a similar accuracy of prediction of potential NH3 and CH4 emissions (R2cv=0.84 and 0.68, respectively) thus models based on slurry composition from commercial farms. Experiment 2 was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing the level of two sources of fibrous by-products, orange pulp (OP) and carob meal (CM), in iso-fibrous diets for growing-finishing pig, slurry composition and potential NH3 and CH4 emissions. Thirty pigs (85.4±12.3 kg) were fed five iso-nutritive diets: a commercial control wheat/barley (C) and four experimental diets including two sources of fibrous by-products OP and CM and two dietary levels (75 and 150 g/kg) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. After a 14-day adaptation period, faeces and urine were collected separately for 7 days to measure nutrient digestibility and the excretory patterns of N from pigs (6 replicates per diet) housed individually in metabolic pens. For each animal, the derived NH3 and CH4 emissions were measured in samples of slurry over an 11 and 100-day storage periods, respectively. Source and level of the fibrous by-products affected digestion efficiency in a different way as the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), fibre fractions and gross energy (GE) increased with OP but decreased with CM (P<0.05). Crude protein CTTAD decreased with the inclusion of both sources of fibre, being lower at the highest dietary level. Faecal concentration of fibre fractions increased (P<0.05) with the level of inclusion of CM but decreased with that of OP (P<0.01). High dietary level for both sources of fibre increased (P<0.02) CP faecal content but urine N content decreased (from 205 to 168 g/kg DM, P<0.05) in all the fibre-supplemented compared to C diet. Additionally, the proportions of undigested dietary, water soluble, and bacterial and endogenous debris of faecal N excretion were not affected by treatments. The initial slurry characteristics did not differ among different fibre sources and dietary levels, except pH, which decreased at the highest by-product inclusion levels. Ammonia emission per kg of slurry was lower in all the fibre-supplemented diets than in C diet (2.44 vs. 1.81g as average, P<0.05). Additionally, slurries from the highest dietary level of by-products tended (P<0.06) to emit less NH3 per kg of initial total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and showed a lower biochemical CH4 potential , independently of the fibre source. Experiment 3 investigated the effects of protein source in practical diets. Three experimental feeds were designed to substitute a mixture of soybean meal and soybean hulls (SB diet) with sunflower meal (SFM) or wheat DDGS (WDDGS). The proportion of other ingredients was also modified in order to maintain similar nutrient contents across diets. Changes in protein source led to differences in dietary content of neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP), soluble fibre (SF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL). Twenty-four pigs (eight per diet), weighing 52.3 or 60.8 kg at the first and second batch respectively, were housed individually in metabolic pens to determine during a 7-day period DM balance, CTTAD of nutrients, and faecal and urine composition. Representative slurry samples from each animal were used to measure NH3 and CH4 emissions over an 11 and or 100-day storage period, respectively. Neither DM intake, nor DM or energy CTTAD differed among experimental diets, but type of feed affected (P<0.001) CP digestibility, which was highest for SFM (0.846) than for SB (0.775) diet, with WDDGS-based diet giving an intermediate value (0.794). Faecal DM composition was influenced (P<0.001) accordingly, with the lowest CP concentration found for diet SFM and the highest for SB. The ratio of N excreted in urine or faeces decreased from SFM (1.63) to SB diet (0.650), as a consequence of both lower urine and higher faecal losses, with all the faecal N fractions increasing in parallel to total excretion. This result was parallel to a decrease of potential NH3 emission (g/kg slurry) in diet SB with respect to diet SFM (from 1.82 to 1.12, P<0.05), giving slurry from WDDGS-based diet an intermediate value (1.58). Otherwise, SF and insoluble neutral detergent fibre (NDF) CTTAD were affected (P<0.001 and P=0.002, respectively) by type of diet, being lower for SFM than in SB-diet; besides, a higher content of NDF (491 vs. 361 g/kg) in faecal DM was observed for SFM with respect to SB based diet, with WDDGS diet being intermediate. Degree of lignification of NDF (ADL/NDF x 100) of faeces decreased in the order SFM>WDDGS>SB (from 0.171 to 0.109 and 0.086, respectively) in parallel to a decrease of biochemical CH4 potential per g of VS of slurry (from 301 to 269 and 256 ml, respectively). All slurry samples obtained from these three experiments and Antezana et al. (2015) were used to develop new calibrations with NIRS technology, to predict the slurry composition and potential gaseous emissions of samples with greater variability in comparison to experiment 1. Better accuracy (R2cv above 0.92) was observed for calibrations when samples from controlled trials experiments (2, 3 and Antezana et al., 2015) were included, increasing the range of variation. A lower accuracy was observed for TAN, NH3 and CH4 gaseous emissions, which might be explained by the less homogeneous distribution with a wider range of data.

Comportamiento térmico y mecánico del yeso con adiciones de aerogel de sílice granulado

La presente tesis doctoral aborda el estudio de un nuevo material mineral, compuesto principalmente por una matriz de yeso (proveniente de un conglomerante industrial basado en sulfato de calcio multifase) y partículas de aerogel de sílice hidrófugo mesoporoso, compatibilizadas mediante un surfactante polimérico, debido a su alto carácter hidrófugo. La investigación se centra en conocer los factores que influyen en las propiedades mecánicas y conductividad térmica del material compuesto generado. Este estudio pretende contribuir al conocimiento sobre el desarrollo de nuevos morteros de elevado aislamiento térmico que puedan ser utilizados en la rehabilitación energética de edificios de viviendas existentes, debido a que estos representan gran parte del consumo energético del parque de viviendas de España, aunque también a nivel internacional. De los materiales utilizados para desarrollar los morteros estudiados, el yeso, además de ser un material muy abundante, especialmente en España, requiere una menor cantidad de energía para la fabricación de un conglomerante (debido a una menor temperatura de fabricación), en comparación con el cemento o la cal, por lo que presenta una menor huella de carbono que estos últimos. Por otro lado, el aerogel de sílice hidrófugo mesoporoso es, de acuerdo con la documentación disponible, el material que posee actualmente la mayor capacidad de aislamiento térmico en el mercado. El desarrollo de nuevos morteros minerales con una capacidad de aislamiento térmico mayor que los materiales aislantes utilizados tradicionalmente, tiene una aplicación relevante en los casos de rehabilitación energética de edificios históricos y patrimoniales, en los que se requiere la aplicación del aislamiento por el interior de la fachada, ya que este tipo de soluciones tienen el inconveniente de reducir el espacio habitable de las áreas involucradas, especialmente en zonas climáticas en las que el aislamiento térmico puede suponer un espesor considerable, por lo que es ideal utilizar materiales de altas prestaciones de aislamiento térmico capaces de aportar el mismo nivel de aislamiento (o incluso mayor), pero en un espesor considerablemente menor. La investigación se desarrolla en tres etapas: bibliográfica, experimental y de simulación. La primera etapa, parte del estudio de la bibliografía existente, relacionada con materiales aislantes, incluyendo soluciones basadas, tanto en morteros aislantes, como en paneles de aislamiento térmico. La segunda, de carácter experimental, se centra en estudiar la influencia de la microestrucrura y macroestructura, del nuevo material mineral, en las propiedades físicas elementales, mecánicas y conductividad térmica del compuesto. La tercera etapa, mediante una simulación del consumo energético, consiste en cuantificar teóricamente el potencial ahorro energético que puede aportar este material en un caso de rehabilitación energética en particular. La investigación experimental se centró principalmente en conocer los factores principales que influyen en las propiedades mecánicas y conductividad térmica de los materiales compuestos minerales desarrollados en esta tesis. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una caracterización de los materiales de estudio, así como el desarrollo de distintas muestras de ensayo, de tal forma que se pudo estudiar, tanto la hidratación del yeso en los compuestos, como su posterior microestructura y macroestructura, aspectos fundamentales para el entendimiento de las propiedades mecánicas y conductividad térmica del compuesto aislante. De este modo, se pudieron conocer y cuantificar, los factores que influyen en las propiedades estudiadas, aportando una base de conocimiento y entendimiento de este tipo de compuestos minerales con aerogel de sílice hidrófugo, no existiendo estudios publicados hasta el momento de finalización de esta tesis, con la aproximación al material propuesta en este estudio, ni con yeso (basado en sulfato de calcio multifase), ni con otro tipo de conglomerantes. Particularmente, se determinó la influencia que tiene la incorporación de partículas de aerogel de sílice hidrófugo, en grandes proporciones en volumen, en un compuesto mineral basado en distintas fases de sulfato de calcio. No obstante, para llevar a cabo las mezclas, fue necesario utilizar un surfactante para compatibilizar este tipo de partículas, con el conglomerante basado en agua. El uso de este tipo de aditivos tiene una influencia, no solo en el aerogel, sino en las propiedades del compuesto en general, dependiendo de su concentración, por lo que se establecieron dos porcentajes de adición: la primera, determinada a partir de la cantidad mínima necesaria para compatibilizar las mezclas (0,1% del agua de amasado), y la segunda, como límite superior, la concentración utilizada habitualmente a nivel industrial para estabilizar burbujas de aire en hormigones espumados (5%). El surfactante utilizado mostró la capacidad de modificar la superficie del aerogel, cambiando el comportamiento de las partículas frente al agua, permitiendo una invasión parcial de su estructura porosa, por parte del agua de amasado. Este comportamiento supone un aumento muy importante en la relación agua/yeso, afectando el hábito cristalino e influenciando negativamente las propiedades mecánicas de la matriz de yeso, presentando un efecto aún notable a mayor concentración de surfactante (5%). En cuanto a las propiedades finales alcanzadas, fue posible lograr un compuesto mineral ultraligero (200 kg/m3), con alrededor de un 60% de aerogel en volumen y de alta capacidad aislante (0,028 W/m•K), presentando una conductividad térmica notablemente menor que los morteros aislantes del mercado, e incluso también menor que la de los aislantes tradicionales basado en las lanas minerales o EPS; no obstante, con la limitante de presentar bajas propiedades mecánicas, condicionando su posible aplicación futura. Entre los factores principales relacionados con las propiedades mecánicas, se encontró que estas dependen exponencialmente del volumen de yeso en el compuesto; no obstante, factores de segundo orden, como el grado de hidratación, o una mejor distribución del conglomerante entre las partículas de aerogel, debido al aumento de la superficie específica del polvo mineral, pueden aumentar las propiedades mecánicas entre el doble y el triple, dependiendo del volumen de aerogel en cuestión. Además, se encontró que el aerogel, en conjunto con el surfactante, es capaz de introducir una gran cantidad de aire (0,70 m3 por cada m3 de aerogel), que unido al agua evaporada (no consumida por el conglomerante durante la hidratación), el volumen de aire total alcanza, generalmente, un 40%, independientemente de la cantidad de aerogel en la mezcla. De este modo, el aire introducido en la matriz desplaza las proporciones en volumen del aerogel y del yeso, disminuyendo, tanto las propiedades mecánicas, como la capacidad aislante de compuesto mineral. Por otro lado, la conductividad térmica mostró tener una dependencia directa de la contribución de las tres fases principales en el compuesto: yeso, aerogel y aire ocluido. De este modo, se pudo desarrollar un modelo matemático, adaptado de uno existente, capaz de calcular, con bastante precisión, la relación de los tres componentes mencionados, en la conductividad térmica de los compuestos, para el rango de volúmenes y materiales utilizados en esta tesis. Finalmente, la simulación del consumo energético realizada a una vivienda típica de España, de los años 1900 a 1959 (basada en muros de ladrillo macizo), para las zonas climáticas estudiadas (A, D y E), permitió observar el potencial ahorro energético que puede aportar este material, dependiendo de su espesor, como aislamiento interior de los muros de fachada. Particularmente, para la zona A, se determinó un espesor óptimo de 1 cm, mientras que para la zona D y E, 3,5 y 3,9 cm respectivamente. En este sentido, el nuevo material estudiado es capaz de disminuir, entre un 35% y un 80%, el espesor de la capa aislante, en comparación con paneles de lana de roca o los morteros minerales de mayor capacidad aislante del mercado español respectivamente. ABSTRACT The present doctoral thesis studies a new mineral-based composite material, composed by a gypsum matrix (based on an industrial multiphase gypsum binder) and mesoporous hydrophobic silica aerogel particles, compatibilized with a polymeric surfactant due to the high hydrophobic character of the insulating particles. This study pretends to contribute to the development of new composite insulating materials that could be used in energy renovation of existing dwellings, in order to reduce their high energy consumption, as they represent a great part of the total energy consumed in Spain, but also internationally. Between the materials used to develop de studied insulating mortars, gypsum, besides being an abundant material, especially in Spain, requires less energy for the manufacture of a mineral binder (due to lower manufacturing temperatures), compared to lime or cement, thus presenting lower carbon footprint. In other hand, the hydrophobic mesoporous silica aerogel, is, according to the existing references, the material with the highest know insulating capacity in the market. The development of new mineral mortars with higher thermal insulation capacity than traditional insulating materials, presents a relevant application in energy retrofitting of historic and cultural heritage buildings, in which implies that the insulating material should be installed as an internal layer, rather than as an external insulating system. This type of solution involves a reduced internal useful area, especially in climatic zones where the demand for thermal insulation is higher, and so the insulating layer thickness, being idealistic to use materials with very high insulating properties, in order to reach same insulating level (or higher), but in lower thickness than the provided by traditional insulating materials. This research is developed in three main stages: bibliographic, experimental and simulation. The first stage starts by studying the existing references regarding thermally insulating materials, including existing insulating mortars and insulating panels. The second stage, mainly experimental, is centered in the study of the the influence of the microstructure and macrostructure in the physical and mechanical properties, and also in the thermal conductivity of the new mineral-based material. The thirds stage, through energy simulation, consists in theoretically quantifying the energy savings potential that can provide this type of insulating material, in a particular energy retrofitting case study. The experimental research is mainly focused in the study of the factors that influence the mechanical properties and the thermal conductivity of the thermal insulating mineral composites developed in this thesis. For this, the characterization of the studied materials has been performed, as well as the development of several experimental samples, in order to study the hydration of the mineral binder within the composites, but also the final microstructure and macrostructure, fundamental aspects for the understanding of the composite’s mechanical and insulating properties. Thus, is was possible to determine and quantify the factors that influence the studied material properties, providing a knowledge base and understanding of mineral composites that comprises mesoporous hydrophobic silica aerogel particles, being the first study up to date regarding the specific approach of the present study, regarding not just multiphase calcium sulfate plaster, but also other mineral binders. Particularly, the influence of the incorporation of hydrophobic silica aerogel particles, in high volume ratios into a mineral compound, based on different phases of calcium sulfate has been determined. However, to perform mixing, it is necessary to use a surfactant in order to compatibilize these particles with the water-based mineral binder. The use of such additives has an influence, not only in the aerogel, but the overall properties of the compound, so two different surfactant concentration has been studied: the first, the minimum amount of surfactant (used in this thesis) in order to develop the slurries (0.1% concentration of the mixing water), and the second, as the upper limit, the concentration usually used industrially to stabilize air bubbles in foamed concrete (5%). One of the side effects of using such additive, was the modification of the aerogel particles, by changing their behavior in respect to water, generating a partial invasion of the aerogel’s porous structure, by the mixing water. This behavior produces a very important increase in water/binder ratios, affecting the crystal habit and negatively influencing the mechanical properties of the gypsum matrix. This effect further increased when a higher concentration of surfactant (5%) is used. Regarding final materials properties, it was possible to achieve an ultra-lightweight mineral composite (200 kg/m3), with around 60% by volume of aerogel, presenting a very high insulating capacity (0.028 W/m•K), a noticeable lower thermal conductivity compared to the insulating mortars and traditional thermal insulating panels on the market, such as mineral wool or EPS; however, the limiting factor for future’s material application in buildings, is related to the very low mechanical properties achieved. Among the main factors related to the mechanical properties, it has been found an exponential correlation to the volume of gypsum in the composite. However, second-order factors such as the degree of hydration, or a better distribution of the binder between the aerogel particles, due to the increased surface area of the mineral powder, can increase the mechanical properties between two to three times, depending aerogel volume involved. In addition, it was found that the aerogel, together with the surfactant, is able to entrain a large amount of air volume (around 0.70 m3 per m3 of aerogel), which together with the evaporated water (not consumed by the binder during hydration), can reach generally around 40% of entrained air within the gypsum matrix, regardless of the amount of aerogel in the mixture. Thus, the entrained air into the matrix displaces the volume proportions of the aerogel and gypsum, reducing both mechanical and insulating properties of the mineral composite. On the other hand, it has been observed a direct contribution of three main phases into the thermal conductivity of the composite: gypsum, aerogel and entrained air. Thus, it was possible to develop a mathematical model (adapted from an existing one), capable of calculating quite accurate the thermal conductivity of such mineral composites, from the ratio these three components and for the range of volumes and materials used in this thesis. Finally, the energy simulation performed to a typical Spanish dwelling, from the years 1900 to 1959 (mainly constructed with massive clay bricks), within three climatic zones of Spain (A, D and E), showed the energy savings potential that can provide this type of insulating material, depending on the thickness of the applied layer. Particularly, for the climatic A zone, it has been found an optimal layer thickness of 1 cm, while for zone D and E, 3.5 and 3.9 cm respectively. In this manner, the new studied materials is capable of decreasing the thickness of the insulating layer by 35% and 80%, compared with rock wool panels or mineral mortars with the highest insulating performance of the Spanish market respectively.

Composition, potential emissions and agricultural value of pig slurry from Spanish commercial farms

Pig slurry is a valuable fertilizer for crop production but at the same time its management may pose environmental risks. Slurry samples were collected from 77 commercial farms of four animal categories (gestating and lactating sows, nursery piglets and growing pigs) and analyzed for macronutrients, micronutrients, heavy metals and volatile fatty acids. Emissions of ammonia (NH3) and biochemical methane potential (BMP) were quantified. Slurry electrical conductivity, pH, dry matter content and ash content were also determined. Data analysis included an analysis of correlations among variables, the development of prediction models for gaseous emissions and the analysis of nutritional content of slurries for crop production. Descriptive information is provided in this work and shows a wide range of variability in all studied variables. Animal category affected some physicochemical parameters, probably as a consequence of different slurry management and use of cleaning water. Slurries from gestating sows and growing pigs tended to be more concentrated in nutrients, whereas the slurry from lactating sows and nursery piglets tended to be more diluted. Relevant relationships were found among slurry characteristics expressed in fresh basis and gas emissions. Predictive models using on-farm measurable parameters were obtained for NH3 (R2 = 0.51) and CH4