Três ensaios sobre a estrutura espacial urbana em cidades do Brasil contemporâneo: economia urbana e geoinformação na construção de novos olhares

Esta tese apresenta novas possibilidades metodológicas no campo do urbanismo através da aplicação de técnicas derivadas da ciência da geoinformação a luz das teorias de economia urbana. O trabalho está organizado em torno de três ensaios. Cada ensaio se dedica a apresentação e análise de uma questão específica identificada como relevante dentro das teorias da economia urbana no contexto de cidades brasileiras. O primeiro ensaio tem como objetivo investigar as relações que possam existir entre os processos de expansão urbana e a segregação socioespacial na cidade de São Paulo. Situando a discussão dentro de uma perspectiva de economia urbana, o ensaio parte do pressuposto de que ambos os processos estão relacionados às forças de mercado habitacional, incluindo suas falhas inerentes, que acabam por definir a distribuição dos grupos populacionais de acordo com suas características socioeconômicas. O estudo se debruça sobre uma questão central ao debate urbanístico atual que é a ocupação contínua das áreas de fronteira urbana e na forma como este processo impacta a estrutura urbana. O segundo capítulo traz o ensaio onde tratamos de analisar as questões relativas à distribuição dos empregos na cidade de São Paulo e suas consequências para os modelos de economia urbana baseados em gradientes de renda e valor da terra. O terceiro capítulo traz o ensaio no qual retomamos a discussão sobre os processos de expansão urbana, porém situando a discussão a partir de uma perspectiva dinâmica em cidades médias em rápido crescimento demográfico. Neste contexto, há o reconhecimento de que a composição dos preços da terra nas áreas limítrofes da mancha urbana sofre uma forte influência de expectativas de retornos levando a uma sobrevalorização do preço gerada por processos de retenção de terras. Em uma análise aplicada às cidades amazônicas de Marabá e Santarém, buscamos caracterizar em uma perspectiva comparativa os processos de conversão da terra em usos urbanos nas últimas três décadas. Incorporando a informação sobre os usos do solo anteriores a conversão para uso urbano, criamos uma escala de potencial de conversão relativo a cada uso. Partindo do pressuposto de que é possível estabelecer representações matemático-computacionais da estrutura urbana em sistemas de informação geográfica, o trabalho espera contribuir para a constituição dos territórios digitais como expressões quantitativas de conceitos sobre os diferentes processos ambientais e socioeconômicos que acabam por definir o ambiente urbano. Através destas representações, buscar inserir o território no centro das decisões políticas e econômicas que seguem continuamente conformando essas cidades e as condições objetivas de vida que elas propiciam.

Estudo da formação de trincas internas centrais em barras laminadas em aço SAE 1141

A qualidade SAE 1141 alia boas conformabilidade e usinabilidade em um mesmo aço – esta qualidade possui adição de teores de enxofre da ordem de 0,08 – 0,13% em peso. É largamente empregada no segmento de forjarias na confecção de componentes com relativa complexidade e exigência mecânica, tais como garfos e ponteiras para a indústria automotiva. Devido a esse fato, é imprescindível que a matéria-prima para a conformação destes componentes atenda às exigências impostas pelos esforços aplicados aos mesmos e, dado às solicitações que sofrem, apresente um desempenho satisfatório em sua forma final, principalmente no tocante à sanidade interna, visto que defeitos dessa natureza são extremamente deletérios à performance dos componentes conformados. Em função disso, o principal objetivo desta investigação é avaliar as causas potencialmente geradoras de defeitos denominados trincas internas centrais, as quais afetam fortemente a sanidade interna da matéria-prima, além de reduzir a sua incidência em barras de aço da qualidade SAE 1141. Para tanto, são apresentadas considerações sobre a avaliação destes defeitos, analisando-se as possíveis causas geradoras das trincas, as quais são caracterizadas sob o enfoque de bibliografia adequada. Através da realização de ensaios no lingotamento contínuo (LC) envolvendo a utilização do agitador eletromagnético final (FEMS), elaboração de curvas de ductilidade pelo emprego do simulador físico Gleeble para os materiais nas condições tarugo e barra laminada, experiências na laminação envolvendo análises de amostras após cada diferente grau de redução ou passe conferido ao material pelo processo e variação das taxas de resfriamento pós-processamento, busca-se reduzir as ocorrências destes defeitos, diminuindo conseqüentemente sucateamento e custos e melhorando o desempenho do material frente às expectativas dos componentes em serviço. A metodologia empregada para a detecção dos defeitos nas barras laminadas foi a submissão das mesmas ao ultra-som. Várias amostras tiveram os seus defeitos detectados através desse ensaio, os quais foram analisados e caracterizados previamente ao início da investigação das causas geradoras, balizando assim a tomada de decisão em relação aos experimentos a serem realizados. Os dados práticos foram obtidos na Gerdau Aços Especiais Piratini, onde a análise de defeitos internos gerados a partir do processo produtivo é um procedimento rotineiro. A interpretação dos resultados, bem como testes laboratoriais adicionais foram realizados na própria usina e no IAS – Instituto Argentino de Siderurgia. Em paralelo, realizou-se uma revisão na literatura aberta dos principais fundamentos e conceitos metalúrgicos referentes a trincas internas e causas de geração das mesmas, tais como, influência do FEMS na solidificação e na condição de segregação nos tarugos de LC, elementos de liga com caráter fragilizante e/ou deletério (por exemplo, hidrogênio, carbono, enxofre e manganês), influência das transformações de fase – velocidade de resfriamento pós-processamento e influência dos elementos de liga – na formação dos defeitos, entre outros. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a principal causa da geração das trincas internas do tipo centrais em barras laminadas está associada a uma combinação de variáveis. As transformações de fase, somadas a presença de altos teores de hidrogênio no aço – fato este de grande importância na geração dos defeitos detectado somente ao longo da realização do trabalho – fragilizam localmente o núcleo das barras, gerando trincas. Estas, por sua vez, têm a sua propagação facilitada através de cadeias ou redes de sulfeto de manganês, por vezes devido à alta incidência das mesmas nos aços da qualidade SAE 1141. Além disso, pode-se constatar que a geração dos defeitos é potencializada para barras de diâmetros superiores a 75,00 mm. Em barras de diâmetros menores, as falhas estão igualmente presentes e apresentam morfologia similar aos defeitos encontrados nas barras de maior diâmetro, porém, em escala não significativa, não sendo assim abordadas neste trabalho. Pode-se constatar ainda, que a redução da incidência dos defeitos do tipo trincas internas centrais em barras laminadas de diâmetros superiores a 75,00 mm – e conseqüente sucateamento – foi da ordem de mais de 95% desde o início do trabalho, reduzindo-se assim o sucateamento desta qualidade para níveis da ordem de, aproximadamente, 1,0%.

Inclusão de alunos com necessidades educativas especiais no Ensino Superior: estudo exploratório sobre as perceções dos docentes

O número de estudantes com necessidades educativas especiais no ensino superior tem aumentado gradualmente nas últimas duas décadas, devido à implementação de medidas políticas e sociais de acesso e democratização que promovem a inclusão educativa nesse nível de ensino. Este panorama exige que a universidade e, consequentemente, os docentes do ensino superior reflitam sobre o papel que desempenham na adaptação do sistema educativo às necessidades dos estudantes, visando a sua progressão académica. Com esta investigação pretende-se conhecer as perceções que os docentes do ensino superior têm a respeito da inclusão de estudantes com necessidades educativas especiais, uma vez que, essas perceções exercem uma influência importante sobre as medidas educativas e estratégias pedagógicas adotadas pelos docentes e, em consequência, sobre a progressão destes estudantes neste nível de ensino. Para a concretização da investigação, recorreu-se a uma entrevista semiestruturada e a uma análise qualitativa denominada grounded theory com o objetivo de encontrar os temas e as categorias principais a respeito do tema em estudo, nomeadamente das perceções dos docentes acerca da inclusão de estudantes com necessidades educativas especiais no ensino superior. O estudo conta com a participação de 10 docentes com habilitações académicas nas várias áreas do conhecimento e que exercem funções como diretores de curso do 1º ciclo de estudos universitários. Da análise realizada podemos concluir que alguns docentes parecem associar a inclusão no ensino superior a processos de estigmatização, o que poderá ser reflexo da atitude social. Ao lecionar a turmas com estudantes com necessidades educativas especiais, alguns docentes mostram-se inseguros em relação ao futuro profissional do estudante, questionando, se após a formação, ele será capaz de desempenhar eficazmente as suas funções profissionais. Por outro lado, alguns docentes consideram o processo de inclusão como um desafio pedagógico, pois é necessário aprender a gerir as práticas pedagógicas e as características individuais de cada estudante de forma a responder de forma eficaz. Por fim, em relação ao aspeto comportamental das atitudes dos docentes, os docentes que lecionam a turmas com estudantes com necessidades educativas especiais parecem adotar dois comportamentos distintos: adequar medidas educativas e estratégias pedagógicas de acordo com a necessidade do estudante ou não realizar quaisquer adequações. A adequação está associada à implementação das medidas previstas no regulamento interno da instituição e de outras que advêm da pesquisa autodidata dos docentes e pode traduzir-se também na articulação ou encaminhamento para outros técnicos. Esta atitude inclusiva manifestada pela maioria dos docentes denota alguma sensibilidade em relação a esta temática manifestada através do investimento pessoal em tempo e recursos. No que se refere aos docentes que não realizam qualquer adequação das medidas educativas, estes podem ser motivados por fatores como o desconhecimento da existência de um estudante com necessidades educativas especiais, a perceção de inexistência de recursos de apoio disponíveis na instituição e a ideologia educativa partilhada pelo docente. Assim, uma mudança de atitude a partir de um modelo de integração ou até de segregação para um paradigma mais inclusivo implica a mobilização dos vários agentes educativos, nomeadamente a instituição na disponibilização de recursos, o estudante na sinalização da sua necessidade educativa especial e o docente na realização de formação pedagógica visando uma mudança de ideologia educativa.

Espaços de pobreza e mobilidade urbana: os deslocamentos da população de baixa renda em Natal/RN

This dissertation is an attempt to understand how families with an income of up to three minimum wages and living in different Areas of Demographic Expansion (AEDs) of Natal municipality specifically in the districts of Igapó and Salinas (North Administrative Zone of the city), Ponta Negra (South Administrative Zone), Santos Reis, Praia do Meio, Areia Preta and Mãe Luíza (East Administrative Zone) and Felipe Camarão (West Administrative Zone) solve their problems of urban mobility. It is, therefore, a reflection upon the mobility needs of poor urban households as expressed in terms of origin-destiny displacements for specific movements (house-work, house-school, house-shopping, house-healthcare and house-leisure), all of which being analyzed within the relationship between public transportation and poverty spaces of the city. In order to develop the study, theoretical aspects and themes related to the production of the urban space, to social and spatial segregation, to urban mobility and to transportation were confronted with the collected data referring to the urban population previously selected. One of the research main findings is the crucial role mobility plays in the social differentiation of such people living in Natal and that any policy for the improvement of their living conditions must take mobility issues into account

Arquitetura da (in)segurança: estudando relações entre configuração espacial, artifícios de segurança e violência urbana no bairro Manaíra, João Pessoa, Paraíba

João Pessoa, the capital city of the state of Paraíba (Northeast Brazil), is reputed throughout the country as a quiet place, although it has been acquiring, over the past years, an urban character with social implications similar to those of major metropolitan Brazilian areas. The new situation is evident by the social inequalities, with the creation of confined spaces, which segregate and cause enclosure of the inhabitants, leading to death the public space. This study correlates accessibility in spatial structure with two types of crime data, burglary and robbery, recorded in 2008 and 2009, by the Secretaria de Segurança da Paraíba (The government agency public in charge of safety), in the district of Manaíra, an upper middle class neighborhood, which has, in recent times, been considered one of the most violent areas in João Pessoa. Sought to understand connections between these events and morpho-social aspects of the built environment, where examined the spatial properties, such as accessibility of the urban net, the presence of control measures, the safety of buildings and their uses. Spatial properties were also validated by the observation of pedestrian flows at strategic points of the study area. It was concluded that the presence of intense flows helps to attract potential thieves, physical security and control offers little protection

Entre o mar e estrela, um lugar para se bem viver : a problemática da expansão urbana da Cidade de Baía Formosa/RN

The urban expansion problem of Baía Formosa, a southern edge city of de Rio Grande do Norte eastern coast, which has been presented in other coast Brazilian towns, specially on those with tourist activities increase. Therefore, this situation brings huge concerns to their inhabitants, to their technical /scientific community and to the governments, because of the conflicts of interest and of the growth of urban problems that this has been created. At Baía Formosa, the situation is aggravated because the city is confined, once around it, there are large private proprieties, environmental preservation area and the sea, at the eastern edge. The objectives of this study are the analyses of this city expansion process in order to obtain adequate alternatives and defining methodology to apply in other urban nucleus that are subjected to similar situations. Of course, presents social relations, environmental conditions and promoting local population insertion should be considered in order that enjoin this process and contributing to a better social balance. This case study has used bibliography research, field data, maps and soil occupation recorders and photographs of the area, besides the primary data gathering by surveys carried out with many social actors. The present analysis shows that the urban expansion observed today is featured by a recent unsustainable model, which attacks the environment and brings either farm conflicts. On the other hand, the ecological tourism can represent an alternative in order to achieve an adequate expansion form, without forgetting the several structural parameters necessary to support the sustainable activities

Depois das fronteiras: a formação dos espaços de pobreza na periferia norte de Natal-RN

The periphery of the city of Natal was built during the last 20 years, trough informal land developments. This dissertation analyses the urbanization of Natal`s North Zone, the largest residential area in the city where 40% of the population lives. This urban space is characterized as a space of poverty because of its majority of low income dwellers as well as lack of infrastructure. The main objective here is to identify and characterize this space as well as resulting segregation. Variables as income, space morphology, residential typology and the history of real estate development as well as dweller`s history of life are analysed

Geografia da dominação: um estudo sobre a organização espacial da terra do sal (Macau-RN)

This work aims to understand the spatial organization in the Town of Macau, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. This approach focus on bringing back the history of the town, the main personages responsible for the construction of this place, denominated "social agents", as well as its social processes and the spatial forms derived from them. As the personages and their practices were identified, it was found out the existence of a driving force for structuring, interlocking, and maintaining the actions carried out by the social agents during the time. Such actions were materialized in the urban space: "the social segregation". The social segregation takes place as a specific geography of domination. The outcome of those owning the best areas" and ways of accessibility in the urban space, varies from the enrichment by property valorization, because of the concentration of public investments of infrastructure, to the comfort of easily reaching all the daily needs related to the displacements in the urban space. In the latter case, such facility has contributed to improve life quality. While one takes advantage of the location in the urban space, others are negatively affected by the same process. This research identified the salina worker as the weakest element of this social structure, occupying the urban periphery of the town of Macau. Such area is characterized by the lack of services and urban equipment in opposition to the center of the town, the locus of elite. This way, it is established the most known segregation pattern: center x periphery, in which the space acts as a mechanism of segregation

Acessibilidade no ambiente escolar: reflexões com base no estudo de duas escolas municipais de Natal-RN

This work was originated through the results of the analysis of the services for the needs of people with disabilities that were permitted by the physical space of two schools of the municipality of Natal/RN. The general objective/goal was to subsidize the elaboration of alternatives for the planning of environments that could be used by any person. The study used the empirical research through the adoption of a multimethod approach including: (i) technical visits oriented by the NBR 9050, (ii) contact with users that have reduced mobility (visually impaired and wheelchair or crutch users) through escorted travels and interviews, and (iii) interview with school managers. The evidence from the research, even though with significant development of laws that guarantee people with disabilities their right to citizenship, the physical environment of our schools still present with many obstacles that prevent the mobility of people with disabilities which proves their lack of readiness to accommodate them. Therefore, the actions taken to address the accessibility has been the adoption of temporary solutions that makes the adaptation more difficult, adds obstacles and reinforces the undesirable segregation, however still very present in our society. Finally, there is the indication that in order to achieve the spatial configuration that promotes social contact and integration in between the persons with different physical status, it is necessary to completely comprehend the activities developed in each space, from the conception of the equipment to the individual learning needs, having in mind creating environments that stimulates the execution of the tasks in an independent manner without the assistance of others. The inclusion regarding attention to accessibility in the decision making process, directed to the arquitectural and urban project, would decrease the constant need to redevelop and adapt spaces, and should be definitely incorporated as an important component in the production of space

O processo de urbanização de Mossorò: dos processos históricos à estrutura urbana atual

The general objective of this academic work is to analyze the relationship between the territorial division and the urban expansion process of Mossoró city, understood here as the production and occupation of space. The urban expansion in Mossoró, since its formation as settlement in 1772 until current days, identifies with the Brazilian urbanization process whose growth is determined by the capitalist development. Thus, the expansion was determined by several economical specializations imposed by the territorial division of work which occurs at an interregional level, and, sometimes at an international level. Then, each specialization determined a moment of the urban expansion of the city, as follows: a) The cattle farmer specialization, between 1772 and 1857, when the urban expansion was shy, is summarized to a commercial square that received goods from Aracati aiming to cover a wide rural area; b) The commercial emporium specialization, between 1857 and 1930, when the urban expansion took an important impulse with the concentration of public and private capitals; c) The salt industry and the agricultural-industrial exporter specialization inside a state of development policy, between 1930 and 1970, when the urban expansion, joined to the settlement of the working class in the urban soil, developed along an important axis -the railway; d) The render of services specialization inside a state of intervention policy, between 1970 and 1990, when the urban expansion was characterized by the accelerated growth rhythm, by the reuse of some spaces, and by space segregation of demanding people; e) The render of services policy inside a neoliberal state policy, since 1990 until current days, when the urban expansion reduced its rhythm abruptly, when only small alterations occurred in the existing spaces. It focused on social policies and on several slums eradication programs. Finally, the territorial structure is deeply articulated with others, no territorial, but economical, social and political, which happens at a national, regional and local rate. Only within a historical and conceptual panorama, it was possible to explain the urban expansion in Mossoró from its formation in 1772 until current days. Therefore, this work is a several discipline analysis of the urbanization process existing in Mossoró

Projeto raia de fogo: aspectos populacionais da raia de fogo (Dasyatis marianae Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000) e pesca de elasmobrânquios no complexo recifal do Parracho de Maracajaú

The species Dasyatis marianae inhabits coastal areas associated with coral reefs, considered endemic to the northeast of Brazil, occurring from the State of Maranhão to the south of Bahia. Specimens of this species are commonly sighted by divers and fishermen in the area of Maracajaú reefs, a complex reef that is part of the Environmental Protection Area of Coral Reefs (EPACR), which was developed in this study about the ecology and biology of the D. marianae, in order to characterize aspects of population structure in the area of the reef complex of Parracho de Maracajaú. We analyzed 120 specimens caught by artisanal fishing site of the size, weight, sex, stage of maturity and stomach contents. Most subjects were adult males (1.7:1) and was more abundant for rays with lengths between 25 and 29cm of LD, where females reach larger sizes, a feature common to other rays. The largest specimens were captured in the area of seagrass, which is preferred for the species. The distribution of species in the area showed an ontogenetic and sexual segregation, where the youthful occur near the beach, which is a likely area for nursery and growth of the adult females prevail in the seagrass, which apparently has a high prey availability, and Adult males are more distant, a higher proportion occurring in outlying areas, suggesting a habit more exploratory than the females. The evaluation of the reproductive system indicated 3 reproductive cycles per year, one young per pregnancy, and showed that the mature males were smaller than females. The cubs of D. marianae size at birth 12 to 15cm LD. As for diet, the species was characterized as carnivorous crustacean specialist. The performance of visual censuses in different localities allowed to evaluate the density of D. marianae in different environments of the complex. The species occurs in greater numbers in seagrass, environment very important for the conservation of the species. 100 individuals of D. marianae marked in reef complex area enrolled in a recapture rate of 3%. Some behavioral aspects were evaluated, as diurnal pattern of activity, interaction with cleaning and fish Pomacanthus paru followers as Lutjanus analis and Carangoides bartholomaei. Overall, much of the information obtained should be used for management of the species

Otimização de vazão de poços injetores em projeto de injeção de água utilizando simulação por linhas de fluxo

Until the early 90s, the simulation of fluid flow in oil reservoir basically used the numerical technique of finite differences. Since then, there was a big development in simulation technology based on streamlines, so that nowadays it is being used in several cases and it can represent the physical mechanisms that influence the fluid flow, such as compressibility, capillarity and gravitational segregation. Streamline-based flow simulation is a tool that can help enough in waterflood project management, because it provides important information not available through traditional simulation of finite differences and shows, in a direct way, the influence between injector well and producer well. This work presents the application of a methodology published in literature for optimizing water injection projects in modeling of a Brazilian Potiguar Basin reservoir that has a large number of wells. This methodology considers changes of injection well rates over time, based on information available through streamline simulation. This methodology reduces injection rates in wells of lower efficiency and increases injection rates in more efficient wells. In the proposed model, the methodology was effective. The optimized alternatives presented higher oil recovery associated with a lower water injection volume. This shows better efficiency and, consequently, reduction in costs. Considering the wide use of the water injection in oil fields, the positive outcome of the modeling is important, because it shows a case study of increasing of oil recovery achieved simply through better distribution of water injection rates

Estudo paramétrico da recuperação de óleo no processo de drenagem gravitacional com injeção de CO2

The gas injection has become the most important IOR process in the United States. Furthermore, the year 2006 marks the first time the gas injection IOR production has surpassed that of steam injection. In Brazil, the installation of a petrochemical complex in the Northeast of Brazil (Bahia State) offers opportunities for the injection of gases in the fields located in the Recôncavo Basin. Field-scale gas injection applications have almost always been associated with design and operational difficulties. The mobility ratio, which controls the volumetric sweep, between the injected gas and displaced oil bank in gas processes, is typically unfavorable due to the relatively low viscosity of the injected gas. Furthermore, the difference between their densities results in severe gravity segregation of fluids in the reservoirs, consequently leading to poor control in the volumetric sweep. Nowadays, from the above applications of gas injection, the WAG process is most popular. However, in attempting to solve the mobility problems, the WAG process gives rise to other problems associated with increased water saturation in the reservoir including diminished gas injectivity and increased competition to the flow of oil. The low field performance of WAG floods with oil recoveries in the range of 5-10% is a clear indication of these problems. In order to find na effective alternative to WAG, the Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage (GAGD) was developed. This process is designed to take advantage of gravity force to allow vertical segregation between the injected CO2 and reservoir crude oil due to their density difference. This process consists of placing horizontal producers near the bottom of the pay zone and injecting gás through existing vertical wells in field. Homogeneous models were used in this work which can be extrapolated to commercial application for fields located in the Northeast of Brazil. The simulations were performed in a CMG simulator, the STARS 2007.11, where some parameters and their interactions were analyzed. The results have shown that the CO2 injection in GAGD process increased significantly the rate and the final recovery of oil

Análise paramétrica da simulação composicional do processo de Drenagem Gravitacional Assistida por Gás (GAGD)

In Brazil and around the world, oil companies are looking for, and expected development of new technologies and processes that can increase the oil recovery factor in mature reservoirs, in a simple and inexpensive way. So, the latest research has developed a new process called Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage (GAGD) which was classified as a gas injection IOR. The process, which is undergoing pilot testing in the field, is being extensively studied through physical scale models and core-floods laboratory, due to high oil recoveries in relation to other gas injection IOR. This process consists of injecting gas at the top of a reservoir through horizontal or vertical injector wells and displacing the oil, taking advantage of natural gravity segregation of fluids, to a horizontal producer well placed at the bottom of the reservoir. To study this process it was modeled a homogeneous reservoir and a model of multi-component fluid with characteristics similar to light oil Brazilian fields through a compositional simulator, to optimize the operational parameters. The model of the process was simulated in GEM (CMG, 2009.10). The operational parameters studied were the gas injection rate, the type of gas injection, the location of the injector and production well. We also studied the presence of water drive in the process. The results showed that the maximum vertical spacing between the two wells, caused the maximum recovery of oil in GAGD. Also, it was found that the largest flow injection, it obtained the largest recovery factors. This parameter controls the speed of the front of the gas injected and determined if the gravitational force dominates or not the process in the recovery of oil. Natural gas had better performance than CO2 and that the presence of aquifer in the reservoir was less influential in the process. In economic analysis found that by injecting natural gas is obtained more economically beneficial than CO2