Development of Nonsocial Behaviour in the Asiatic Elephant

The elephant calf, a defended follower is completely dependent on adults till the age of 3 months. It begins to explore and attempts to feed at 3 to 6 months, and then becomes partially independent with some feeding on its own. The characteristics of behavior in adults are examined and the development of this pattern in the calf is traced by analyis of duration, transition and clustering of the behavioural elements. Essential activities like suckling, locomotion and lying down for rest appear soon after birth whereas elements of feeding, grooming and play appear only at a later stage. The calf takes the initiative in suckling and its termination, drinking directly by mouth till the age of 6 months. The first element of feeding appears at about a week in attempts to pick up and hold objects in the trunk. Co-ordination of limb, trunk and mouth movement is achieved by about 1 month. The calf is strong enough to pull out plants by 6 months when independent feeding begins. In about a year feeding, drinking and dusting patterns are well developed.

Multi-Pattern Viterbi Algorithm for joint decoding of multiple speech patterns

Joint decoding of multiple speech patterns so as to improve speech recognition performance is important, especially in the presence of noise. In this paper, we propose a Multi-Pattern Viterbi algorithm (MPVA) to jointly decode and recognize multiple speech patterns for automatic speech recognition (ASR). The MPVA is a generalization of the Viterbi Algorithm to jointly decode multiple patterns given a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). Unlike the previously proposed two stage Constrained Multi-Pattern Viterbi Algorithm (CMPVA),the MPVA is a single stage algorithm. MPVA has the advantage that it cart be extended to connected word recognition (CWR) and continuous speech recognition (CSR) problems. MPVA is shown to provide better speech recognition performance than the earlier techniques: using only two repetitions of noisy speech patterns (-5 dB SNR, 10% burst noise), the word error rate using MPVA decreased by 28.5%, when compared to using individual decoding. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Generalized Burgers equations and Euler–Painlevé transcendents. III

It was proposed earlier [P. L. Sachdev, K. R. C. Nair, and V. G. Tikekar, J. Math. Phys. 27, 1506 (1986); P. L. Sachdev and K. R. C. Nair, ibid. 28, 977 (1987)] that the Euler–Painlevé equations  y(d2y/dη2)+a(dy/dη)2 +f(η)y(dy/dη)+g(η)y2+b(dy/dη) +c=0 represent generalized Burgers equations (GBE’s) in the same way as Painlevé equations represent the Korteweg–de Vries type of equations. The earlier studies were carried out in the context of GBE’s with damping and those with spherical and cylindrical symmetry. In the present paper, GBE’s with variable coefficients of viscosity and those with inhomogeneous terms are considered for their possible connection to Euler–Painlevé equations. It is found that the Euler–Painlevé equation, which represents the GBE ut+uβux=(δ/2)g(t)uxx, g(t)=(1+t)n, β>0, has solutions, which either decay or oscillate at η=±∞, only when −1

Studies of the Human Transcriptome

Gene expression is one of the most critical factors influencing the phenotype of a cell. As a result of several technological advances, measuring gene expression levels has become one of the most common molecular biological measurements to study the behaviour of cells. The scientific community has produced enormous and constantly increasing collection of gene expression data from various human cells both from healthy and pathological conditions. However, while each of these studies is informative and enlighting in its own context and research setup, diverging methods and terminologies make it very challenging to integrate existing gene expression data to a more comprehensive view of human transcriptome function. On the other hand, bioinformatic science advances only through data integration and synthesis. The aim of this study was to develop biological and mathematical methods to overcome these challenges and to construct an integrated database of human transcriptome as well as to demonstrate its usage. Methods developed in this study can be divided in two distinct parts. First, the biological and medical annotation of the existing gene expression measurements needed to be encoded by systematic vocabularies. There was no single existing biomedical ontology or vocabulary suitable for this purpose. Thus, new annotation terminology was developed as a part of this work. Second part was to develop mathematical methods correcting the noise and systematic differences/errors in the data caused by various array generations. Additionally, there was a need to develop suitable computational methods for sample collection and archiving, unique sample identification, database structures, data retrieval and visualization. Bioinformatic methods were developed to analyze gene expression levels and putative functional associations of human genes by using the integrated gene expression data. Also a method to interpret individual gene expression profiles across all the healthy and pathological tissues of the reference database was developed. As a result of this work 9783 human gene expression samples measured by Affymetrix microarrays were integrated to form a unique human transcriptome resource GeneSapiens. This makes it possible to analyse expression levels of 17330 genes across 175 types of healthy and pathological human tissues. Application of this resource to interpret individual gene expression measurements allowed identification of tissue of origin with 92.0% accuracy among 44 healthy tissue types. Systematic analysis of transcriptional activity levels of 459 kinase genes was performed across 44 healthy and 55 pathological tissue types and a genome wide analysis of kinase gene co-expression networks was done. This analysis revealed biologically and medically interesting data on putative kinase gene functions in health and disease. Finally, we developed a method for alignment of gene expression profiles (AGEP) to perform analysis for individual patient samples to pinpoint gene- and pathway-specific changes in the test sample in relation to the reference transcriptome database. We also showed how large-scale gene expression data resources can be used to quantitatively characterize changes in the transcriptomic program of differentiating stem cells. Taken together, these studies indicate the power of systematic bioinformatic analyses to infer biological and medical insights from existing published datasets as well as to facilitate the interpretation of new molecular profiling data from individual patients.

Use of modal energy distribution in the design of honeycomb sandwich decks

Through the example of a spacecraft equipment deck, which is generally made of honeycomb sandwich construction, it is shown that modal energy distribution can be used as an effective guideline in improving the deck's frequencies to meet the restrictions imposed upon it. The kinetic energy distribution is employed as a basis for redistributing various packages on the deck. Strain energy distribution is used to identify areas which can be stiffened by bonding �doublers� on the face sheets and the doubler thickness is obtained from a sensitivity analysis.

Suomalainen sotilasidentiteetti yhteiskunnan muutoksessa toisen maailmansodan jälkeen

Toisen maailmansodan päättyminen vuonna 1945 ja sitä seurannut Suomen poliittinen uudelleenasemointi asettivat myös suomalaisen identiteettipolitiikan uudelleenarvioitavaksi. Erityisesti puolustusvoimissa ja ylipäätään suomalaisen sotilaan identiteetin kohdalla muutos oli suuri, sillä toista maailmansotaa edeltänyt kansalaissotilaan luominen oli perustunut pitkälti Neuvostoliiton ja Venäjän uhkaan. Sotaa muita kuin itäistä naapuria vastaan ei pidetty uskottavana. Tilanteen muututtua pohjaa maanpuolustustahdolle, isänmaalle ja ylipäätään sotilaalliselle varautumiselle oli haettava muista lähteistä. Tutkielma käsittelee suomalaisen sotilasidentiteetin tilaa 1960-luvun alussa (1960-1965). Asiaa tarkastellaan puolustusvoimien ja sen piirissä toimineiden henkilöiden näkövinkkelistä. Tarkoituksena on selvittää, miten he näkivät tilanteen, sen kehityksen ja mitä toimenpiteitä kenties tarvittiin identiteetin ohjaamiseksi oikeaan suuntaan. Alkuperäislähteinä työssä on käytetty pääasiassa puolustusvoimain vaikutuspiirissä julkaistuja sanoma- ja aikakauslehtiä tutkimusjaksolta. Aikaisempaa historiantutkimusta aiheesta ko. tutkimusjaksolta on julkaistu vähän. Tutkimus peilaa vahvasti Juha Mälkin väitöstutkimukseen (2008), jossa tutkittiin suomalaisen kansalaissotilaan luomistyötä 1920- ja 1930-luvuilla. Mälkin tutkimus toimii työssä monin paikoin vertailukohtana sotaa edeltäneeseen tilanteeseen. Toisena tärkeänä metodologisena lähtökohtana tutkielmalle on Vilho Harlen ja Sami Moision (2000) käsitys suomalaisesta identiteettiprojektista ja suomalaisen identiteetin rakentamisesta “toiseutta” vastaan. Tutkielma selvittää suomalaisen sotilasidentiteetin rakentumista kolmella tasolla. Ensimmäisellä tasolla selvitetään, millaisena suomalainen sotilas nähtiin luonteensa valossa ja millaisia piirteitä yhdistettiin hänen persoonaansa yleisellä tasolla. Samalla selvitetään, miten nämä piirteet vaikuttivat sotilaalliseen kurinpitoon ja johtamiseen. Toinen taso kartoittaa, miten poliittisen johdon valitsema puolueettomuuspolitiikka vaikutti identiteetin perustaan, siihen miten isänmaallisuus haluttiin määritellä sekä niihin käytännön toimiin, joita valittu linja vaati. Kolmas taso keskittyy asevelvollisiässä olleeseen nuorisoon ja siihen, miten heidät nähtiin muun muassa 1960-luvun nuorisoradikalismin ja rauhanaatteiden valossa. Tutkielman loppupäätelmä on, että suomalainen oli kansallisten ominaispiirteidensä puolesta pitkälti hyväksytty “aikuinen” kansalainen. Myös sotilaille kielteiset piirteet, kuten vaikkapa “purnaaminen” oli otettu osaksi suomalaisen sotilaan kuvaa. Samalla puolustusvoimain piirissä oltiin kuitenkin huolestuneita kansalaisten sitoutumisesta isänmaahan ja maanpuolustukseen henkisellä tasolla. Esimerkiksi nuorison radikaalit aatteet nähtiin uhkana oikeanlaiselle identiteetille. Edellytyksenä hyväksyttävälle sotilasidentiteetille nähtiin poliittisen johdon valitseman puolueettomuusasenteen laaja ja ehdoton hyväksyminen. Tältä osin kaikkien suomalaisten olisi ajateltava samalla tavoin.

The C-Terminal Domain of the MutL Homolog from Neisseria gonorrhoeae Forms an Inverted Homodimer

The mismatch repair (MMR) pathway serves to maintain the integrity of the genome by removing mispaired bases from the newly synthesized strand. In E. coli, MutS, MutL and MutH coordinate to discriminate the daughter strand through a mechanism involving lack of methylation on the new strand. This facilitates the creation of a nick by MutH in the daughter strand to initiate mismatch repair. Many bacteria and eukaryotes, including humans, do not possess a homolog of MutH. Although the exact strategy for strand discrimination in these organisms is yet to be ascertained, the required nicking endonuclease activity is resident in the C-terminal domain of MutL. This activity is dependent on the integrity of a conserved metal binding motif. Unlike their eukaryotic counterparts, MutL in bacteria like Neisseria exist in the form of a homodimer. Even though this homodimer would possess two active sites, it still acts a nicking endonuclease. Here, we present the crystal structure of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the MutL homolog of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NgoL) determined to a resolution of 2.4 A. The structure shows that the metal binding motif exists in a helical configuration and that four of the six conserved motifs in the MutL family, including the metal binding site, localize together to form a composite active site. NgoL-CTD exists in the form of an elongated inverted homodimer stabilized by a hydrophobic interface rich in leucines. The inverted arrangement places the two composite active sites in each subunit on opposite lateral sides of the homodimer. Such an arrangement raises the possibility that one of the active sites is occluded due to interaction of NgoL with other protein factors involved in MMR. The presentation of only one active site to substrate DNA will ensure that nicking of only one strand occurs to prevent inadvertent and deleterious double stranded cleavage.

Surprising observation of large anthropogenic aerosol fraction over the ``near-pristine'' southern Bay of Bengal: Climate implications

The Bay of Bengal (BoB), a small oceanic region surrounded by landmasses with distinct natural and anthropogenic activities and under the influence of seasonally changing airmass types, is characterized by a rather complex and highly heterogeneous aerosol environment. Concurrent measurements of the physical, optical, and chemical (offline analysis) properties of BoB aerosols, made onboard extensive ship-cruises and aircraft sorties during Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget of March-April 2006, and satellite-retrieved aerosol optical depths and derived parameters, were synthesized following a synergistic approach to delineate the anthropogenic fraction to the composite aerosol parameters and its spatial variation. Quite interestingly and contrary to the general belief, our studies revealed that, despite of the very high aerosol loading (in the marine atmospheric boundary layer as well as in the vertical column) over the northern BoB and a steep decreasing gradient toward the southern latitudes, the anthropogenic fraction showed a steady increase from North to South (where no obvious anthropogenic source regions exist). Consequently, the direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere due to anthropogenic aerosols remained nearly constant over the entire BoB with values in the range from -3.3 to -3.6 Wm(-2). This interesting finding, beyond doubts calls for a better understanding of the complex aerosol system over the BoB through more focused field campaigns.