Diperoxovanadate can substitute for H(2)O(2) at much lower concentration in inducing features of premature cellular senescence in mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3)

Stress induced premature senescence (SIPS) in mammalian cells is an accelerated ageing response and experimentally obtained on treatment of cells with high concentrations of H(2)O(2), albeit at sub-lethal doses, because H(2)O(2) gets depleted by abundant cellular catalase. In the present study diperoxovanadate (DPV) was used as it is known to be stable at physiological pH, to be catalase-resistant and to substitute for H(2)O(2) in its activities at concentrations order of magnitudes lower. On treating NIH3T3 cells with DPV, SIPS-like morphology was observed along with an immediate response of rounding of the cells by disruption of actin cytoskeleton and transient G2/M arrest. DPV could bring about growth arrest and senescence associated features at 25 mu M dose, which were not seen with similar doses of either H(2)O(2) or vanadate. A minimal dose of 150 mu M of H(2)O(2) was required to induce similar affects as 25 mu M DPV. Increase in senescent associated markers such as p21, HMGA2 and PAI-1 was more prominent in DPV treated cells compared to similar dose of H(2)O(2). DPV-treated cells showed marked relocalization of Cyclin D1 from nucleus to cytoplasm. These results indicate that DPV, stable inorganic peroxide, is more efficient in inducing SIPS at lower concentrations compared to H(2)O(2). (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nature's Swiss Army Knives: Ovipositor Structure Mirrors Ecology in a Multitrophic Fig Wasp Community

Background: Resource partitioning is facilitated by adaptations along niche dimensions that range from morphology to behaviour. The exploitation of hidden resources may require specially adapted morphological or sensory tools for resource location and utilisation. Differences in tool diversity and complexity can determine not only how many species can utilize these hidden resources but also how they do so. Methodology and Principal Findings: The sclerotisation, gross morphology and ultrastructure of the ovipositors of a seven-member community of parasitic wasps comprising of gallers and parasitoids developing within the globular syconia (closed inflorescences) of Ficus racemosa (Moraceae) was investigated. These wasps also differ in their parasitism mode (external versus internal oviposition) and their timing of oviposition into the expanding syconium during its development. The number and diversity of sensilla, as well as ovipositor teeth, increased from internally ovipositing to externally ovipositing species and from gallers to parasitoids. The extent of sclerotisation of the ovipositor tip matched the force required to penetrate the syconium at the time of oviposition of each species. The internally ovipositing pollinator had only one type of sensillum and a single notch on the ovipositor tip. Externally ovipositing species had multiple sensilla types and teeth on their ovipositors. Chemosensilla were most concentrated at ovipositor tips while mechanoreceptors were more widely distributed, facilitating the precise location of hidden hosts in these wasps which lack larval host-seeking behaviour. Ovipositor traits of one parasitoid differed from those of its syntopic galler congeners and clustered with those of parasitoids within a different wasp subfamily. Thus ovipositor tools can show lability based on adaptive necessity, and are not constrained by phylogeny. Conclusions/Significance: Ovipositor structure mirrored the increasingly complex trophic ecology and requirements for host accessibility in this parasite community. Ovipositor structure could be a useful surrogate for predicting the biology of parasites in other communities.

Spiral-Wave Dynamics in a Mathematical Model of Human Ventricular Tissue with Myocytes and Fibroblasts

Cardiac fibroblasts, when coupled functionally with myocytes, can modulate the electrophysiological properties of cardiac tissue. We present systematic numerical studies of such modulation of electrophysiological properties in mathematical models for (a) single myocyte-fibroblast (MF) units and (b) two-dimensional (2D) arrays of such units; our models build on earlier ones and allow for zero-, one-, and two-sided MF couplings. Our studies of MF units elucidate the dependence of the action-potential (AP) morphology on parameters such as E-f, the fibroblast resting-membrane potential, the fibroblast conductance G(f), and the MF gap-junctional coupling G(gap). Furthermore, we find that our MF composite can show autorhythmic and oscillatory behaviors in addition to an excitable response. Our 2D studies use (a) both homogeneous and inhomogeneous distributions of fibroblasts, (b) various ranges for parameters such as G(gap), G(f), and E-f, and (c) intercellular couplings that can be zero-sided, one-sided, and two-sided connections of fibroblasts with myocytes. We show, in particular, that the plane-wave conduction velocity CV decreases as a function of G(gap), for zero-sided and one-sided couplings; however, for two-sided coupling, CV decreases initially and then increases as a function of G(gap), and, eventually, we observe that conduction failure occurs for low values of G(gap). In our homogeneous studies, we find that the rotation speed and stability of a spiral wave can be controlled either by controlling G(gap) or E-f. Our studies with fibroblast inhomogeneities show that a spiral wave can get anchored to a local fibroblast inhomogeneity. We also study the efficacy of a low-amplitude control scheme, which has been suggested for the control of spiral-wave turbulence in mathematical models for cardiac tissue, in our MF model both with and without heterogeneities.

Antitumor and antioxidant status of Terminalia catappa against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice

Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antitumor and antioxidant status of ethanol extract of Terminalia catappa leaves against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: The leaves powder was extracted with Soxhlet apparatus and subjected to hot continuous percolation using ethanol (95% v/v). Tumor bearing animals was treated with 50 and 200 mg/kg of ethanol extract. EAC induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of EAC cells 1 x 10(6) cells/mice. The study was assed using life span of EAC-bearing hosts, hematological parameters, volume of solid tumor mass and status of antioxidant enzymes such as lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents from the leaves extract were also determined. Results: Total phenolics and flavonoids contents from the leaves extract were found 354.02 and 51.67 mg/g extract. Oral administration of ethanol extract of T. catappa (50 and 200 mg/kg) increased the life span (27.82% and 60.59%), increased peritoneal cell count (8.85 +/- 0.20 and 10.37 +/- 0.26) and significantly decreased solid tumor mass (1.16 +/- 0.14 cm(2)) at 200 mg/kg as compared with EAC-tumor bearing mice (P < 0.01). Hematological profile including red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin (11.91 +/- 0.47 % g) and protein estimation were found to be nearly normal levels in extract-treated mice compared with tumor bearing control mice. Treatment with T. catappa significantly decreased levels of LPO and GSH, and increased levels of SOD and CAT activity (P < 0.01). Conclusion: T. catappa exhibited antitumor effect by modulating LPO and augmenting antioxidant defense systems in EAC bearing mice. The phenolic and flavonoid components in this extract may be responsible for antitumor activity.

Context dependent non canonical WNT signaling mediates activation of fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-beta

Actions of transforming growth factor-beta are largely context dependent. For instance, TGF-beta is growth inhibitory to epithelial cells and many tumor cell-lines while it stimulates the growth of mesenchymal cells. TGF-beta also activates fibroblast cells to a myofibroblastic phenotype. In order to understand how the responsiveness of fibroblasts to TGF-beta would change in the context of transformation, we have compared the differential gene regulation by TGF-beta in immortal fibroblasts (hFhTERT), transformed fibroblasts (hFhTERT-LTgRAS) and a human fibrosarcoma cell-line (HT1080). The analysis revealed regulation of 6735, 4163, and 3478 probe-sets by TGF-beta in hFhTERT, hFhTERT-LTgRAS and HT1080 cells respectively. Intriguingly, 5291 probe-sets were found to be either regulated in hFhTERT or hFhTERT-LTgRAS cells while 2274 probe-sets were regulated either in hFhTERT or HT1080 cells suggesting that the response of immortal hFhTERT cells to TGF-beta is vastly different compared to the response of both the transformed cells hFhTERT-LTgRAS and HT1080 to TGF-beta. Strikingly, WNT pathway showed enrichment in the hFhTERT cells in Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Functional studies showed induction of WNT4 by TGF-beta in hFhTERT cells and TGF-beta conferred action of these cells was mediated by WNT4. While TGF-beta activated both canonical and non-canonical WNT pathways in hFhTERT cells, Erk1/2 and p38 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase pathways were activated in hFhTERT-LTgRAS and HT1080 cells. This suggests that transformation of immortal hFhTERT cells by SV40 large T antigen and activated RAS caused a switch in their response to TGF-beta which matched with the response of HT1080 cells to TGF-beta. These data suggest context dependent activation of non-canonical signaling by TGF-beta. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Inc.

Turbulent states and their transitions in mathematical models for ventricular tissue: The effects of random interstitial fibroblasts

We study the dynamical behaviors of two types of spiral-and scroll-wave turbulence states, respectively, in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) mathematical models, of human, ventricular, myocyte cells that are attached to randomly distributed interstitial fibroblasts; these turbulence states are promoted by (a) the steep slope of the action-potential-duration-restitution (APDR) plot or (b) early afterdepolarizations (EADs). Our single-cell study shows that (1) the myocyte-fibroblast (MF) coupling G(j) and (2) the number N-f of fibroblasts in an MF unit lower the steepness of the APDR slope and eliminate the EAD behaviors of myocytes; we explore the pacing dependence of such EAD suppression. In our 2D simulations, we observe that a spiral-turbulence (ST) state evolves into a state with a single, rotating spiral (RS) if either (a) G(j) is large or (b) the maximum possible number of fibroblasts per myocyte N-f(max) is large. We also observe that the minimum value of G(j), for the transition from the ST to the RS state, decreases as N-f(max) increases. We find that, for the steep-APDR-induced ST state, once the MF coupling suppresses ST, the rotation period of a spiral in the RS state increases as (1) G(j) increases, with fixed N-f(max), and (2) N-f(max) increases, with fixed G(j). We obtain the boundary between ST and RS stability regions in the N-f(max)-G(j) plane. In particular, for low values of N-f(max), the value of G(j), at the ST-RS boundary, depends on the realization of the randomly distributed fibroblasts; this dependence decreases as N-f(max) increases. Our 3D studies show a similar transition from scroll-wave turbulence to a single, rotating, scroll-wave state because of the MF coupling. We examine the experimental implications of our study and propose that the suppression (a) of the steep slope of the APDR or (b) EADs can eliminate spiral-and scroll-wave turbulence in heterogeneous cardiac tissue, which has randomly distributed fibroblasts.

Resveratrol Metabolites Modify Adipokine Expression and Secretion in 3T3-L1 Pre-Adipocytes and Mature Adipocytes

Objective: Due to the low bioavailability of resveratrol, determining whether its metabolites exert any beneficial effect is an interesting issue. Methods: 3T3-L1 maturing pre-adipocytes were treated during differentiation with 25 mu M of resveratrol or with its metabolites and 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes were treated for 24 hours with 10 mM resveratrol or its metabolites. The gene expression of adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and apelin was assessed by Real Time RT-PCR and their concentration in the incubation medium was quantified by ELISA. Results: Resveratrol reduced mRNA levels of leptin and increased those of adiponectin. It induced the same changes in leptin secretion. Trans-resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide and trans-resveratrol-4'-O-glucuronide increased apelin and visfatin mRNA levels. Trans-resveratrol-3-O-sulfate reduced leptin mRNA levels and increased those of apelin and visfatin. Conclusions: The present study shows for the first time that resveratrol metabolites have a regulatory effect on adipokine expression and secretion. Since resveratrol has been reported to reduce body-fat accumulation and to improve insulin sensitivity, and considering that these effects are mediated in part by changes in the analyzed adipokines, it may be proposed that resveratrol metabolites play a part in these beneficial effects of resveratrol.

A influência do fumo sobre a morfologia ovariana de camundongos Swiss

Considerando que nos tempos atuais o hábito de fumar atingiu uma parcela significativa das adolescentes brasileiras e apesar de seus conhecidos efeitos deletérios sobre diversos órgãos, pouco se sabe da sua ação sobre os ovários. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da exposição à fumaça de cigarro sobre o ciclo estral e a morfologia ovariana. Para tal, foram utilizados camundongos da linhagem Swiss, cujo estudo teve início com o estudo do perfil das características da maturação sexual. Após o desmame, aos 21 dias de idade, a partir da abertura vaginal, o 1 estro e o início da ciclicidade foram acompanhados através da citologia vaginal. As características do ciclo estral foram determinadas no decorrer de doze semanas. O efeito da exposição à fumaça de cigarro 3R4F utilizou fêmeas Swiss de 35 dias de idade que foram subdivididos em dois grupos expostos à fumaça de cigarro (grupo 15E) e animais controles livres de fumaça (grupo 15C). A exposição ocorreu por 15 dias e ao final deste período, metade dos animais de cada grupo foi sacrificada e ovários direitos foram coletados. A outra metade permaneceu em observação durante 30 dias, sem exposição à fumaça, originando os grupos 45Ex e 45C. A citologia vaginal foi avaliada durante todo o período experimental. Ao final dos 30 dias, sangue e ovários direitos foram coletados. Estes foram pesados e processados por técnica de rotina histológica para análise morfológica. A caracterização dos eventos da puberdade estabeleceu o tempo de abertura vaginal com média de 33,60,24 de idade, o primeiro estro 39,42,58 dias de idade e o início da ciclicidade, com média de 39,51,19 dias de idade, concomitante com o primeiro estro. Além disso, os ciclos estrais apresentaram períodos de cinco dias com freqüência baixa da fase diestro. Com relação à exposição da fumaça de cigarro ocorreu aumento significativo na extensão dos ciclos estrais e uma forte tendência ao aumento de estros nos animais 45Ex, apesar de não ser significativa. O número e o diâmetro de folículos grandes foram maiores no 15E, enquanto o de corpos lúteos foi menor. Em relação ao grupo 45C, o 45Ex não se alterou, porém, mostrou uma discreta redução da massa ovariana, do número de folículos pequenos, do número e do diâmetro dos folículos médios, dos corpos lúteos e aumento de folículos atrésicos. A comparação entre controles, 15C e 45C e expostos, 15E e 45Ex, mostrou uma redução no diâmetro de folículos médios e grandes. O estudo do perfil das características reprodutivas de fêmeas Swiss é indispensável para modelos experimentais em pesquisa que fazem uso desta linhagem. Permitiu verificar que a exposição à fumaça de cigarro promove alteração do ciclo estral, da massa ovariana e antecipa alterações morfológicas tempo dependente que sinaliza a finalização da vida reprodutiva

Influência da grelina sobre o processo de estímulo-secreção de insulina in vitro em camundongos Swiss adultos hiperalimentados na lactação

O excesso ou a privação de nutrientes em períodos específicos do desenvolvimento, tais como a lactação, estimulam alterações no metabolismo celular, por exemplo. Estas modificações perpetuam-se ao longo da vida e em conseqüência tornam o organismo mais suscetível ao aparecimento de patologias na idade adulta (Programação Metabólica). Estudamos a influência da grelina na secreção de insulina em camundongos Swiss de 120 dias submetidos à hiperalimentação na lactação. Para induzir a hiperalimentação as ninhadas foram reduzidas a 3 filhotes machos por lactante no 3o dia de vida pós-natal. As ninhadas controle foram ajustadas para 9 filhotes machos por lactante. Na idade adulta os animais hiperalimentados (AH) exibiram em comparação aos animais controle (AC) um incremento de 20% no peso corporal, maior índice de Lee (1705,63 g/mm + 29,3 vs 1374,10 g/mm + 54,9; p< 0,001), elevação da gordura corporal (31,0% + 4,6 vs 21,5% + 3,6; p< 0,01), aumento da gordura retroperitoneal (0,79 g + 0,1 vs 0,44 g + 0,1; p< 0,001), hiperglicemia de jejum (151,83 mg/ dl + 8,3 vs 118,0 mg/ dl + 1,0; p< 0,001), hiperinsulinemia de jejum (54,06 UI/ml + 2,3 vs 19,28 UI/ml + 1,53; p< 0,001) e hipogrelinemia de jejum (98,64 pg/ml + 56,5 vs 201,14 pg/ml + 46,4; p< 0,05). Os AH apresentaram maior secreção de insulina in vitro em presença de glicose aos 10 minutos (209,66 UI/ml + 46,5; p< 0,05), 30 minutos (441,88 UI/ml + 30,2; p< 0,05) e 60 minutos (214,34 UI/ml + 29,8) em comparação aos AC, respectivamente 86,90 UI/ml + 9,5; 74,31 UI/ml + 7,7 vs 27,45 UI/ml + 6,1; p< 0,05. As ilhotas pancreáticas dos AH adultos demonstraram em relação aos AC diminuição do consumo de O2 (1,76 pmols O2/ s. ilhota-1 + 0,4 vs 4,85 pmols O2/ s. ilhota-1 + 1,5; p< 0,001) e elevação do conteúdo do receptor de grelina GHSR1A (3,05 % + 2,13 vs 0,95 % + 0,1; p< 0,05). A grelina acilada estimulou a secreção de insulina in vitro dos AC aos 30 minutos (controle com grelina: 208,50 UI/ml + 40,85 vs controle sem grelina: 74,31 UI/ml + 7,7; p< 0,05) e diminuiu a razão do controle respiratório (controle com grelina: 1,45 + 0,2 vs controle sem grelina: 2,51 + 0,7; p< 0,05). Nos AH, a grelina acilada elevou o conteúdo de GLUT2 nas ilhotas pancreáticas em relação aos AC (hiperalimentados com grelina: 2,07 % + 0,5 vs controle com grelina: 0,85 % + 0,4; p< 0,01); entretanto a grelina não foi capaz de estimular a secreção de insulina nestes animais. Concluímos que a hiperalimentação na lactação associou-se ao aumento da gordura corporal e elevou a secreção de insulina na fase tardia do desenvolvimento. A grelina acilada estimulou a secreção de insulina somente nos AC adultos.

Bioenergética mitocondrial do coração na obesidade induzida por dieta ocidental em camundongos Swiss

A obesidade, doença resultante do acúmulo excessivo de gordura corporal, é importante fator de risco para diabetes mellitus tipo 2, dislipidemias e doenças cardiovasculares, doenças de alta prevalência em todo o mundo. O processo de transição nutricional decorrente da globalização contribuiu para o crescente número de indivíduos com obesidade, principalmente pela modificação nos hábitos alimentares da população, com ampla inclusão de produtos industrializados ricos em gordura saturada, sal e açúcar, denominada dieta ocidental. Os mecanismos pelos quais a obesidade induzida por dieta leva ao desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares ainda não estão completamente esclarecidos na literatura, porém sabe-se que a obesidade leva ao comprometimento da função cardíaca e do metabolismo energético, aumentando a morbidade e mortalidade. Em grande parte dos estudos relacionados à obesidade, o metabolismo energético celular comprometido associa-se à disfunção mitocondrial. Neste contexto, torna-se importante avaliar a função mitocondrial na obesidade, visto que as mitocôndrias são organelas com funções-chave no metabolismo energético. No presente estudo, avaliamos inicialmente o efeito obesogênico da dieta ocidental em camundongos Swiss por 16 semanas a partir do desmame. Para tal, analisamos a ingestão alimentar, evolução da massa corporal, Índice de Lee, peso das gorduras epididimal e retroperitoneal, peso e morfologia do fígado, relação entre o peso do fígado/massa corporal, peso do ventrículo esquerdo (VE)/massa corporal, glicemia de jejum e teste intraperitoneal de tolerância à glicose. Avaliamos também o consumo de oxigênio das fibras cardíacas através da respirometria de alta resolução. Além disso, o conteúdo das proteínas envolvidas no metabolismo energético: Carnitina Palmitoil Transferase 1 (CPT1), proteína desacopladora 2 (UCP2), Transportadores de glicose 1 e 4 (GLUT1 e GLUT4), proteína quinase ativada por AMP (AMPK), proteína quinase ativada por AMP fosforilada (pAMPK), receptor de insulina β (IRβ) e substrato do receptor de insulina 1 (IRS-1) foi determinado por western blotting. Nossos resultados confirmaram o caráter obesogênico da dieta ocidental, visto que os camundongos submetidos a esta dieta (GO), apresentaram-se hiperfágicos (P<0,001) e obesos (72,031,82, P<0,001), com aumento progressivo no ganho de massa corporal. Além do aumento significativo dos parâmetros: Índice de Lee (362,902,44, P<0,001), gorduras epididimal e retroperitonial (3,310,15 e 1,610,11, P<0,001), relação entre o peso do fígado/massa corporal (0,060,003, P<0,001) e peso de ventrículo esquerdo (VE)/massa corporal (0,080,002, P<0,01), hiperglicemia de jejum (192,1014,75, P<0,01), intolerância à glicose (P<0,05, P<0,01) e deposição ectópica de gordura no fígado. A respirometria de alta resolução evidenciou disfunção mitocondrial cardíaca no grupo GO, com reduzida capacidade de oxidação de carboidratos e ácidos graxos (P<0,001) e aumento do desacoplamento entre a fosforilação oxidativa e a síntese de ATP (P<0,001). Os resultados de western blotting evidenciaram aumento nos conteúdos de CPT1 (1,160,08, P<0,05) e UCP2 (1,080,06, P<0,05) e redução no conteúdo de IRS-1 (0,600,08, P<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa nos conteúdos de GLUT1, GLUT4, AMPK, pAMPK, pAMPK/AMPK e IRβ. Em conclusão, o consumo da dieta ocidental resultou no desenvolvimento de obesidade com disfunção mitocondrial associada a alterações no metabolismo energético.

Efeito do tratamento com a proteína quimérica IL-13PE sobre a inflamação pulmonar induzida por partículas de sílica em camundongos

A interleucina 13 (IL-13) tem sido apontada como um dos principais mediadores em processos de ativação de fibroblastos e indução de fibrose pulmonar, sendo, portanto, considerada como um alvo terapêutico importante. A silicose é uma doença pulmonar inflamatória crônica, de caráter ocupacional, caracterizada por uma intensa resposta fibrótica e granulomatosa. Com base nestas observações, tivemos por objetivo investigar o potencial efeito da administração da imunotoxina IL-13-PE38QQR (IL-13PE) sobre o modelo de silicose em camundongos. Camundongos Swiss-Webster foram anestesiados e instilados intranasalmente com partículas de sílica (10 mg), sendo a administração da IL-13PE (200ng/dia) realizada por via intranasal, uma vez ao dia em dias alternados no período entre 21 a 27 dias após a provocação. Analisamos o componente inflamatório, a deposição de colágeno e a área de granuloma avaliados através de técnicas clássicas de histologia, incluindo coloração com H&E e Picrus-sirius, ou ainda a quantificação do conteúdo de colágeno por Sircol. Os componentes de matriz extracelular fibronectina e laminina foram avaliados através de imunohistoquímica. Citocinas e quimiocinas foram quantificadas por sistema de ELISA. As medidas de função pulmonar e resposta de hiperreatividade foram realizadas através do sistema de pletismografia de corpo inteiro invasiva. Verificamos que o tratamento curativo com a IL-13PE inibiu de forma acentuada o comprometimento da função pulmonar nos camundongos silicóticos, incluindo tanto aumento da resistência como da elastância, assim como a resposta de hiperratividade das vias aéreas ao agente broncoconstrictor metacolina. De forma coerente, os animais silicóticos quando submetidos ao tratamento com IL-13PE apresentaram marcada redução do componente inflamatório pulmonar e da resposta fibrótica, atestado pela diminuição na produção de colágeno, laminina e fibronectina e redução importante da área de granuloma. De forma semelhante, as citocinas (TNF-α e TGF-) e quimiocinas (MIP-1α, MIP-2, TARC, IP-10, MDC) detectadas em quantidade aumentada no pulmão de animais silicóticos foram reduzidas pelo tratamento com a IL-13PE. Em conclusão, nossos resultados mostram que a administração curativa da IL-13PE foi capaz de inibir os componentes inflamatórios e fibróticos da fase crônica do quadro silicótico em camundongos, o que se refletiu de forma clara na melhora da função pulmonar. Em conjunto, nossos achados indicam que a utilização da IL13PE parece constituir uma abordagem terapêutica extremamente promissora para aplicação em casos de doenças crônicas de natureza fibrótica como a silicose.

Study on cytocompatibility of carboxymethyl-chitosan membranes to skin fibroblasts

Chitosan and carboxymethl-chitosan (CM-chitosan) membranes with different molecular mass were prepared by a casting method. The cytocompatibility of two kinds of polysaccharide membranes to skin fibroblasts that cultured in vitro were studied. The methods were to culture the cells in soaking fluid of membranes and to culture the cells on the membranes directly. The results showed that the soaking fluid had no toxicity to fibroblasts and the biological security of lower molecular mass membranes were better than higher molecular mass membranes, and CM-chitosan membranes were better than chitosan membranes. In addition, the growth of fibroblasts on chitosan membranes was inhibited and the cells would fall off from chitosan membranes after a period of culture. However, the cells adhered and expanded well on CM-chitosan membranes. All these demonstrated that cytocompatibility of CM-chitosan membranes to skin fibroblasts was better than chitosan membranes.

Human uterine leiomyoma-derived fibroblasts stimulate uterine leiomyoma cell proliferation and collagen type I production, and activate RTKs and TGF beta receptor signaling in coculture.

BACKGROUND: Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) are benign smooth muscle tumors that often contain an excessive extracellular matrix (ECM). In the present study, we investigated the interactions between human uterine leiomyoma (UtLM) cells and uterine leiomyoma-derived fibroblasts (FB), and their importance in cell growth and ECM protein production using a coculture system. RESULTS: We found enhanced cell proliferation, and elevated levels of ECM collagen type I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 after coculturing. There was also increased secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-2, and platelet derived growth factor A and B in the media of UtLM cells cocultured with FB. Protein arrays revealed increased phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) of the above growth factor ligands, and immunoblots showed elevated levels of the RTK downstream effector, phospho-mitogen activated protein kinase 44/42 in cocultured UtLM cells. There was also increased secretion of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and 3, and immunoprecipitated transforming growth factor-beta receptor I from cocultured UtLM cells showed elevated phosphoserine expression. The downstream effectors phospho-small mothers against decapentaplegic -2 and -3 protein (SMAD) levels were also increased in cocultured UtLM cells. However, none of the above effects were seen in normal myometrial cells cocultured with FB. The soluble factors released by tumor-derived fibroblasts and/or UtLM cells, and activation of the growth factor receptors and their pathways stimulated the proliferation of UtLM cells and enhanced the production of ECM proteins. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the importance of interactions between fibroid tumor cells and ECM fibroblasts in vivo, and the role of growth factors, and ECM proteins in the pathogenesis of uterine fibroids.