Design and optimization next generation passive all-optical networks

Este trabalho investiga novas metodologias para as redes óticas de acesso de próxima geração (NG-OAN). O trabalho está dividido em quatro tópicos de investigação: projeto da rede, modelos numéricos para efeitos não lineares da fibra ótica, impacto dos efeitos não lineares da fibra ótica e otimização da rede. A rede ótica de acesso investigada nesse trabalho está projetado para suprir os requisitos de densidade de utilizadores e cobertura, isto é, suportar muitos utilizadores ( 1000) com altas velocidades de conexão dedicada ( 1 Gb/s) ocupando uma faixa estreita do espectro ( 25 nm) e comprimentos de fibra ótica até 100 km. Os cenários são baseados em redes óticas passivas com multiplexagem por divisão no comprimento de onda de alta densidade (UDWDM-PON) utilizando transmissores/receptores coerentes nos terminais da rede. A rede é avaliada para vários ritmos de transmissão usando formatos de modulação avançados, requisitos de largura de banda por utilizador e partilha de banda com tecnologias tradicionais de redes óticas passivas (PON). Modelos numéricos baseados em funções de transferência das séries de Volterra (VSTF) são demonstrados tanto para a análise dos efeitos não lineares da fibra ótica quanto para avaliação do desempenho total da rede. São apresentadas as faixas de potência e distância de transmissão nas quais as séries de Volterra apresentam resultados semelhantes ao modelo referência Split-Step Fourier (SSF) (validado experimentalmente) para o desempenho total da rede. Além disso, um algoritmo, que evita componentes espectrais com intensidade nulo, é proposto para realizar cálculos rápidos das séries. O modelo VSTF é estendido para identificar unicamente os efeitos não lineares da fibra ótica mais relevantes no cenário investigado: Self-Phase Modulation (SPM), Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM) e Four-Wave Mixing (FWM). Simulações numéricas são apresentadas para identificar o impacto isolado de cada efeito não linear da fibra ótica, SPM, XPM e FWM, no desempenho da rede com detecção coerente UDWDM-PON, transportando canais com modulação digital em fase (M-ária PSK) ou modulação digital em amplitude (M-ária QAM). A análise numérica é estendida para diferentes comprimentos de fibra ótica mono modo (SSMF), potência por canal e ritmo de transmissão por canal. Por conseguinte, expressões analíticas são extrapoladas para determinar a evolução do SPM, XPM e FWM em função da potência e distância de transmissão em cenários NG-OAN. O desempenho da rede é otimizada através da minimização parcial da interferência FWM (via espaçamento desigual dos canais), que nesse caso, é o efeito não linear da fibra ótica mais relevante. Direções para melhorias adicionas no desempenho da rede são apresentados para cenários em que o XPM é relevante, isto é, redes transportando formatos de modulação QAM. A solução, nesse caso, é baseada na utilização de técnicas de processamento digital do sinal.

Emission of airborne ultrafine particles during welding of steel plates

The present study is focused on the characterization of ultrafine particles emitted in welding of steel using mixtures of Ar+CO2, and intends to analyze which are the main process parameters which may have influence on the emission itself. It was found that the amount of emitted ultrafine particles (measured by particle number and alveolar deposited surface area) are clearly dependent from the distance to the welding front and also from the main welding parameters, namely the current intensity and heat input in the welding process. The emission of airborne ultrafine particles seem to increase with the current intensity as fume formation rate does. When comparing the tested gas mixtures, higher emissions are observed for more oxidant mixtures, that is, mixtures with higher CO2 content, which result in higher arc stability. The later mixtures originate higher concentrations of ultrafine particles (as measured by number of particles by cm3 of air) and higher values of alveolar deposited surface area of particles, thus resulting in a more hazardous condition regarding worker's exposure. © 2014 Sociedade Portuguesa de Materiais (SPM). Published by Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.

Self-presentational motives in eating disorders : a known groups difference approach

Self-presentation reflects the processes by which individuals attempt to monitor and control the impressions others form of them (Schlenker & Leary, 1982). Concerns over impressions conveyed have been linked to numerous health behaviors (Crawford & Eklund, 1994; Martin, Leary, & O'Brien, 2001). The present study investigated the role of cognitive manifestations of dispositional and situational self presentational motivation (SPM) in 131 females with known groups differences on a measure of eating disorders. Participants were classified as in-treatment (IN = 39); at risk (AT = 46); and not at risk (NOT = 46) for eating disordered behaviour. Each participant completed The Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE; Leary, 1983), the Public Self-Consciousness Scale (PSC; Fenigstein, Sheier, & Buss, 1975), and the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPA; Hart, Leary, & Rejeski, 1989), as measures of dispositional SPM. Situational SPM was assessed through Self-Presentational Efficacy (SPE; Gammage, Hall, & Martin, 2004), and the Exercise Motivation Inventory-2 (Markland & Ingeldew, 1997). Significant differences emerged on the measure of eating disorder behaviour between AT and NOT. To determine if group differences existed on measures of trait SPM an ANOVA was conducted. Results indicated that the NOT group experienced less FNE, PSC and SPA than the IN and AT groups, and the AT group experienced less FNE and PSC than the IN group. Pearson bivariate correlations were conducted on measures of trait SPM and EMI-2 subscales theoretically linked to SPM. It was found that FNE, PSC and SPA were all positively correlated with weight management for the NOT group. To determine if group differences existed on selfpresentational exercise motives independent samples I-tests were conducted. Results revealed that the AT group was more motivated to exercise for weight management, and appearance, and social recognition than the NOT group. To determine if group differences existed on the state measure of self-presentational efficacy a series of ANOVA's were conducted. Results revealed that the NOT group experienced significantly greater self-presentational efficacy expectancy and self-presentational outcome value than the AT group. Finally, a discriminant function analysis was conducted to determine if trait SPM would predict group membership. Results revealed that 63.4% of participants were correctly classified, with SPA, PSC, and FNE differentiating the NOT group from the AT and IN groups and FNE and PSC differentiating the AT group from the IN group. Thus self-presentation motivation appears to have an influence on females who have an eating disorder and those at risk for an eating disorder. Potential applications of the influence of self-presentational motives on eating disorders and future research directions are discussed.

Développement d’une méthode d’extraction des contaminants émergents dans les solides particulaires par LDTD-APCI-MS/MS

Douze contaminants émergents (composés pharmaceutiques, pesticides et hormones) ont été quantifiés et extraits de l'eau de rivières et d’échantillons d'eaux usées municipales. La séparation des solides en suspension est effectuée par filtration des échantillons d'eau. L'effet de filtration sur les concentrations de contaminants dissous a été évaluée afin de minimiser les pertes de composés cibles. Les échantillons ont été lyophilisés et ont été extraits en deux cycles par ultrasons combinés avec une étape de nettoyage sur cartouche d’extraction de type C18. La quantification a été réalisée en utilisant la spectrométrie de masse. Les recouvrements de la méthode pour tous les composés ont varié de 68 à 112% dans toutes les matrices étudiées, sauf pour le sulfaméthoxazole et le diclofénac où des recouvrements plus modestes ont été obtenus (38 à 85%). Les limites de détection pour les 12 analytes dans les sédiments et particules en suspension (SPM) de la rivière variaient de 0,7 à 9,4 ng g-1 et de 21 à 92 ng g-1, pour les échantillons SPM de station d'épuration. Tous les contaminants émergents cibles ont été détectés à des concentrations variant de 3 à 5440 ng g-1 dans les matrices étudiées, les concentrations les plus élevées ont été observées dans les échantillons SPM de stations d'épuration. Une partie importante de certains de ces contaminants est clairement associée aux sédiments de rivière ou aux particules en suspension. L’optimisation des processus de traitement de l'eau et le devenir environnemental doit absolument tenir compte de la fraction de contaminants qui liée à des particules si on espère avoir un bilan de masse raisonnable.

fNIRS-EEG study of focal interictal epileptiform discharges

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) acquired with electroencephalography (EEG) is a relatively new non-invasive neuroimaging technique with potential for long term monitoring of the epileptic brain. Simultaneous EEG-fNIRS recording allows the spatio-temporal reconstruction of the hemodynamic response in terms of the concentration changes in oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxy-hemoglobin (HbR) associated with recorded epileptic events such as interictal epileptic discharges (IEDs) or seizures. While most previous studies investigating fNIRS in epilepsy had limitations due to restricted spatial coverage and small sample sizes, this work includes a sufficiently large number of channels to provide an extensive bilateral coverage of the surface of the brain for a sample size of 40 patients with focal epilepsies. Topographic maps of significant activations due to each IED type were generated in four different views (dorsal, frontal, left and right) and were compared with the epileptic focus previously identified by an epileptologist. After excluding 5 patients due to the absence of IEDs and 6 more with mesial temporal foci too deep for fNIRS, we report that significant HbR (respectively HbO) concentration changes corresponding to IEDs were observed in 62% (resp. 38%) of patients with neocortical epilepsies. This HbR/HbO response was most significant in the epileptic focus region among all the activations in 28%/21% of patients.

Synergic Reactions in the Estuarine Environment leading to Modulation of Aluminium metal during Transport Processes (in Cochin Estuary)

The research work which was carried out to Synergic Reactions in the Estuarine Environment leading to Modulation of Aluminium metal during Transport Processes (in Cochin Estuary)Estuaries are considered as sink or source for terrestrial and various anthropogenically generated materials. These include naturally occurring elements Al, Si, Fe or trace inorganics or industrial pollutants of different types. There have been reports on both positive and negative impacts by the introduction of above materials into the ecosystem.This thesis deals with the trace metal Aluminium (Al) whose average concentration (about 8%) in the earths crust is surpassed only by that of Oxygen and Silicon. There can be no doubt that most of the land derived materials reaches the ocean through rivers via estuaries. An important aspect noticed here is that the concentration of dissolved Al is much lower in sea water than in river water.On critically analysing Cochin estuary, for the entire cycles, covering monsoon, postmonsoon and premonsoon, the following salient features are documented as hereunder. Dissolved Al exhibits high and variable trends in Cochin estuary, the influencing parameters being salinity, SPM, pH and dissolved Si. A general profile showed removal in upper/mid estuary followed by regeneration in the mid/lower estuary and further decrease seawards in the southern/northem arms.Distribution appears to be a function of freshwater input, the monsoon season exhibiting very high concentrations throughout the estuary. As the river discharge decreased with the progress of seasons, dissolved Al concentration also decreased, the metal limiting itself to the upper and mid estuary.

Piezoresistive cantilevers with an integrated bimorph actuator

Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) has become of fundamental importance for research in area of micro and nano-technology. The continuous progress in these fields requires ultra sensitive measurements at high speed. The imaging speed limitation of the conventional Tapping Mode SPM is due to the actuation time constant of piezotube feedback loop that keeps the tapping amplitude constant. In order to avoid this limit a deflection sensor and an actuator have to be integrated into the cantilever. In this work has been demonstrated the possibility of realisation of piezoresistive cantilever with an embedded actuator. Piezoresistive detection provides a good alternative to the usual optical laser beam deflection technique. In frames of this thesis has been investigated and modelled the piezoresistive effect in bulk silicon (3D case) for both n- and p-type silicon. Moving towards ultra-sensitive measurements it is necessary to realize ultra-thin piezoresistors, which are well localized to the surface, where the stress magnitude is maximal. New physical effects such as quantum confinement which arise due to the scaling of the piezoresistor thickness was taken into account in order to model the piezoresistive effect and its modification in case of ultra-thin piezoresistor (2D case). The two-dimension character of the electron gas in n-type piezoresistors lead up to decreasing of the piezoresistive coefficients with increasing the degree of electron localisation. Moreover for p-type piezoresistors the predicted values of the piezoresistive coefficients are higher in case of localised holes. Additionally, to the integration of the piezoresistive sensor, actuator integrated into the cantilever is considered as fundamental for realisation of fast SPM imaging. Actuation of the beam is achieved thermally by relying on differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion between aluminum and silicon. In addition the aluminum layer forms the heating micro-resistor, which is able to accept heating impulses with frequency up to one megahertz. Such direct oscillating thermally driven bimorph actuator was studied also with respect to the bimorph actuator efficiency. Higher eigenmodes of the cantilever are used in order to increase the operating frequencies. As a result the scanning speed has been increased due to the decreasing of the actuation time constant. The fundamental limits to force sensitivity that are imposed by piezoresistive deflection sensing technique have been discussed. For imaging in ambient conditions the force sensitivity is limited by the thermo-mechanical cantilever noise. Additional noise sources, connected with the piezoresistive detection are negligible.

Diseño de una propuesta de mejoramiento de la gestión administrativa del hospital el tunal, mediante la aplicación de la filosofía de teoría de restricciones (TOC)

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar el diseño de un proyecto de mejora a través de la filosofía TOC para la gestión Administrativa del Hospital El Tunal del Nivel III de Bogotá DC, durante el período 2013. Para lograr el objetivo de la propuesta de mejoramiento basada en la filosofía TOC (Inglés siglas Theory of Constraints), se centra en crear un proceso de mejora continua en la gestión administrativa del Hospital El Tunal. Esta entidad es una Empresa Social del Estado y tiene por objeto la prestación de servicios de salud a usuarios que presentan algún tipo de enfermedad o trastorno orgánico que afecta su salud; se centra en mejorar, corregir y proporcionar una mejor calidad de vida al usuario que viene a cubrir sus necesidades de salud. Este producto de investigación terminará con una propuesta centrada en la mejora de la gestión administrativa, basada en la filosofía TOC aplicado a la cartera morosa, tratando de ofrecer una serie de soluciones a los problemas actuales que impactan estas organizaciones centrándose en la mejora continua, la velocidad de flujo de los recursos administrativos, verificando si es eficaz en beneficio de los usuarios y los profesionales de la salud.

Guía.

Esta guía está diseñada por los profesionales del Departament d'Educació del Zoològic de Barcelona como un complemento para acompañar a los visitantes del parque zoológico y, de forma sencilla, permite conocer los aspectos más interesantes de todos y cada uno de sus animales. La guía se ha dividio en tres zonas y los animales están situados según el orden de aparición de las instalaciones exteriores, con unos subapartados de los recintos singulares. Esta división permite al visitante tratar el itinerario que más le convenga.

Estudo Vila de Ponte Caldelas : incidencia da práctica habitual da orientación deportiva na capacidade de edución (compoñente da intelixencia xeral). 'Estudio Vila de Ponte Caldelas : incidencia de la práctica habitual de la orientación deportiva en la capacidad de educción (componente de la inteligencia general)'.

El objetivo del presente estudio es valorar en qué medida, a través de la práctica habitual de las actividades teórico-prácticas de Orientación Deportiva, se incide en el desarrollo de la inteligencia general, en concreto en la capacidad de educción. Se considera el concepto de inteligencia como eficiencia adquirida. Y, por lo tanto, la conducta inteligente se puede incrementar mediante la enseñanza de conocimientos básicos y de estrategias. En el estudio, participaron 39 alumnos de primero de la ESO con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 13 años, del Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria de Ponte Caldelas (Pontevedra). Se empleó un diseño cuasiexperimental de dos grupos: uno experimental, formado por 20 alumnos; y uno de control, formado por 19 alumnos. Para medir los resultados se utilizó una escala general 'SPM' del Raven Progressive Matrices. Al grupo de tratamiento se le somete a un entrenamiento en técnica y actividades de Orientación Deportiva, durante 6 meses, que dieron como resultado un avance significativamente importante. Con esto se deduce que, la práctica habitual de la Orientación Deportiva mejora la capacidad de educción y, por lo tanto, la inteligencia general del sujeto.

Terapia psicomotriz relacional : experiencia práctica en un servicio pedagógico municipal.

Descripción de la aplicación práctica a un grupo de niños de 5 y 6 años de la terapia psicomotriz relacional en un servicio psicopedagógico municipal. Algunos objetivos de esta terapia son el conocimiento global de cada niño considerado como persona en crecimiento. 8 niños entre 5 y 6 años de edad. Son 3 sujetos masculinos y 5 femeninos. Todos tienen problemas de comportamiento inadaptado y retraso escolar lo que conlleva dificultades de relacción familiar y social. No es una investigación como tal, sino una descripción de la evolución comportamental que sufrieron 8 niños gracias a la terapia relacional. Con el fin de diagnóstico antes de asignar uno u otro tratamiento a los sujetos que acuden al SPM, se indaga sobre las siguientes variables: familiares, inteligencia y desarrollo aptitudinal, personalidad y rendimiento pedagógico, así como el desarrollo psicomotriz donde miden el nivel madurativo y las aptitudes psicomotoras. Formularios para el registro de todos los datos de interés para el diagnóstico psicosomático. Se han elaborado en el SPM de Coslada (Madrid). Estos son los utilizados en la anamnesis familiar y psicomotriz. Para el estudio de la inteligencia, personalidad y rendimiento se utilizan baterías de test compradas al efecto. Interpretación cualitativa del desarrollo de la conducta de los niños a la luz de la teoría de la psicomotricidad global desarrollada por Lapierre y Aucouturier. Además de la observación vivencial dentro de las sesiones de terapia, tambien hubo consultas a los padres y profesores. Importancia de la terapia relacional ya que el progreso de los niños es generalizado. Describe en cada caso la evolución post terapia referidos a la esfera familiar y a la escolar. Importancia de la comunicación no verbal y la necesidad de una aproximación corporal y psicomotriz, tratando de inducir comportamientos que posibiliten la expresión de sus fantasmas, así como la liberación de sus pulsiones, al objeto de favorecer la resolución de sus problemas relacionales y el logro de su identidad y autonomía.

Measuring sustained superior performance at the firm level

This paper proposes a two-dimensional Strategic Performance Measure (SPM) to evaluate the achievement of sustained superior performance. This proposal builds primarily on the fact that, under the strategic management perspective, a firm's prevalent objective is the pursuit of sustained superior performance. Three basic conceptual dimensions stem from this objective: relativity, sign dependence, and dynamism. These are the foundations of the SPM, which carries out a separate evaluation of the attained superior performance and of its sustainability over time. In contrast to existing measures of performance, the SPM provides: (i) a dynamic approach by considering the progress or regress in performance over time, and (ii) a cardinal measurement of performance differences and its changes over time. The paper also proposes an axiomatic framework that a measure of strategic performance should comply with to be theoretically and managerially sound. Finally, an empirical illustration of the Spanish banking sector during 1987-1999 is herein provided by discussing some relevant case

Aspectos fenotípicos e moleculares de isolados de Acinetobacter baumannii relacionados à infecção nosocomial

Acinetobacter baumannii, com sua capacidade de acumular resistência aos antibióticos e o seu potencial de formar biofilme, é uma das principais ameaças para infecções em ambiente hospitalar, chegando a se constituir problema de saúde pública. A resistência aos carbapenêmicos geralmente ocorre devido à expressão de oxacilinases e metalo-β- lactamases e a formação de biofilme pode estar relacionada à presença dos genes bap e blaPER-1. Focando estas características, foram analisados 67 isolados de A. baumannii relacionados à infecção nosocomial provenientes de hospital da rede pública de saúde em Pernambuco. Foram obtidas informações através da amplificação e sequenciamento dos genes 16S rDNA, dos genes codificadores de oxacilinases e de metalo-β-lactamases e de genes relacionados à produção de biofilme As sequências do 16S rDNA confirmaram a identificação de 66 dos isolados; o outro isolado apresentou limitação em sua identificação. O gene blaOXA-143-like foi encontrado em 34 isolados (50,7%), blaOXA-23-like em 12 isolados (17,9%), blaOXA-24-like em 10 isolados (14,9%) e o gene, blaOXA-51-like, intrínseco, foi encontrado em 66 isolados (98,5%) e apresentou polimorfismo, indicando-o como potencial marcador para tipagem molecular. Os genes blaOXA-58-like, vim, spm, imp e blaPER-1 não foram encontrados. O gene bap foi encontrado em 58 isolados (86,5%), destes, 18 isolados (31%) apresentaram um produto de amplificação maior que o esperado. A análise das sequências mostrou que nestes isolados havia uma inserção do gene dacD, relacionado a proteína ligadora de penicilina (PBP), o qual pode ter inativado o gene bap e causado diminuição na produção de biofilme observada no teste fenotípico. O teste fenotípico para avaliar a formação de biofilme apresentou aderência positiva e moderada em 37 isolados (55,2%). Estes achados apontam a necessidade de um monitoramento acurado do A. baumannii para orientar o tratamento e controle no ambiente hospitalar.

Enhanced affective brain representations of chocolate in cravers vs. non-cravers

To examine the neural circuitry involved in food craving, in making food particularly appetitive and thus in driving wanting and eating, we used fMRI to measure the response to the flavour of chocolate, the sight of chocolate and their combination in cravers vs. non-cravers. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analyses showed that the sight of chocolate produced more activation in chocolate cravers than non-cravers in the medial orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum. For cravers vs. non-cravers, a combination of a picture of chocolate with chocolate in the mouth produced a greater effect than the sum of the components (i.e. supralinearity) in the medial orbitofrontal cortex and pregenual cingulate cortex. Furthermore, the pleasantness ratings of the chocolate and chocolate-related stimuli had higher positive correlations with the fMRI blood oxygenation level-dependent signals in the pregenual cingulate cortex and medial orbitofrontal cortex in the cravers than in the non-cravers. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that there are differences between cravers and non-cravers in their responses to the sensory components of a craved food in the orbitofrontal cortex, ventral striatum and pregenual cingulate cortex, and that in some of these regions the differences are related to the subjective pleasantness of the craved foods. Understanding individual differences in brain responses to very pleasant foods helps in the understanding of the mechanisms that drive the liking for specific foods and thus intake of those foods.

Modelled and observed changes in aerosols and surface solar radiation over Europe between 1960 and 2009

Substantial changes in anthropogenic aerosols and precursor gas emissions have occurred over recent decades due to the implementation of air pollution control legislation and economic growth. The response of atmospheric aerosols to these changes and the impact on climate are poorly constrained, particularly in studies using detailed aerosol chemistry–climate models. Here we compare the HadGEM3-UKCA (Hadley Centre Global Environment Model-United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols) coupled chemistry–climate model for the period 1960–2009 against extensive ground-based observations of sulfate aerosol mass (1978–2009), total suspended particle matter (SPM, 1978–1998), PM10 (1997–2009), aerosol optical depth (AOD, 2000–2009), aerosol size distributions (2008–2009) and surface solar radiation (SSR, 1960–2009) over Europe. The model underestimates observed sulfate aerosol mass (normalised mean bias factor (NMBF) = −0.4), SPM (NMBF = −0.9), PM10 (NMBF = −0.2), aerosol number concentrations (N30 NMBF = −0.85; N50 NMBF = −0.65; and N100 NMBF = −0.96) and AOD (NMBF = −0.01) but slightly overpredicts SSR (NMBF = 0.02). Trends in aerosol over the observational period are well simulated by the model, with observed (simulated) changes in sulfate of −68 % (−78 %), SPM of −42 % (−20 %), PM10 of −9 % (−8 %) and AOD of −11 % (−14 %). Discrepancies in the magnitude of simulated aerosol mass do not affect the ability of the model to reproduce the observed SSR trends. The positive change in observed European SSR (5 %) during 1990–2009 ("brightening") is better reproduced by the model when aerosol radiative effects (ARE) are included (3 %), compared to simulations where ARE are excluded (0.2 %). The simulated top-of-the-atmosphere aerosol radiative forcing over Europe under all-sky conditions increased by > 3.0 W m−2 during the period 1970–2009 in response to changes in anthropogenic emissions and aerosol concentrations.