Microbiological quality of ready-to-eat minimally processed vegetables consumed in Brazil

Minimally processed leafy vegetables are ready-to-eat (RTE) products very attractive to consumers looking for healthy and convenient meals. However, the microbiological safety of these foods is of special concern due to the absence of lethal treatments during processing. In the present study, indicator microorganisms, Listeria spp. and Salmonella spp. were determined for 162 samples of minimally processed leafy vegetables commercialized in Brazil. Psychrotrophic aerobic bacterial populations >5 log CFU/g were found in 96.7% of the samples, while total and thermotolerant coliforms were detected respectively in 132 (81.5%) and 107 (66%) of vegetables analyzed. Escherichia coil was present in 86 (53.1%) samples analyzed and Listeria spp. and Salmonella spp. were detected respectively in 6 (3.7%) and 2 (1.2%) samples. These results indicate the need of implementing quality programs in the production chain of RTE vegetables to improve shelf life and microbiological safety. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microbial and sensory changes throughout the ripening of Prato cheese made from milk with different levels of somatic cells

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of 2 levels of raw milk somatic cell count (SCC) on the composition of Prato cheese and on the microbiological and sensory changes of Prato cheese throughout ripening. Two groups of dairy cows were selected to obtain low-SCC (<200,000 cells/mL) and high-SCC (>700,000 cells/mL) milks, which were used to manufacture 2 vats of cheese. The pasteurized milk was evaluated according to the pH, total solids, fat, total protein, lactose, standard plate count, coliforms at 45 degrees C, and Salmonella spp. The cheese composition was evaluated 2 d after manufacture. Lactic acid bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, and yeast and mold counts were carried out after 3, 9, 16, 32, and 51 d of storage. Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus counts were carried out after 3, 32, and 51 d of storage. A 2 x 5 factorial design with 4 replications was performed. Sensory evaluation of the cheeses from low- and high-SCC milks was carried out for overall acceptance by using a 9-point hedonic scale after 8, 22, 35, 50, and 63 d of storage. The somatic cell levels used did not affect the total protein and salt: moisture contents of the cheeses. The pH and moisture content were higher and the clotting time was longer for cheeses from high-SCC milk. Both cheeses presented the absence of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes, and the coagulase-positive Staphylococcus count was below 1 x 10(2) cfu/g throughout the storage time. The lactic acid bacteria count decreased significantly during the storage time for the cheeses from both low- and high-SCC milks, but at a faster rate for the cheese from high-SCC milk. Cheeses from high-SCC milk presented lower psychrotrophic bacteria counts and higher yeast and mold counts than cheeses from low- SCC milk. Cheeses from low- SCC milk showed better overall acceptance by the consumers. The lower overall acceptance of the cheeses from high-SCC milk may be associated with texture and flavor defects, probably caused by the higher proteolysis of these cheeses.

Serosurvey Of Selected Avian Pathogens In Brazilian Commercial Rheas (Rhea americana) And Ostriches (Struthio camelus)

Ratite farming of has expanded worldwide. Due to the intensive farming methods used by ratite producers, preventive medicine practices should be established. In this context, the surveillance and control of some avian pathogens are essential for the success of the ratite industry; however, little is known on the health status of ratites in Brazil. Therefore, the prevalence of antibodies against Newcastle Disease virus, Chlamydophila psittaci, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, and Salmonella Pullorum were evaluated in 100 serum samples collected from commercial ostriches and in 80 serum samples from commercial rheas reared in Brazil. All sampled animals were clinically healthy. The results showed that all ostriches and rheas were serologically negative to Newcastle disease virus, Chlamydophila psittaci, Myco plasma gallisepticum, and Myco plasma synoviae. Positive antibody responses against Salmonella Pullorum antigen were not detected in ostrich sera, but were detected in two rhea serum samples. These results can be considered as a warning as to the presence of Salmonella spp. in ratite farms. Therefore, the implementation of good health management and surveillance programs in ratite farms may contribute to improve not only animal production, but also public health conditions.

Sanitização com produto à Base de Cloro e com Ozônio: Efeito Sobre Compostos Bioativos de Amora-preta ( rubus fruticosus) cv. Tupy

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e comparar a eficiência da sanitização de amora-preta, com diferentes concentrações e tempos de imersão em hipoclorito de sódio e com ozônio, e avaliar a influência do processo sobre os compostos bioativos do produto. Foram feitas análises microbiológicas e a determinação dos compostos bioativos. Os compostos de cloro utilizados na sanitização induziram a perdas significativas dos compostos bioativos (compostos fenólicos, antocianinas, tocoferóis, ácido ascórbico e carotenoides), presentes na amora-preta, sendo eficientes na sanitização contra fungos, quando utilizados na concentração de 200 ppm e por 15 minutos de imersão. Já os frutos sanitizados com ozônio apresentaram adequação aos padrões microbiológicos (fungos, coliformes totais e termotolerantes, Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp) estabelecidos pela legislação, e não apresentaram alterações significativas no conteúdo dos compostos bioativos, sendo que a menor concentração de ozônio presente neste estudo apresentou maior eficácia na sanitização dos frutos, comparada com as soluções de cloro utilizadas.

Avaliação e controle da qualidade microbiológica de mãos de manipuladores de alimentos

Foi conduzido monitoramento microbiológico das mãos de manipuladores de alimentos como parte de um estudo para implantação do Sistema de Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle em um restaurante institucional, através da contagem padrão de aeróbios mesófilos e anaeróbios facultativos, S. aureus, C. perfringens e presença de Salmonella spp. Foram observadas contagens de microrganismos aerobios mesófilos e anaeróbios facultativos em níveis de até 10(7) UFC/mão, contaminações por S. aureus e C. perfringens e oportunidades de contaminação cruzada por essas mãos principalmente no fatiamento da carne assada. Salmonella spp. não foram isoladas. Foram adotadas medidas corretivas para este ponto crítico de controle, constatando de lavagem das mãos dos manipuladores com água corrente e sabonete líquido neutro seguida de antissepsia com iodóforo. Foram observadas reduções da contagem de aeróbios mesófilos em até 2,6 ciclos log e, apesar desta redução não ser a ideal, ela demonstra a contribuição que esta prática pode trazer aos serviços de alimentação, além do que não foram mais detectados microrganismos patogênicos como S. aureus e C. perfringens.

EVALUATION OF A RAPID SCREENING ASSAY FOR BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION (DOT-ELISA) IN FECAL SAMPLES FROM CHILDREN

With the objective of standardizing a Dot Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Dot-ELISA) to detect antigens of fecal bacterial enteropathogens, 250 children, aged under 36 months and of both sexes, were studied; of which 162 had acute gastroenteritis. The efficacy of a rapid screening assay for bacterial enteropathogens (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli "EPEC", enteroinvasive Escherichia coli "EIEC", Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp.) was evaluated. The fecal samples were also submitted to a traditional method of stool culture for comparison. The concordance index between the two techniques, calculated using the Kappa (k) index for the above mentioned bacterial strains was 0.8859, 0.9055, 0.7932 and 0.7829 respectively. These values express an almost perfect degree of concordance for the first two and substantial concordance for the latter two, thus enabling this technique to be applied in the early diagnosis of diarrhea in infants. With a view to increasing the sensitivity and specificity of this immunological test, a study was made of the antigenic preparations obtained from two types of treatment: 1) deproteinization by heating; 2) precipitation and concentration of the lipopolysaccharide antigen (LPS) using an ethanol-acetone solution, which was then heated in the presence of sodium EDTA

Etiology of acute diarrhea among children in Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil

To study the main enteropathogens causing diarrhea in the region of Ribeirão Preto regarding serogroups and serotypes, the feces of 1836 children under 10 years old, from both sexes, attack of acute gastroenteritis, were analysed during a period of 4 years in Adolfo Lutz Institute - Ribeirão Preto, SP. The pathogens identified by standard methods were the following: Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., Yersinia spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. Positive samples were 22.8% (419) with 1.7% association of pathogens. Larger isolates were mainly from children 0 to 11 months old. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) was most frequent (8.7%) with predominance of serogroup O119 (40.2%), followed by Shigella (6.2%), 63.6% of which S. sonnei.

Typhoid fever as cellular microbiological model

The knowledge about typhoid fever pathogenesis is growing in the last years, mainly about the cellular and molecular phenomena that are responsible by clinical manifestations of this disease. In this article are discussed several recent discoveries, as follows: a) Bacterial type III protein secretion system; b) The five virulence genes of Salmonella spp. that encoding Sips (Salmonella invasion protein) A, B, C, D and E, which are capable of induce apoptosis in macrophages; c) The function of Toll R2 and Toll R4 receptors present in the macrophage surface (discovered in the Drosophila). The Toll family receptors are critical in the signalizing mediated by LPS in macrophages in association with LBP and CD14; d) The lines of immune defense between intestinal lumen and internal organs; e) The fundamental role of the endothelial cells in the inflammatory deviation from bloodstream into infected tissues by bacteria. In addition to above subjects, the authors comment the correlation between the clinical features of typhoid fever and the cellular and molecular phenomena of this disease, as well as the therapeutic consequences of this knowledge.

Antibacterial activity of GUAVA, Psidium guajava Linnaeus, leaf extracts on diarrhea-causing enteric bacteria isolated from Seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller)

Guava leaf tea of Psidium guajava Linnaeus is commonly used as a medicine against gastroenteritis and child diarrhea by those who cannot afford or do not have access to antibiotics. This study screened the antimicrobial effect of essential oils and methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate extracts from guava leaves. The extracts were tested against diarrhea-causing bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli. Strains that were screened included isolates from seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller) and laboratory-type strains. Of the bacteria tested, Staphylococcus aureus strains were most inhibited by the extracts. The methanol extract showed greatest bacterial inhibition. No statistically significant differences were observed between the tested extract concentrations and their effect. The essential oil extract showed inhibitory activity against S. aureus and Salmonella spp. The strains isolated from the shrimp showed some resistance to commercially available antibiotics. These data support the use of guava leaf-made medicines in diarrhea cases where access to commercial antibiotics is restricted. In conclusion, guava leaf extracts and essential oil are very active against S. aureus, thus making up important potential sources of new antimicrobial compounds.

A longitudinal study on enteropathogenic infections of livestock in Trinidad

A longitudinal study was conducted on selected livestock farms to determine the prevalence of enteropathogens in diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic animals. The enteropathogens assayed from faecal samples and rectal swabs were bacteria (Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp. Salmonella spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica), parasites (coccidia, gastrointestinal nematodes and Cryptosporidium spp.) and viruses (group A rotavirus and parvovirus). The prevalence of the enteropathogens in various animal species was related to age and month of the year. Generally, younger animals presented a higher prevalence of infection by enteropathogens than older animals while most infections occurred between the months of January and April.

Envolvimento de Aeromonas em surto de doença diarréica aguda em São Bento do Una, Pernambuco

No primeiro semestre de 2004, ocorreu um surto de diarréia em São Bento do Una, Pernambuco, registrando-se 2.170 casos. Nas 582 coproculturas realizadas, 145 (25%) revelaram um enteropatógeno bacteriano, destacando 114 casos (19,5%) com a participação de Aeromonas, representadas por Aeromonas caviae (57/9,8%), Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria (23/3,9%), Aeromonas veronii biovar veronii (15/2,6%) e outras espécies (19/3,2%). Nos 31 episódios restantes (5,3%), foram detectados: V. cholerae O1 Ogawa toxigênico (18/3,1%), Salmonella spp (8/1,4%), Shigella spp (3/0,5%) e Vibrio cholerae não O1/não O139 (2/0,3%).

Novo meio seletivo-indicador para detecção de Aeromonas e Plesiomonas: ágar UNISC

Avaliou-se um novo meio seletivo-indicador (ágar UNISC) para o isolamento de enteropatógenos clássicos e Aeromonas e Plesiomonas shigelloides. A capacidade de fermentação da xilose é indicada pela coloração amarela (fermentadores) ou azul (não fermentadores) que, aliada à prova da oxidase, constitui-se em indicador para a detecção de Aeromonas spp e Plesiomonas shigelloides. A produtividade e seletividade, avaliadas pelos índice de contagem absoluta e índice de contagem relativa indicam-no como uma alternativa aos coprocultivos clássicos porque permite, num só meio, o isolamento de Escherichia coli, Shigella spp, Salmonella spp, bem como, Aeromonas spp e Plesiomonas shigelloides, favorecendo o diagnóstico laboratorial das gastroenterites.

Estudio epidemiológico de la salmonelosis porcina en la provincia de Córdoba.

Salmonella spp. son uno de los patógenos transmitidos por los alimentos más comunes y ampliamente distribuidos a nivel mundial. Todos los serotipos de Salmonella se consideran potencialmente patógenos para las personas. Los productos de origen animal, como la carne, son las principales vías de infección de las personas. El creciente aumento del consumo de carne de cerdo ha puesto en importancia a este animal como reservorio importante de Salmonella para las personas en especial de S. Typhimurium; lo que ha llevado a varios países a iniciar programas de vigilancia y control de la infección para reducir el riesgo para la Salud Pública. Los trabajos sobre prevalencia de salmonelosis subclínica en ganado porcino en Argentina son escasos, sin embargo en un estudio serológico realizado en cinco provincias de Argentina se observó una elevada seroprevalencia (89%), poniendo en importancia la necesidad de realizar controles de la infección por Salmonella en las explotaciones porcinas del país. El control de la salmonelosis se basa esencialmente en el conocimiento de la epidemiología de la infección en las condiciones naturales de explotación porcina. Factores como la alimentación, el manejo, instalaciones, diseño de la explotación, etc. parecen jugar un papel relevante en la transmisión de esta infección. Por lo anterior el objetivo principal de este proyecto es evaluar mediante metodología oficial la situación epidemiológica de la salmonelosis porcina en la provincia de Córdoba. Para ello se realizan muestreos en los principales establecimientos faenadotes de la provincia, como así también se realizaran análisis de los posibles factores de riesgo asociados a la infección en cerdos, mediante encuestas tendientes a obtener información sobre situación actual de las explotaciones porcinas de la provincia de Córdoba. A su vez se realizan muestreos en productos cárnicos porcinos a los fines de establecer la prevalencia de Salmonella spp. en los mismos, cumpliendo así con las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud de realizar estudios epidemiológicos completos bajo el concepto global de la “granja a la mesa”.

Seguridad alimentaria en productos cárnicos: aplicación de sistemas emergentes de conservación y evaluación de patógenos mediante el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas moleculares

Durante el desarrollo del proyecto se ha podido constatar la relevancia de la utilización de métodos alternativos de conservación tales como la alta presión hidrostática; así como el efecto añadido de los bioconservantes naturales aplicados en masa o envasado activo en la seguridad alimentaria de los productos cárnicos curado cocidos. Asimismo el desarrollo y la identificación, cuantificación de los patógenos alimentarios a estudio (Listeria monocytogenes y Salmonella spp) mediante técnicas de biología molecular, PCR convencional, PCR cuantitativa y NASBA, además de suponer un importante logro científico, ha significado una enorme ventaja en los ensayos tipo “challenge test” tanto por rapidez en la analítica realizada como para la evaluación simultánea de un número elevado de muestras por ensayo. Cabe destacar la importancia del NASBA en la detección selectiva de células viables.

Survey of Infectious Etiologies of Bovine Abortion during Mid- to Late Gestation in Dairy Herds.

Bovine abortion of unknown infectious etiology still remains a major economic problem. Thus, we investigated whether Brucella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Coxiella burnetii are associated with abortion and/or stillbirth in Tunisian dairy cattle. Using a pan-Chlamydiales PCR, we also investigated the role of Chlamydiaceae, Waddlia chondrophila, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae and other members of the Chlamydiales order in this setting. Veterinary samples taken from mid to late-term abortions from twenty dairy herds were tested. From a total of 150 abortion cases collected, infectious agents were detected by PCR in 73 (48.66%) cases, 13 (8.66%) of which represented co-infections with two infectious agents. Detected pathogens include Brucella spp (31.3%), Chlamydiaceae (4.66%), Waddlia chondrophila (8%), Parachlamydia acanthamoebae (5.33%), Listeria monocytogenes (4.66%) and Salmonella spp. (3.33%). In contrast, Campylobacter spp. and Coxiella burnetii DNA were not detected among the investigated veterinary samples. This demonstrates that different bacterial agents may cause bovine abortion in Tunisia. This is the first report suggesting the role of Parachlamydia acanthamoebae in bovine abortion in Africa. Further studies with a larger number of samples are necessary to confirm whether this emerging pathogen is directly linked to abortion in cattle.