For Sale: Trade Policy in Majoritarian Systems

We provide a theory of trade policy determination that incorporates the protectionist bias inherent in majoritarian systems, suggested by Grossman and Helpman (2005). The prediction that emerges is that in majoritarian systems, the majority party favors industries located disproportionately in majority districts. We test this prediction using U.S. tariff data from 1993, and House campaign contribution data from two electoral cycles. We find evidence of a protectionist bias due to majoritarian system politics that is comparable in magnitude to the payoff from being an organized industry.

Point-of-sale machines in school cafeterias and parental influence on child food choices

The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Twenty-five percent of school aged students are overweight. Schools have the opportunity to help slow this epidemic. School cafeterias in the United States feed millions of students every day through the National School Lunch Program.^ Point-of-sale machines are used in most school cafeterias to help streamline the process of purchasing school lunches. The point-of-sale software allows school personnel to place special notes on student's accounts to provide alerts about parental requests. This study investigated what the alerts are used for, who uses the alerts, and if there are any patterns by demographic characteristics. ^ Counts and percentages were used to determine what the alerts were used for and who used them. This study found that students who were white non-Hispanic, paid status, or in elementary school were most likely to have alerts placed on their accounts. Also, the majority of point-of-sale alerts were used as allowances (i.e., allowed to purchase snacks from the balance on the school lunch account), rather than restrictions (i.e., restricted from purchasing high calorie foods or specific food items). Using chi-square analysis, a total of 688 alerts were analyzed. There were significant differences in alert frequencies for intent category by grade level (p=0.000), snack access (p=0.000), and gender (p=0.002). Therefore, the results are significant, and one can conclude there is a significant relationship between gender, grade level, and snack access, and the presence of an alert on the school lunch account.^ Also, school administrators may want to take into consideration possible changes to their program, such as requiring more time to run the software. The results of this study can assist school administrators to better understand that a point-of-sale alert program may help their school lunch programs run more efficiently, while also providing parental influence on students’ food choices at the point-of-sale.^ School food service authorities should consider implementing a structured point-of-sale alert policy to encourage parental input on their children's food choices. When implementing the point-of-sale policy, schools should publicize this policy online, through school lunch menus, and parent communications increase participation throughout the school district.^

La candida flor del Turia San Pedro Pasqual de Valencia hijo de su ciudad ... cuya exemplar vida sale a la luz ...

Sign.: a-c4, e-g4, A-Z4, Aa-Oo4

[Letter from William Emerson to John Sale], 1819 December 3

Letter signed by William Emerson requesting John Sale pay the scholarship funds. The author of the letter is likely the son of the Reverend William Emerson, who died in 1811. William Emerson (1801-1868) received an AB from Harvard in 1818; his brother Ralph Waldo Emerson (Harvard AB 1821) received the Penn Scholarship from 1817 to 1820.

Bill of sale of sloop Cyrus, 1793 February 2

Bill of sale between Thomas Sawyer, Jacob Adams, and Isaac Sawyer, all of Falmouth, Massachusetts, and Ebenezer Storer and William Winthrop for the sloop Cyrus.

Certificate of the sale of Cyrus' freight of wood, 1793 September 9

Accounting records related to the wood brought by the sloop between May and September 1793 on three slips of paper bound with thread. The last page contains a certification signed by William Winthrop on September 9, 1793 of the sale of wood in Charlestown.

Bill of sale of sloop Cyrus, 1795 March 4

Bill of sale transferring William Winthrop's share of the sloop Cyrus to Treasurer Ebenezer Storer. This bill of the sale has a wax seal but is unsigned.

Bill of sale of sloop Cyrus, [1798 March 7 ]

Uncompleted bill of sale for the sloop Cyrus between Ebenezer Storer and buyers Samuel Drinkwater and Abel Sawyer. The document is undated.

Bill of sale of sloop Cyrus, 1795 March 4

Bill of sale transferring William Winthrop's share of the sloop Cyrus to Treasurer Ebenezer Storer. This copy of the sale has William Winthrop's signature.

[ Deed of sale] 1705

Deed of sale in fee simple absolute of land in Boston to Abigail Brightman.

Indenture acknowledging sale of property, Boston, 1753

Document acknowledges the sale of the late Samuel Clark's house and property to Alexander Hill. Samuel Clark's executor, James Clark, was required by law to sell the property to the highest bidder in order to pay the debts of the deceased.