Infrastructure Finance in Developing Countries by State and Multilateral Development Banks

Infrastructure concession is an alternative widely used by governments to increase investment. In the case of the road sector, the main characteristics of the concessions are: long-term projects, high investments in the early years of the contract and high risks. A viability analysis must be carried out for each concession and consider the characteristics of the project. When the infrastructure is located in a developing country, political and market growth uncertainties should be add in the concession project analysis, as well as economic instability, because they present greater risks. This paper is an analysis of state bank participation in road infrastructure finance in developing countries. For this purpose, we studied road infrastructure financing and its associated risks, and also the features of developing countries. Furthermore, we considered the issue of state banks and multilateral development banks that perform an important role by offering better credit lines than the private banks, in terms of cost, interest and grace period. Based on this study, we analyzed the Brazilian Development Bank - BNDES – and their credit supply to road infrastructure concessions. The results show that BNDES is the main financing agent for long-term investment in the sector, offering loans with low interest rates in Brazilian currency. From this research we argue that a single state bank should not alone support the increasing demand for finance in Brazil. Therefore, we conclude that there is a need to expand the supply of credit in Brazil, by strengthening private banks in the long-term lending market.

Seeding a Profession: The Intersection of the State, International Interests, and the Early Development of Brazilian Nursing

State and international entities can have profound effects on the development of a country’s nursing profession. Through a global health governance lens, this paper explores the development of nursing in Brazil during the early twentieth century, and its intersections with national and international interests. Accordingly, we will show how state policies established an environment that fostered the institutionalization of nursing as a profession in Brazil and supported it as a means to increase the presence of females in nation building processes. The State focused on recruiting elite women for nursing, in part due to the Rockefeller Foundation’s involvement in the country. Nurses who worked for Rockefeller came from well-educated classes within US society with specific ideas about who should be a nurse and the roles of nurses in a healthcare system. These women served as the primary vehicles for interacting with Brazilian health authorities responsible for health system development. Their early efforts did not, however, ensure a system capable of producing nursing human resources at a rate that, in present day Brazil, could meet the health needs of the country. Findings from this paper offer new avenues for historians to explore the early roots of professional nursing through a global health governance lens, improve the understanding of the intersection between international politics and professionalization, and highlight how these factors may impact nursing human resources production in the long term.

Nuclear power industry : joint hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and the Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session to conduct oversight on the state of the nuclear power industry and the future of the industry in a comprehensive energy strategy, May 3, 2001.

Shipping list no.: 2001-0300-P.

Allocation of uranium enrichment services to fuel foreign and domestic nuclear reactors, Energy Research and Development Administration, Department of State : report to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives /

Publication date stamped on cover.

Problems in coordinating multilateral assistance to Thailand, Departments of State and the Treasury, Agency for International Development : report to the Congress /

Publication date stamped on cover.

U.S. policy for the East Asia regional economic development program--what should it be? Department of State, Agency for International Development : report to the Congress /

Publication date stamped on cover.

Corporations; a study of the origin and development of great business combinations and of their relation to the authority of the state.

Mode of access: Internet.

Development, growth, and state of the atomic energy industry : hearings before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Congress of the United States, Eighty-fifth Congress, first session ... /

Focuses on progress made in private industry.

Integrated safe driving information system development: volume III - state guide. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Extension training around the world; handbook. In cooperation with Agency for International Development, U. S. Dept. of State.

Cover title.

Report of the California Water Resources Development Finance Committee and Department of Water Resources to the Legislature on the State water resources development system.

None published, 1967,1974.

County Health statistical profiles : state planning and development region 5, Genesee, Lapeer, Shiawassee /

Mode of access: Internet.