Traité de la propriété des biens ecclésiastiques /

Mode of access: Internet.

Recherches sur le droit de propriété chez les Romains, sous la république et sous l'empire, /

No more published.

Recherches sur l'autorité et les richesses du clergé, et sur les moyens d'en tirer avantage pour les besoins actuels de l'Etat, sans attenter à sa propriété.

Caption title: Essais politiques sur le monachisme.

La condition de la propriété dans le nord de la France. Le droit de marché.

Bibliography: p. [213]-217.

Rubi Europae vel Monographia iconibus illustrata ruborum Europae. Propriété de l'auteur.

"Exsiccata cités dans cet ouvrage": p. 11.

Propriété d'universalité de la fonction zêta de Riemann

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Propriété d'universalité de la fonction zêta de Riemann

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

L'orientation et la propriété de mémoire de forme des polymères cristallins liquides à chaînes latérales covalents et supramoléculaires

In many studies of the side-chain liquid crystalline polymers (SCLCPs) bearing azobenzene mesogens as pendant groups, obtaining the orientation of azobenzene mesogens at a macroscopic scale as well as its control is important, because it impacts many properties related to the cooperative motion characteristic of liquid crystals and the trans-cis photoisomerization of the azobenzene molecules. Various means can be used to align the mesogens in the polymers, including rubbed surface, mechanical stretching or shearing, and electric or magnetic field. In the case of azobenzene-containing SCLCPs, another method consists in using linearly polarized light (LPL) to induce orientation of azobenzene mesogens perpendicular to the polarization direction of the excitation light, and such photoinduced orientation has been the subject of numerous studies. In the first study realized in this thesis (Chapter 1), we carried out the first systematic investigation on the interplay of the mechanically and optically induced orientation of azobenzene mesogens as well as the effect of thermal annealing in a SCLCP and a diblock copolymer comprising two SCLCPs bearing azobenzene and biphenyl mesogens, respectively. Using a supporting-film approach previously developed by our group, a given polymer film can be first stretched in either the nematic or smectic phase to yield orientation of azobenzene mesogens either parallel or perpendicular to the strain direction, then exposed to unpolarized UV light to erase the mechanically induced orientation upon the trans–cis isomerization, followed by linearly polarized visible light for photoinduced reorientation as a result of the cis–trans backisomerization, and finally heated to different LC phases for thermal annealing. Using infrared dichroism to monitor the change in orientation degree, the results of this study have unveiled complex and different orientational behavior and coupling effects for the homopolymer of poly{6-[4-(4-methoxyphenylazo)phenoxy]hexyl methacrylate} (PAzMA) and the diblock copolymer of PAzMA-block- poly{6-[4-(4-cyanophenyl) phenoxy]hexyl methacrylate} (PAzMA-PBiPh). Most notably for the homopolymer, the stretching-induced orientation exerts no memory effect on the photoinduced reorientation, the direction of which is determined by the polarization of the visible light regardless of the mechanically induced orientation direction in the stretched film. Moreover, subsequent thermal annealing in the nematic phase leads to parallel orientation independently of the initial mechanically or photoinduced orientation direction. By contrast, the diblock copolymer displays a strong orientation memory effect. Regardless of the condition used, either for photoinduced reorientation or thermal annealing in the liquid crystalline phase, only the initial stretching-induced perpendicular orientation of azobenzene mesogens can be recovered. The reported findings provide new insight into the different orientation mechanisms, and help understand the important issue of orientation induction and control in azobenzene-containing SCLCPs. The second study presented in this thesis (Chapter 2) deals with supramolecular side-chain liquid crystalline polymers (S-SCLCPs), in which side-group mesogens are linked to the chain backbone through non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding. Little is known about the mechanically induced orientation of mesogens in S-SCLCPs. In contrast to covalent SCLCPs, free-standing, solution-cast thin films of a S-SCLCP, built up with 4-(4’-heptylphenyl) azophenol (7PAP) H-bonded to poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (P4VP), display excellent stretchability. Taking advantage of this finding, we investigated the stretching-induced orientation and the viscoelastic behavior of this S-SCLCP, and the results revealed major differences between supramolecular and covalent SCLCPs. For covalent SCLCPs, the strong coupling between chain backbone and side-group mesogens means that the two constituents can mutually influence each other; the lack of chain entanglements is a manifestation of this coupling effect, which accounts for the difficulty in obtaining freestanding and mechanically stretchable films. Upon elongation of a covalent SCLCP film cast on a supporting film, the mechanical force acts on the coupled polymer backbone and mesogenic side groups, and the latter orients cooperatively and efficiently (high orientation degree), which, in turn, imposes an anisotropic conformation of the chain backbone (low orientation degree). In the case of the S-SCLCP of P4VP-7PAP, the coupling between the side-group mesogens and the chain backbone is much weakened owing to the dynamic dissociation/association of the H-bonds linking the two constituents. The consequence of this decoupling is readily observable from the viscoelastic behavior. The average molecular weight between entanglements is basically unchanged in both the smectic and isotropic phase, and is similar to non-liquid crystalline samples. As a result, the S-SCLCP can easily form freestanding and stretchable films. Furthermore, the stretching induced orientation behavior of P4VP-7PAP is totally different. Stretching in the smectic phase results in a very low degree of orientation of the side-group mesogens even at a large strain (500%), while the orientation of the main chain backbone develops steadily with increasing the strain, much the same way as amorphous polymers. The results imply that upon stretching, the mechanical force is mostly coupled to the polymer backbone and leads to its orientation, while the main chain orientation exerts little effect on orienting the H-bonded mesogenic side groups. This surprising finding is explained by the likelihood that during stretching in the smectic phase (at relatively higher temperatures) the dynamic dissociation of the H-bonds allow the side-group mesogens to be decoupled from the chain backbone and relax quickly. In the third project (Chapter 3), we investigated the shape memory properties of a S-SCLCP prepared by tethering two azobenzene mesogens, namely, 7PAP and 4-(4'-ethoxyphenyl) azophenol (2OPAP), to P4VP through H-bonding. The results revealed that, despite the dynamic nature of the linking H-bonds, the supramolecular SCLCP behaves similarly to covalent SCLCP by exhibiting a two-stage thermally triggered shape recovery process governed by both the glass transition and the LC-isotropic phase transition. The ability for the supramolecular SCLCP to store part of the strain energy above T[subscript g] in the LC phase enables the triple-shape memory property. Moreover, thanks to the azobenzene mesogens used, which can undergo trans-cis photoisomerization, exposure the supramolecular SCLCP to UV light can also trigger the shape recovery process, thus enabling the remote activation and the spatiotemporal control of the shape memory. By measuring the generated contractile force and its removal upon turning on and off the UV light, respectively, on an elongated film under constant strain, it seems that the optically triggered shape recovery stems from a combination of a photothermal effect and an effect of photoplasticization or of an order-disorder phase transition resulting from the trans-cis photoisomerization of azobenzene mesogens.

La démocratie en entreprise et propriété financière

Cet article se veut une exploration du concept de propriété dans la pensée républicaine. Il sera question d’aborder notre réflexion avec la définition de la propriété de John Christmann, ce qui nous permettra de faire ressortir des nuances importantes dans le concept d'autonomie, notamment la nécessité, pour son existence, d'un certain contrôle. Nous verrons que le républicanisme, en insistant sur l'importance du contrôle comme élément fondamental à la liberté, offre un outil important pour le design des institutions économiques.

La démocratie en entreprise et propriété financière

Cet article se veut une exploration du concept de propriété dans la pensée républicaine. Il sera question d’aborder notre réflexion avec la définition de la propriété de John Christmann, ce qui nous permettra de faire ressortir des nuances importantes dans le concept d'autonomie, notamment la nécessité, pour son existence, d'un certain contrôle. Nous verrons que le républicanisme, en insistant sur l'importance du contrôle comme élément fondamental à la liberté, offre un outil important pour le design des institutions économiques.

Propriété de maintien des facteurs communs dans le cas An

L'objectif de ce mémoire est de fournir une nouvelle preuve pour la "Non-leaving face property" dans le cas An à l'aide de l'approximation dans les catégories amassées. Cette preuve ouvre la porte pour une généralisation pour d'autres cas.

Astarloaren Discursos filosóficos: iturrak eta axiomak

Astarloa's Discursos filosóficos is the most extensive and detailed apology of the Basque language as the first language of mankind. The text was finished in 1805 but the first edition was published in 1883. In this paper I attempt to sketch the main linguistic and philosophic ideas that could have an influence in Astarloa's thought. Then I deal with Astarloa's characterization of the first language, and the three principles he used to verify that Basque was that first language of human beings.

Aldaera sintaktikoak aditzaren fokalizazioan

2008ko abenduaren 13-14ean, Baionan Aldaketak, aldaerak, bariazioak euskaran eta euskal testugintzan Nazioarteko Mintegia-ren barruan aurkeztua.

Genero indarkeria euskal literaturan

[EUS] Artikulu honek egun indar betean dagoen kezka eta diskurtsoa dakar orrialde hauetara. Kapituluak bi alde nabarmen ezberdin izango ditu. Hasteko, genero indarkeriaren inguruan eraikitako marko kontzeptuala landuko da. Etxeko indarkeria, genero indarkeria, familiako indarkeria, emakumearen kontrako indarkeria. Kontzeptu horietan generoaren erabilpena edo parte hartzea ikusiko da.Bigarren partean, alderdi literarioa landuko da, eta horrek bi atal izango ditu. Batetik, biolentzia nolabait modu mikroskopikoan ikusi ahal izateko, edota eszenifikatu ahal izateko, narratologiaz baliatuko gara. Pertsonaia protagonista femeninoak aztertuko dira. Horretarako, ahotsen kudeaketa ikusiko da, eta koadro aktantzialean indarkeria nola kudeatzen den irudikatuko da. Indarkeriaren kudeaketa pertsonaiengan, ez ezik, espazioetan ere nola kokatzen den ikusiko da. Bestetik, indarkeriaren alderdi semantikoa neurtu nahi izan da eta horretarako indarkeria sinbolikoaren sorrera neurtu da, hizkuntza sexista aztertuz

Marinelei abisua : izen ondoko datibo sintagmak izenburuen sintaxian

[EUS] Lan honetan izen ondoko datibo sintagmak izango ditugu mintzagai. Datibo sintagma horiek izen ondoko postposizio sintagmekin konparatuko ditugu, datiboaren muineko izaera ezagutzen lagunduko digutelakoan (1 atala). Hitz hurrenkera ez ezik (1.3 atala), batzuk zein besteek –ko lotura hizkiarekin (1.2 atala) eta –(r)en kasu markarekin (2. atala) duten harremana ere aztertuko dugu. Horretarako, gaur egungo datuak erabiltzeaz gain, iturri historikoetara ere joko dugu bereziki bi idazle aztertuz : Lardizabal lehenik (3.1) eta Etxeberri Ziburukoa (3.2) ondoren. Izenburuetan, ergatibo sintagmen erabilera ere ikusiko dugu azkenik (4. atala