Einfluss der Aspiration auf die Zwei-Jahres-Mortalität von Patienten im prolongierten Weaning nach Dekanülierung

Diese Fall-Kontroll-Studie zeigt an einer Kohorte von 82 langzeitbeatmeten Patienten einer spezialisierten Weaningabteilung Aspiration bei 45 % der Patienten unmittelbar nach Entfernung der Trachealkanüle. Gesichert wurde die Aspiration durch schluckweises Trinken von mit Patentblau V gefärbten Wasser, das nach Durchtritt durch die Stimmlippen durch eine fiberoptische Untersuchung mit dem Bronchoskop durch das Tracheostoma mit dem Blick nach laryngeal nachzuweisen war. Diese Anzahl von 45 % stimmt gut mit den Daten aus der Literatur überein, die mit anderen Methoden zu ähnlichen Ergebnissen kommen. In dieser Arbeit gibt es keinen Vergleich gegen die fiberoptische Evaluation des Schluckens von nasal.rnIm Gegensatz zu anderen Arbeiten fanden wir keinen signifikanten Unterschied in der Länge der invasiven Beatmung, dem Alter oder der Komorbidität in beiden Gruppen. Während in anderen Arbeiten ein erhöhter CRP Wert ein Risikofaktor für eine erhöhte Mortalität war, konnten wir dies bei unseren Patienten nicht nachweisen.rnDurch insgesamt 21 Vergleiche von Alter, Geschlecht, Beatmungszeiten und klinischen Parametern konnte dargelegt werden, dass beide Gruppen mit und ohne Aspiration im Schluckversuch nahezu identisch sind. Es konnten keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede festgestellt werden. Somit basieren die Überlebensraten beider Patientengruppen auf dem Merkmal Aspiration.rnDiese Doktorarbeit zeigt als eine der ersten Veröffentlichungen, dass langzeitbeatmete Patienten mit Aspiration nach Dekanülierung innerhalb der ersten 200 Tage ein erhöhtes Mortalitätsrisiko haben im Vergleich zur Patientengruppe ohne Aspiration.rnIm weiteren Verlauf liefen die beiden Überlebenskurven beider Patientengruppen nach ca. 720 Tagen zusammen. In zukünftigen Untersuchungen sind bei einer höheren Fallzahl Komorbiditäten sowie Einzelmerkmale des Allgemeinzustandes der Patienten, wie Stärke der Atemmuskulatur, Hustenstoß, Somnolenz, Fähigkeit des Stimmbandschlusses zu berücksichtigen.rnDas stärkere Auseinanderklaffen der Kurven binnen der ersten 200 Tage führen wir am ehesten auf eine allgemeine Schwäche der Patienten mit Aspiration und vermindertem Hustenstoß bei verminderter Kraft der Atemmuskulatur zurück, wobei Somnolenz, Konzentrationsfähigkeit, Kooperationsfähigkeit und Stimmbandschluss auch eine wesentliche Rolle spielen könnten. Die CRP-Werte deuten nicht darauf hin, dass ein pneumonisches Geschehen einen direkten Einfluss auf die Überlebenskurven hat.rnDysphagie und Aspiration bei langzeitbeatmeten, tracheotomierten Patienten sind weiterhin ein zu wenig untersuchtes Gebiet. Es gibt bislang keine Leitlinien zur Diagnostik und Therapie dieser häufigen Komplikation, deren optimale Diagnose und Behandlung weiterhin unklar bleibt. Logopädische Begleitung der Patienten auf der Beatmungsstation scheint uns entscheidend. Das beste therapeutische Vorgehen bezüglich Kostaufbau und Vermeidung von Aspirationen ist weiterhin unbekannt.

Effects of lung recruitment maneuvers on splanchnic organ perfusion during endotoxin-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension

Lung recruitment maneuvers (RMs), used to reopen atelectatic lung units and to improve oxygenation during mechanical ventilation, may result in hemodynamic impairment. We hypothesize that pulmonary arterial hypertension aggravates the consequences of RMs in the splanchnic circulation. Twelve anesthetized pigs underwent laparotomy and prolonged postoperative ventilation. Systemic, regional, and organ blood flows were monitored. After 6 h (= baseline), a recruitment maneuver was performed with sustained inflation of the lungs. Thereafter, the pigs were randomly assigned to group C (control, n = 6) or group E with endotoxin-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (n = 6). Endotoxemia resulted in a normotensive and hyperdynamic state and a deterioration of the oxygenation index by 33%. The RM was then repeated in both groups. Pulmonary artery pressure increased during lipopolysaccharide infusion from 17 ± 2 mmHg (mean ± SD) to 31 ± 10 mmHg and remained unchanged in controls (P < 0.05). During endotoxemia, RM decreased aortic pulse pressure from 37 ± 14 mmHg to 27 ± 13 mmHg (mean ± SD, P = 0.024). The blood flows of the renal artery, hepatic artery, celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and portal vein decreased to 71% ± 21%, 69% ± 20%, 76% ± 16%, 79% ± 18%, and 81% ± 12%, respectively, of baseline flows before RM (P < 0.05 all). Organ perfusion of kidney cortex, kidney medulla, liver, and jejunal mucosa in group E decreased to 65% ± 19%, 77% ± 13%, 66% ± 26%, and 71% ± 12%, respectively, of baseline flows (P < 0.05 all). The corresponding recovery to at least 90% of baseline regional blood flow and organ perfusion lasted 1 to 5 min. Importantly, the decreases in regional blood flows and organ perfusion and the time to recovery of these flows did not differ from the controls. In conclusion, lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension does not aggravate the RM-induced significant but short-lasting decreases in systemic, regional, and organ blood flows.

A new approach in virtopsy: Postmortem ventilation in multislice computed tomography

Although postmortem imaging has gained prominence in the field of forensic medicine, evaluation of the postmortem lung remains problematic. Specifically, differentiation of normal postmortem changes and pathological pulmonary changes is challenging and at times impossible. In this study, five corpses were ventilated using a mechanical ventilator with a pressure of 40 mbar (40.8 cm H(2)O). The ventilation was performed via an endotracheal tube, a larynx mask or a continuous positive airway pressure mask. Postmortem computed tomographic images of the lungs before and with a ventilation of 40 mbar (40.8 cm H(2)O) were evaluated and the lung volumes were measured with segmentation software. Postmortem ventilation led to a clearly visible decrease of both the density in the dependant parts of the lungs and ground glass attenuation, whereas consolidated areas remained unchanged. Furthermore, a mean increase in the lung volume of 2.10 l was seen. Pathological changes such as septal thickening or pulmonary nodules in the lung parenchyma became more detectable with postmortem ventilation. Intracorporal postmortem mechanical ventilation of the lungs appears to be an effective method for enhancing detection of small pathologies of the lung parenchyma as well as for discriminating between consolidation, ground glass attenuation and position-dependent density.

Adverse cardiac events during catecholamine vasopressor therapy: a prospective observational study

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of and risk factors for adverse cardiac events during catecholamine vasopressor therapy in surgical intensive care unit patients with cardiovascular failure. METHODS: The occurrence of any of seven predefined adverse cardiac events (prolonged elevated heart rate, tachyarrhythmia, myocardial cell damage, acute cardiac arrest or death, pulmonary hypertension-induced right heart dysfunction, reduction of systemic blood flow) was prospectively recorded during catecholamine vasopressor therapy lasting at least 12 h. RESULTS: Fifty-four of 112 study patients developed a total of 114 adverse cardiac events, an incidence of 48.2 % (95 % CI, 38.8-57.6 %). New-onset tachyarrhythmia (49.1 %), prolonged elevated heart rate (23.7 %), and myocardial cell damage (17.5 %) occurred most frequently. Aside from chronic liver diseases, factors independently associated with the occurrence of adverse cardiac events included need for renal replacement therapy, disease severity (assessed by the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II), number of catecholamine vasopressors (OR, 1.73; 95 % CI, 1.08-2.77; p = 0.02) and duration of catecholamine vasopressor therapy (OR, 1.01; 95 % CI, 1-1.01; p = 0.002). Patients developing adverse cardiac events were on catecholamine vasopressors (p < 0.001) and mechanical ventilation (p < 0.001) for longer and had longer intensive care unit stays (p < 0.001) and greater mortality (25.9 vs. 1.7 %; p < 0.001) than patients who did not. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse cardiac events occurred in 48.2 % of surgical intensive care unit patients with cardiovascular failure and were related to morbidity and mortality. The extent and duration of catecholamine vasopressor therapy were independently associated with and may contribute to the pathogenesis of adverse cardiac events.

Alterations of alveolar type II cells and intraalveolar surfactant after bronchoalveolar lavage and perfluorocarbon ventilation. An electron microscopical and stereological study in the rat lung

BACKGROUND: Repeated bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) has been used in animals to induce surfactant depletion and to study therapeutical interventions of subsequent respiratory insufficiency. Intratracheal administration of surface active agents such as perfluorocarbons (PFC) can prevent the alveolar collapse in surfactant depleted lungs. However, it is not known how BAL or subsequent PFC administration affect the intracellular and intraalveolar surfactant pool. METHODS: Male wistar rats were surfactant depleted by BAL and treated for 1 hour by conventional mechanical ventilation (Lavaged-Gas, n = 5) or partial liquid ventilation with PF 5080 (Lavaged-PF5080, n = 5). For control, 10 healthy animals with gas (Healthy-Gas, n = 5) or PF5080 filled lungs (Healthy-PF5080, n = 5) were studied. A design-based stereological approach was used for quantification of lung parenchyma and the intracellular and intraalveolar surfactant pool at the light and electron microscopic level. RESULTS: Compared to Healthy-lungs, Lavaged-animals had more type II cells with lamellar bodies in the process of secretion and freshly secreted lamellar body-like surfactant forms in the alveoli. The fraction of alveolar epithelial surface area covered with surfactant and total intraalveolar surfactant content were significantly smaller in Lavaged-animals. Compared with Gas-filled lungs, both PF5080-groups had a significantly higher total lung volume, but no other differences. CONCLUSION: After BAL-induced alveolar surfactant depletion the amount of intracellularly stored surfactant is about half as high as in healthy animals. In lavaged animals short time liquid ventilation with PF5080 did not alter intra- or extracellular surfactant content or subtype composition.

[Lung protective ventilation - supportive and adjunctive therapies in acute lung injury]

Various supportive and adjunctive therapies to conventional mechanical ventilation have been evaluated in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (e.g. nitric oxide, prone position, surfactant, glucocorticoids). Although some investigations have shown promising improvements in oxygenation and physiological variables, large randomized trials of adjunctive and supportive therapies showed no impact on survival.

A clinical prediction model to identify patients at high risk of death in the emergency department.

PURPOSE Rapid assessment and intervention is important for the prognosis of acutely ill patients admitted to the emergency department (ED). The aim of this study was to prospectively develop and validate a model predicting the risk of in-hospital death based on all available information available at the time of ED admission and to compare its discriminative performance with a non-systematic risk estimate by the triaging first health-care provider. METHODS Prospective cohort analysis based on a multivariable logistic regression for the probability of death. RESULTS A total of 8,607 consecutive admissions of 7,680 patients admitted to the ED of a tertiary care hospital were analysed. Most frequent APACHE II diagnostic categories at the time of admission were neurological (2,052, 24 %), trauma (1,522, 18 %), infection categories [1,328, 15 %; including sepsis (357, 4.1 %), severe sepsis (249, 2.9 %), septic shock (27, 0.3 %)], cardiovascular (1,022, 12 %), gastrointestinal (848, 10 %) and respiratory (449, 5 %). The predictors of the final model were age, prolonged capillary refill time, blood pressure, mechanical ventilation, oxygen saturation index, Glasgow coma score and APACHE II diagnostic category. The model showed good discriminative ability, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.92 and good internal validity. The model performed significantly better than non-systematic triaging of the patient. CONCLUSIONS The use of the prediction model can facilitate the identification of ED patients with higher mortality risk. The model performs better than a non-systematic assessment and may facilitate more rapid identification and commencement of treatment of patients at risk of an unfavourable outcome.

Hemodynamic changes associated with manual and automated lateral rotation in mechanically ventilated intensive care patients

Objective: To investigate hemodynamic responses to lateral rotation. ^ Design: Time-series within a randomized controlled trial pilot study. ^ Setting: A medical intensive care unit (ICU) and a medical-surgical ICU in two tertiary care hospitals. ^ Patients: Adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation. ^ Interventions: Two-hourly manual or continuous automated lateral rotation. ^ Measurements and Main Results: Heart rate (HR) and arterial pressure were sampled every 6 seconds for > 24 hours, and pulse pressure (PP) was computed. Turn data were obtained from a turning flow sheet (manual turn) or with an angle sensor (automated turn). Within-subject ensemble averages were computed for HR, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and PP across turns. Sixteen patients were randomized to either the manual (n = 8) or automated (n = 8) turn. Three patients did not complete the study due to hemodynamic instability, bed malfunction or extubation, leaving 13 patients (n = 6 manual turn and n = 7 automated turn) for analysis. Seven patients (54%) had an arterial line. Changes in hemodynamic variables were statistically significant increases ( p < .05), but few changes were clinically important, defined as ≥ 10 bpm (HR) or ≥ 10 mmHg (MAP and PP), and were observed only in the manual-turn group. All manual-turn patients had prolonged recovery to baseline in HR, MAP and PP of up to 45 minutes (p ≤ .05). No significant turning-related periodicities were found for HR, MAP, or PP. Cross-correlations between variables showed variable lead-lag relations in both groups. A statistically, but not clinically, significant increase in HR of 3 bpm was found for the manual-turn group in the back compared with the right lateral position ( F = 14.37, df = 1, 11, p = .003). ^ Conclusions: Mechanically ventilated critically ill patients experience modest hemodynamic changes with manual lateral rotation. A clinically inconsequential increase in HR, MAP, and PP may persist for up to 45 minutes. Automated lateral rotation has negligible hemodynamic effects. ^

Do simple ventilation and gas exchange measurements predict early successful weaning from respiratory support in unselected general intensive care patients?

Background. The value of respiratory variables as weaning predictors in the intensive care unit (ICU) is controversial. We evaluated the ability of tidal volume (Vtexp), respiratory rate ( f ), minute volume (MVexp), rapid shallow breathing index ( f/Vt), inspired–expired oxygen concentration difference [(I–E)O2], and end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (PE′CO2) at the end of a weaning trial to predict early weaning outcomes. Methods. Seventy-three patients who required .24 h of mechanical ventilation were studied. A controlled pressure support weaning trial was undertaken until 5 cm H2O continuous positive airway pressure or predefined criteria were reached. The ability of data from the last 5 min of the trial to predict whether a predefined endpoint indicating discontinuation of ventilator support within the next 24 h was evaluated. Results. Pre-test probability for achieving the outcome was 44% in the cohort (n¼32). Non-achievers were older, had higher APACHE II and organ failure scores before the trial, and higher baseline arterial H+ concentrations. The Vt, MV, f, and f/Vt had no predictive power using a range of cut-off values or from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The [I–E]O2 and PE′CO2 had weak discriminatory power [areaunder the ROC curve: [I–E]O2 0.64 (P¼0.03); PE′CO2 0.63 (P¼0.05)]. Using best cut-off values for [I–E]O2 of 5.6% and PE′CO2 of 5.1 kPa, positive and negative likelihood ratios were 2 and 0.5, respectively, which only changed the pre- to post-test probability by about 20%. Conclusions. In unselected ICU patients, respiratory variables predict early weaning from mechanical ventilation poorly.

Tracheostomy in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: When and Where?

Background: Tracheostomy was first observed in Egyptian drawings in 3600 BC and performed frequently during the 1800’s diphtheria epidemic. Objectives: The aim of this study was to elucidate the indications, complications, mortality rate, and the effect of pediatric tracheostomy on length of PICU or hospital stay. Materials and Methods: Demographic characteristics, diagnosis at admission, duration of ventilation of 152 patients were analyzed retrospectively. Results: The most common tracheostomy indication was prolonged intubation. The mean duration of mechanical ventilation before tracheostomy was 23.8 days. Forty five percent of the tracheostomy procedures were performed at bedside. Neither the place nor the age had any effect on the development of complications (P = 0.701, P = 0.622). The procedure enabled 62% of the patients to be discharged from hospital. Conclusions: Tracheostomy facilitates discharge and weaning of mechanical ventilation. Although the timing of tracheostomy has to be determined for each individual patient, three weeks of ventilation seems to be a suitable period for tracheostomy. Tracheostomy can be performed at bedside safely but patient selection should be made carefully.

Antibiotic Therapy for Very Low BirthWeigh Newborns in NICU

Background: Prolonged empiric antibiotics therapy in neonates results in several adverse consequences including widespread antibiotic resistance, late onset sepsis (LOS), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), prolonged hospital course (HC) and increase in mortality rates. Objectives: To assess the risk factors and the outcome of prolonged empiric antibiotic therapy in very low birth weight (VLBW) newborns. Materials and Methods: Prospective study in VLBW neonates admitted to NICU and survived > 2 W, from July 2011 - June 2012. All relevant perinatal and postnatal data including duration of antibiotics therapy (Group I < 2W vs Group II > 2W) and outcome up to the time of discharge or death were documented and compared. Results: Out of 145 newborns included in the study, 62 were in group I, and 83 in Group II. Average duration of antibiotic therapy was 14 days (range 3 - 62 days); duration in Group I and Group II was 102.3 vs 25.510.5 days. Hospital stay was 22.311.5 vs 44.3 14.7 days, respectively. Multiple regression analysis revealed following risk factors as significant for prolonged empiric antibiotic therapy: VLBW especially < 1000 g, (P < 0.001), maternal Illness (P = 0.003), chorioamnionitis (P = 0.048), multiple pregnancy (P = 0.03), non-invasive ventilation (P < 0.001) and mechanical ventilation (P < 0.001). Seventy (48.3%) infants developed LOS; 5 with NEC > stage II, 12 (8.3%) newborns died. Infant mortality alone and with LOS/NEC was higher in group II as compared to group I (P < 0.002 and < 0.001 respectively). Conclusions: Prolonged empiric antibiotic therapy caused increasing rates of LOS, NEC, HC and infant mortality

Desenlaces de la escala Omaha+ en los pacientes en cuidado intensivo en la fundación santa fe de Bogotá

Introducción La ventilación mecánica es fundamental en el manejo de la falla respiratoria aguda, actualmente no existe consenso sobre el momento exacto de extubación. Este estudio describe el comportamiento de la escala OMAHA+ en nuestra institución. Objetivo Principal Describir los desenlaces clínicos relacionados con la escala OMAHA+ durante la extubación de los pacientes de las unidades de cuidado intensivo del hospital universitario. Métodos Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, basado en el registro de la escala OMAHA+ de 68 pacientes durante el proceso de extubación en las Unidades de cuidado intensivo adulto de la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá durante Agosto de 2014 a Mayo de 2015. Resultados Se encontraron valores gasométricos cercanos a la normalidad, con una PaO2/FiO2 media de 261 (DS 60,6), SaO2 media de 96% (DS 2%), media de lactato sérico de 1.5 mmol/L (DS 1,2 mmol/L), con signos vitales normales. La causa más común de ingreso a UCI fue Neumonía, seguida por cirugía cardiaca y abdominal. Las medias de parámetros ventilatorios al momento de extubación fueron; PEEP de 6 (DS 0,8), volumen corriente de 8ml/Kg (DS 1,4 ml/Kg), índice de Tobín de 34 (DS 11,9), test de fuga positivo 94%, y sólo una extubación fallida. Conclusiones La escala OMAHA+ puede ser una herramienta útil, aplicable y fácilmente reproducible en los pacientes con soporte ventilatorio mecánico invasivo previo al proceso de extubación, con baja proporción de fallo. Estos resultados deben ser evaluados en estudios prospectivos.

Uso de dexmedetomidina como tratamiento coadyuvante de síndrome de abstinencia alcohólica: revisión sistemática

El objetivo de este estudio es establecer si la dexmedetomidina (DEX) es segura y efectiva para el manejo coadyuvante de síndrome de abstinencia a alcohol (SAA) a través de la búsqueda de evidencia científica. Metodología: se realiza una revisión sistemática de literatura publicada y no publicada desde enero de 1989 hasta febrero 2016 en PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Bireme, Cochrane library y en otras bases de datos y portales. Los criterios de inclusión fueron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y no aleatorizados, estudios cuasi-experimentales, estudios de cohorte, y estudios de casos y controles; que incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años hospitalizados con diagnóstico de SAA y donde se usó DEX como terapia coadyuvante. Resultados: 7 estudios, 477 pacientes, se incluyeron en el análisis final. Se encontraron dos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, tres estudios de casos y controles y dos estudios de cohorte retrospectivo. Solo uno de los estudios fue doble ciego y utilizó placebo como comparador. Análisis y conclusiones: en los estudios experimentales se determinan que el uso de DEX como terapia coadyuvante en el manejo de SAA tiene significancia clínica y estadística para disminuir dosis de BZD en las primeras 24 horas de tratamiento; pero no demostraron tener otros beneficios clínicos. En los estudios no aleatorizados existe consenso que relaciona el uso de DEX con menores dosis de BZD de forma temprana. Recomendaciones: no se recomienda el uso de DEX en SAA de forma rutinaria. Se recomienda usar DEX solo en casos en el que exista evidencia fallo terapéutico a BZD.

Incidencia de síndrome de abstinencia secundario a opioides y/o benzodiacepinas en dos unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos

• Introducción: El síndrome de abstinencia (SA) es el conjunto de síntomas y signos que se producen al suspender bruscamente la administración de un fármaco una vez se haya establecido dependencia física. • Objetivos: Caracterizar los pacientes que presentan SA secundario a opiodes (OP) y/o benzodiacepinas(BZ) durante la hospitalización en las unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos de la Clínica Infantil Colsubsidio (CIC) y Hospital del Niño de Panamá (HDN) del 1 de abril al 30 de septiembre del 2016. • Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal, prospectivo. Incluimos 189 pacientes en la CIC y 144 pacientes en el HDN. Se utilizó la escala SOPHIA para el diagnóstico de SA, las escalas COMFORT para evaluar la sedación en pacientes ventilados no relajados y la escala FLACC para evaluar la analgesia. Se utilizó software StataV12® para el análisis estadístico. • Resultados: se reportó una incidencia global de SA de 6.1/100 días personas. La incidencia acumulada de SA fue de 56.08% y 29.86% para la CIC y el HDN respectivamente. En la CIC el 69.81% de los pacientes que requirieron infusión de OP y BZ desarrollaron SA. Se reportó una dosis acumulada de fentanyl de 530.34 ± 276.49 mcg/kg. Con respecto al HDN, de los pacientes que recibieron opioides y benzodiacepinas el 53.49 % desarrollaron SA. • Conclusión: El SA secundario a opioides y/o benzodiacepinas es frecuente en nuestras unidades con una incidencia variable, es mayor la presentación del SA al usar ambos fármacos, mayores dosis acumuladas y más días de infusión continua.

Effects Of Therapeutic Approach On The Neonatal Evolution Of Very Low Birth Weight Infants With Patent Ductus Arteriosus.

To analyze the effects of treatment approach on the outcomes of newborns (birth weight [BW] < 1,000 g) with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), from the Brazilian Neonatal Research Network (BNRN) on: death, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH III/IV), retinopathy of prematurity requiring surgical (ROPsur), necrotizing enterocolitis requiring surgery (NECsur), and death/BPD. This was a multicentric, cohort study, retrospective data collection, including newborns (BW < 1000 g) with gestational age (GA) < 33 weeks and echocardiographic diagnosis of PDA, from 16 neonatal units of the BNRN from January 1, 2010 to Dec 31, 2011. Newborns who died or were transferred until the third day of life, and those with presence of congenital malformation or infection were excluded. Groups: G1 - conservative approach (without treatment), G2 - pharmacologic (indomethacin or ibuprofen), G3 - surgical ligation (independent of previous treatment). Factors analyzed: antenatal corticosteroid, cesarean section, BW, GA, 5 min. Apgar score < 4, male gender, Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology Perinatal Extension (SNAPPE II), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), late sepsis (LS), mechanical ventilation (MV), surfactant (< 2 h of life), and time of MV. death, O2 dependence at 36 weeks (BPD36wks), IVH III/IV, ROPsur, NECsur, and death/BPD36wks. Student's t-test, chi-squared test, or Fisher's exact test; Odds ratio (95% CI); logistic binary regression and backward stepwise multiple regression. Software: MedCalc (Medical Calculator) software, version 12.1.4.0. p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. 1,097 newborns were selected and 494 newborns were included: G1 - 187 (37.8%), G2 - 205 (41.5%), and G3 - 102 (20.6%). The highest mortality was observed in G1 (51.3%) and the lowest in G3 (14.7%). The highest frequencies of BPD36wks (70.6%) and ROPsur were observed in G3 (23.5%). The lowest occurrence of death/BPD36wks occurred in G2 (58.0%). Pharmacological (OR 0.29; 95% CI: 0.14-0.62) and conservative (OR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.14-0.79) treatments were protective for the outcome death/BPD36wks. The conservative approach of PDA was associated to high mortality, the surgical approach to the occurrence of BPD36wks and ROPsur, and the pharmacological treatment was protective for the outcome death/BPD36wks.