Ethanol oxidation reaction on PtCeO(2)/C electrocatalysts prepared by the polymeric precursor method

This paper presents a study of the electrocatalysis of ethanol oxidation reactions in an acidic medium on Pt-CeO(2)/C (20 wt.% of Pt-CeO(2) on carbon XC-72R), prepared in different mass ratios by the polymeric precursor method. The mass ratios between Pt and CeO(2) (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) were confirmed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX). X-ray diffraction (XRD) structural characterization data shows that the Pt-CeO(2)/C catalysts are composed of nanosized polycrystalline non-alloyed deposits, from which reflections corresponding to the fcc (Pt) and fluorite (CeO(2)) structures were clearly observed. The mean crystallite sizes calculated from XRD data revealed that, independent of the mass ratio, a value close to 3 nm was obtained for the CeO(2) particles. For Pt, the mean crystallite sizes were dependent on the ratio of this metal in the catalysts. Low platinum ratios resulted in small crystallites. and high Pt proportions resulted in larger crystallites. The size distributions of the catalysts particles, determined by XRD, were confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) imaging. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometic experiments were used to evaluate the electrocatalytic performance of the different materials. In all cases, except Pt-CeO(2)/C 1:1, the Pt-Ceo(2)/C catalysts exhibited improved performance when compared with Pt/C. The best result was obtained for the Pt-CeO(2)/C 1:3 catalyst, which gave better results than the Pt-Ru/C (Etek) catalyst. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Caracterização por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão do aço SAE5115 microligado ao nióbio para cementação em altas temperaturas

A busca de uma maior competitividade tem levado a indústria a utilizar temperaturas de cementação cada vez mais elevadas. Este aumento na temperatura permite uma significativa diminuição dos tempos de tratamentos, porém pode levar a um aumento generalizado ou anormal do tamanho de grão austenítico bastante deletério as propriedades mecânicas do material. A utilização de elementos formadores de precipitados é uma alternativa para minimizar este problema. Neste trabalho foi estudado um aço SAE 5115 com adição de 0,038% em peso nióbio para ancoramento de grão. Para este estudo foi simulado um tratamento térmico de cementação em temperaturas mais elevadas, como 1000 e 1050°C, por duas horas, partindo-se de duas condições, bruto de laminação e esferoidizado. A técnica de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) foi empregada para caracterizar os precipitados, bem como avaliar sua contribuição no ancoramento do grão. A caracterização dos precipitados quanto sua composição, morfologia, tamanho e distribuição, foi realizada analisando-se amostras preparadas por extração de réplicas em filme de carbono e por lâminas finas pelo método de polimento plano no “Tripod Polisher”. Sendo que este último, convencionalmente não utilizado em aço, possibilita a obtenção de amostras com extensa área fina para observação no MET, além de facilitar a análise por minimizar o efeito de desvio de feixe em amostras magnéticas. Os resultados das análises comprovam a precipitação de partículas complexas de Nb e que a forma de distribuição, bem como o percentual de tamanho dos precipitados é de suma importância para o ancoramento do grão. Verificou-se uma tendência maior para o aparecimento de grão anormal nas amostras que sofreram o processo de esferoidização.

Desenvolvimento de um aço SAE 5115 microligado ao nióbio para cementação a alta temperatura

Este trabalho busca desenvolver um aço para cementação a alta temperatura através da adição de nióbio como microligante, a fim de que os compostos formados forneçam partículas de segunda fase que atuem como ancoradoras do grão austenítico, já que o processo de crescimento de grão, especialmente anormal, é conseqüência natural das temperaturas envolvidas. A elevação da temperatura tem como objetivo proporcionar um ganho em produtividade pela redução dos tempos de cementação. Procura-se também estabelecer uma comparação do aço proposto a aços de cementação convencionais (DIN 17Cr3 e SAE 5115). Utilizou-se um aço SAE 5115 com 0,034% de nióbio, que foi submetido a diferentes condições de ensaio em laboratório: deformação a frio por compressão livre em três graus de deformação (isento, 25 e 50%); com posterior aquecimento em patamares de temperatura que simulam diferentes níveis de cementação (930 , 950 , 1000 e 1050 C), bem como diferentes tempos de manutenção em temperatura, de tal forma a atingir camadas cementadas hipotéticas em torno de 1,0 mm de profundidade. Encerram-se os testes submetendo o aço estudado a um processo de produção industrial de pinos de pistão, que sofrem deformação a temperatura ambiente e cementação a 950 C por 2,5 h O aço SAE 5115 ao “Nb” mostrou um melhor desempenho no controle dos grãos austeníticos, tanto para os ensaios de simulação realizados em laboratório e comparados ao aço DIN 17Cr3, como frente ao processo de produção de pinos de pistão tendo como comparativo o aço SAE 5115. O modelo teórico de Hudd e outros (que trata os carbonitretos de nióbio como de extensiva solubilidade mútua) e o de Gladman (que define os nitretos de alumínio e de nióbio como mutuamente exclusivos), associados às equações de Wagner (para coalescimento das partículas de segunda fase), bem como à equação de Gladman e Pickering (que determina o raio crítico de partícula para uma distribuição aleatória de partículas), mostraram-se bastante adequados em prever a resposta das partículas precipitadas, partindo-se da composição química do aço, principalmente para as partículas de carbonitreto de nióbio em condições que não envolvessem níveis elevados de deformação.

Caracterização metalúrgica do aço SAE 1141 microligado ao nióbio por simulação física

Este trabalho analisa, através do emprego de simulador físico, os efeitos da adição do nióbio no aço SAE 1141 e seu comportamento como refinador de grão e endurecedor por precipitação, nas altas temperaturas de forjamento e tempos de reaquecimento aplicados industrialmente. Analisa também qual a influência das deformações e velocidades de resfriamento sobre o tamanho de grão austenítico, microestrutura, dureza, cinética da precipitação e propriedades finais. Na definição dos parâmetros de simulação foram observadas rotinas de produção de peças forjadas comercialmente, a literatura técnica, e possíveis alterações que otimizassem as propriedades do aço em estudo. Para tanto foram definidas as temperaturas de forjamento 1100, 1200 e 1250°C, a taxa de deformação de 1/s, as deformações de 30, 50 e 70%, e as velocidades de resfriamento de 36, 60, 100 e 150°C/min. Os resultados indicaram que a velocidade de resfriamento tem papel preponderante na microestrutura final, que variou de um agregado de ferrita e perlita para bainita (às vezes com alguma martensita) a medida em que a velocidade de resfriamento aumenta. A simulação térmica indicou que tamanho de grão austenítico aumenta a medida em que se eleva a temperatura de reaquecimento e que existe apenas um pequeno efeito ancorador de grão do nióbio nesse quesito, quando não estiver presente alguma deformação Foi observado, através da simulação física que, com a presença de deformação, principalmente para as temperaturas menores de reaquecimento, a precipitação induzida por deformação parece ancorar o crescimento dos grãos recristalizados, resultando num tamanho de grão austenítico menor. Esse trabalho constitui parte integrante do projeto de desenvolvimento da tecnologia dos aços microligados, num esforço conjunto do Laboratório de Metalurgia Física – LAMEF, através do Grupo de Desenvolvimento de Aços Microligados, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, em parceria com a Aços Finos Piratini e DANA – Albarus, com o apoio da CAPES.

Sinterização de aço inoxidável reforçado com partículas nanométricas dispersas de carbeto de nióbio - NbC

Metal powder sintering appears to be promising option to achieve new physical and mechanical properties combining raw material with new processing improvements. It interest over many years and continue to gain wide industrial application. Stainless steel is a widely accepted material because high corrosion resistance. However stainless steels have poor sinterability and poor wear resistance due to their low hardness. Metal matrix composite (MMC) combining soft metallic matrix reinforced with carbides or oxides has attracted considerable attention for researchers to improve density and hardness in the bulk material. This thesis focuses on processing 316L stainless steel by addition of 3% wt niobium carbide to control grain growth and improve densification and hardness. The starting powder were water atomized stainless steel manufactured for Höganäs (D 50 = 95.0 μm) and NbC produced in the UFRN and supplied by Aesar Alpha Johnson Matthey Company with medium crystallite size 16.39 nm and 80.35 nm respectively. Samples with addition up to 3% of each NbC were mixed and mechanically milled by 3 routes. The route1 (R1) milled in planetary by 2 hours. The routes 2 (R2) and 3 (R3) milled in a conventional mill by 24 and 48 hours. Each milled samples and pure sample were cold compacted uniaxially in a cylindrical steel die (Ø 5 .0 mm) at 700 MPa, carried out in a vacuum furnace, heated at 1290°C, heating rate 20°C stand by 30 and 60 minutes. The samples containing NbC present higher densities and hardness than those without reinforcement. The results show that nanosized NbC particles precipitate on grain boundary. Thus, promote densification eliminating pores, control grain growth and increase the hardness values

Estudo e desenvolvimento de um capacitor eletrolítico de nióbio

It seeks to find an alternative to the current tantalum electrolytic capacitors in the market due to its high cost. Niobium is a potential substitute, since both belong to the same group of the periodic table and because of this have many similar physical and chemical properties. Niobium has several technologically important applications, and Brazil has the largest reserves, around 96%. There are including niobium in reserves of tantalite and columbite in Rio Grande do Norte. These electrolytic capacitors have high capacitance specifies, ie they can store high energy in small volumes compared to other types of capacitors. This is the main attraction of this type of capacitor because is growing demand in the production of capacitors with capacitance specifies increasingly high, this because of the miniaturization of various devices such as GPS devices, televisions, computers, phones and many others. The production route of the capacitor was made by powder metallurgy. The initial niobium powder supplied by EEL-USP was first characterized by XRD, SEM, XRF and laser particle size, to then be sieved into three particle size, 200, 400 e 635mesh. The powders were then compacted and sintered at 1350, 1450 and 1550°C using two sintering time 30 and 60min. Sintering is one of the most important parts of the process as it affects properties as porosity and surface cleaning of the samples, which greatly affected the quality of the capacitor. The sintered samples then underwent a process of anodic oxidation, which created a thin film of niobium pentóxido over the whole porous surface of the sample, this film is the dielectric capacitor. The oxidation process variables influence the performance of the film and therefore the capacitor. The samples were characterized by electrical measurements of capacitance, loss factor, ESR, relative density, porosity and surface area. After the characterizations was made an annealing in air ate 260ºC for 60min. After this treatment were made again the electrical measurements. The particle size of powders and sintering affected the porosity and in turn the specific area of the samples. The larger de area of the capacitor, greater is the capacitance. The powder showed the highest capacitance was with the smallest particle size. Higher temperatures and times of sintering caused samples with smaller surface area, but on the other hand the cleaning surface impurities was higher for this cases. So a balance must be made between the gain that is achieved with the cleaning of impurities and the loss with the decreased in specific area. The best results were obtained for the temperature of 1450ºC/60min. The influence of annealing on the loss factor and ESR did not follow a well-defined pattern, because their values increased in some cases and decreased in others. The most interesting results due to heat treatment were with respect to capacitance, which showed an increase for all samples after treatment

Síntese e caracterização de TaC e óxido misto de tântalo e cobre nanoestruturados a partir do precursor oxálico de tântalo através de reações gás-sólido e sólido-sólido a baixa temperatura

The research and development of nanostructured materials have been growing significantly in the last years. These materials have properties that were significantly modified as compared to conventional materials due to the extremely small dimensions of the crystallites. The tantalum carbide (TaC) is an extremely hard material that has high hardness, high melting point, high chemical stability, good resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock and excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion. The Compounds of Tantalum impregnated with copper also have excellent dielectric and magnetic properties. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain TaC and mixed tantalum oxide and nanostructured copper from the precursor of tris (oxalate) hydrate ammonium oxitantalato, through gas-solid reaction and solid-solid respectively at low temperature (1000 ° C) and short reaction time. The materials obtained were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Spectroscopy X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric (TG), thermal analysis (DTA) and BET. Through the XRD analyses and the Reitiveld refinement of the TaC with S = 1.1584, we observed the formation of pure tantalum carbide and cubic structure with average crystallite size on the order of 12.5 nanometers. From the synthesis made of mixed oxide of tantalum and copper were formed two distinct phases: CuTa10O26 and Ta2O5, although the latter has been formed in lesser amounts

Comportamento da adição do carbeto de nióbio (nBC) na matriz metálica do aço ferrítico 15kH2mfa

The 15Kh2MFA steel is a kind of Cr-Mo-V family steels and can be used in turbines for energy generation, pressure vessels, nuclear reactors or applications where the range of temperature that the material works is between 250 to 450°C. To improve the properties of these steels increasing the service temperature and the thermal stability is add a second particle phase. These particles can be oxides, carbides, nitrites or even solid solution of some chemical elements. On this way, this work aim to study the effect of addition of 3wt% of niobium carbide in the metallic matrix of 15Kh2MFA steel. Powder metallurgy was the route employed to produce this metallic matrix composite. Two different milling conditions were performed. Condition 1: milling of pure 15Kh2MFA steel and condition 2: milling of 15Kh2MFA steel with addition of niobium carbide. A high energy milling was carried out during 5 hours. Then, these two powders were sintered in a vacuum furnace (10-4torr) at 1150 and 1250°C during 60 minutes. After sintering the samples were normalized at 950°C per 3 minutes followed by air cooling to obtain a desired microstructure. Results show that the addition of niobium carbide helps to mill faster the particles during the milling when compared with that steel without carbide. At the sintering, the niobium carbide helps to sinter increasing the density of the samples reaching a maximum density of 7.86g/cm³, better than the melted steel as received that was 7,81g/cm³. In spite this good densification, after normalizing, the niobium carbide don t contributed to increase the microhardness. The best microhardness obtained to the steel with niobium carbide was 156HV and to pure 15Kh2MFA steel was 212HV. It happened due when the niobium carbide is added to the steel a pearlitic structure was formed, and the steel without niobium carbide submitted to the same conditions reached a bainitic structure

Síntese e caracterização de CuNb2O6 e CuNbC através de reação sólido- sólido e gás- sólido a baixa temperatura

The refractory metal carbides have proven important in the development of engineering materials due to their properties such as high hardness, high melting point, high thermal conductivity and high chemical stability. The niobium carbide presents these characteristics. The compounds of niobium impregnated with copper also have excellent dielectric and magnetic properties, and furthermore, the Cu doping increases the catalytic activity in the oxidation processes of hydrogen. This study aimed to the synthesis of nanostructured materials CuNbC and niobium and copper oxide from precursor tris(oxalate) oxiniobate ammonium hydrate through gas-solid and solid-solid reaction, respectively. Both reactions were carried out at low temperature (1000°C) and short reaction time (2 hours). The niobium carbide was produced with 5 % and 11% of copper, and the niobium oxide with 5% of copper. The materials were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA , BET and particle size Laser. From the XRD analysis and Rietveld refinement of CuNbC with S = 1.23, we observed the formation of niobium carbide and metallic copper with cubic structure. For the synthesis of mixed oxide made of niobium and copper, the formation of two distinct phases was observed: CuNb2O6 and Nb2O5, although the latter was present in small amounts

Avaliação cinética e potencial do Nb2O5 obtido a partir de um complexo de nióbio para formação do oleato de metila através da reação de esterificação do ácido oleico

Among the heterogeneous catalysts materials made from niobium show up as an alternative to meet the demand of catalysts for biodiesel production. This study aims to evaluate the potential of a heterogeneous catalyst derived from a complex of niobium in the reaction of methyl esterification of oleic acid. The catalyst was synthesized after calcination at different temperatures of a niobium complex ((NH4)3[NbO(C2O4)3].H2O) generating a niobium oxide nanostructure with a different commercial niobium oxide used to synthesize the complex. The commercial niobium oxide, the complex niobium and niobium catalyst were characterized by thermogravimetry (TG and DTA), surface area analysis (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), showing the catalyst has researched morphological and crystallographic indicating a catalytic potential higher than that of commercial niobium oxide characteristics. Factorial with central composite design point, with three factors (calcination temperature, molar ratio of alcohol/oleic acid and mass percentage of catalyst) was performed. Noting that the optimal experimental point was given by the complex calcination temperature of 600°C, a molar ratio alcohol/oleic acid of 3.007/1 and the catalyst mass percentage of 7.998%, with a conversion of 22.44% oleic acid in methyl oleate to 60 min of reaction. We performed a composite linear and quadratic regression to determine an optimal statistical point of the reaction, the temperature of calcination of the complex at 450°C, the molar ratio of alcohol/oleic acid 3.3408/1 and mass percentage of catalyst of 7.6833% . Kinetic modeling to estimate parameters for heterogeneous catalysis it set well the experimental results with a final conversion of 85.01% with 42.38% of catalyst and without catalyst at 240 min reaction was performed. Allowing to evaluate the catalyst catalytic studied has the potential to be used in biodiesel production

Structure and Physical Properties of EVA/Starch Precursor Materials for Foaming Applications

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Development on polymeric precursor routes to produce superconducting nanoparticles

The well-known polymeric precursor route is a simple and low-cost sol-gel method based on the preparation of an aqueous precursor solution of metals followed by the addition of a water-soluble polymer. This method consists of a polyesterification process between a metal chelate complex by using a hydroxycarboxylic acid and a polyhydroxy alcohol. In this work, citric acid (CA), tartaric acid (TA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are used as the hydroxycarboxylic acid and ethylene glycol (EG) is used as the polyhydroxy alcohol. The effects of the precursor pH solution, time and temperature of polymerization step as well as the combination of different chelating agents in order to obtain nanoscopic YBa2Cu3Oy samples were traced. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Polymeric precursor method to the synthesis of XWO(4) (X = Ca and Sr) thin films-Structural, microstructural and spectroscopic investigations

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Structural and morphological characteristics of (Pb1-x Sr (x) )TiO3 powders obtained by polymeric precursor method

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Growth of SrBi4Ti4O15 thin films in a microwave oven by the polymeric precursor method

SrBi4Ti4O15 (SBTi) thin films were obtained by the polymeric precursor method and crystallized in a domestic microwave oven. For comparison, films were also crystallized in a conventional furnace at 700 degrees C for 2 h. Structural and morphological characterization of the SBTi thin films was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. Using platinum coated silicon substrates configuration, ferroelectric properties of the films were determined with remanent\polarization P-r and a coercive field E-c of 5.1 mu C/cm(2) and 135 kV/cm for the film thermally treated in the microwave oven and 5.4 mu C/cm(2) and 85 kV/cm for the film thermally treated in conventional furnace, respectively. The films thermally treated in the conventional furnace exhibited excellent fatigue-free characteristics up to 10(10) switching cycles indicating that SBTi thin films can be a promise material for use in non-volatile memories. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.