Pré-tratamentos com luz em sementes de tomateiro para indução de tolerância ao déficit hídrico

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeito prebiótico de xilo-oligossacarídeos produzidos a partir da hemicelulose de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar utilizando extração alcalina e hidrólise de xilanases fúngicas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Lisil oxidase e propriedades pró-tumorigênicas de pericitos

O microambiente tumoral é composto por células, como fibroblastos, células do sistema imune, células endoteliais e pericitos, envoltas por uma matriz extracelular, além de possuir fatores solúveis que participam da comunicação celular. Nas últimas décadas, têm-se entendido cada vez melhor seu papel na iniciação e progressão dos tumores. É de fundamental importância, portanto, entender a biologia dos seus componentes e como podem agir em favor do desenvolvimento tumoral. Diversos trabalhos demonstram que há uma associação entre a presença dos pericitos nos vasos tumorais com a agressividade e prognóstico de alguns tipos de câncer. Uma vez ativadas, além do papel estrutural, essas células modulam as atividades das células endoteliais durante a formação de novos vasos, além de adquirirem propriedades como proliferação e migração. Neste contexto, os pericitos passam a secretar fatores importantes na comunicação célula-a-célula e liberam enzimas moduladoras na matriz extracelular. A lisil oxidase (LOX) é uma das principais enzimas que atuam sobre a matriz extracelular. Já está bem descrito que, quando superexpressa em células tumorais, a LOX pode alterar a migração e invasão dessas células, promovendo a geração de metástases. Entretanto, pouco se sabe a respeito da atuação dessa enzima sobre os demais componentes celulares do estroma tumoral, como os pericitos. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal verificar se enzima LOX é relevante para a ativação de propriedades dos pericitos que possam contribuir para suas funções pró-tumorigênicas, como migração, proliferação e formação de vasos. Os resultados foram gerados avaliando essas atividades dos pericitos após pré-tratamento de 24 horas com β-aminopropionitrile (βAPN), um inibidor irreversível da LOX. Foram utilizadas duas linhagens de pericitos derivados de tecido normal (adiposo e muscular) e duas linhagens de pericitos provenientes de tecido tumores do sistema nervoso central (neuroblastoma e ependimoma). Este composto foi capaz de diminuir a capacidade de migração das células de todas as linhagens testadas e, de maneira geral, tornou o processo de formação de estruturas tubulares in vitro menos eficiente. Entretanto, não foram observadas alterações na proliferação celular. Os dados indicam, portanto, que a enzima LOX pode ser importante para a ativação dos pericitos e, possivelmente, influenciem no seu comportamento no microambiente tumoral

Aproveitamento sustentável do bagaço de cana de açúcar para obtenção do acetato de celulose

The sustainable use of waste resulting from the agribusiness is currently the focus of research, especially the sugar cane bagasse (BCA), being the lignocellulosic waste produced in greater volume in the Brazilian agribusiness, where the residual biomass has been applied in production energy and bioproducts. In this paper, pulp was produced in high purity from the (BCA) by pulping soda / anthraquinone and subsequent conversion to cellulose acetate. Commercial cellulose Avicel was used for comparison. The obtained cellulose acetate was homogeneous acetylation reaction by modifying the variables, the reaction time in hours (8, 12, 16, 20 and 24) and temperature in ° C (25 and 50). FTIR spectra showed characteristic bands identical to cellulosic materials, demonstrating the efficiency of separation by pulping. The characterization of cellulose acetate was obtained and by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG / DTG / DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and determining the degree of substitution (DS ) for the cellulose acetate to confirm the acetylation. The optimal reaction time for obtaining diacetates and triacetates, at both temperatures were 20 and 24 h. Cellulose acetate produced BCA presented GS between 2.57 and 2.7 at 25 ° C and 50 ° C GS obtained were 2.66 and 2.84, indicating the actual conversion of cellulose BCA of di- and triacetates. Comparative mode, commercial cellulose Avicel GS showed 2.78 and 2.76 at 25 ° C and 2.77 to 2.75 at 50 ° C. Data were collected in time of 20 h and 24 h, respectively. The best result was for the synthesis of cellulose acetate obtained from the BCA GS 2.84 to 50 ° C and 24 hours, being classified as cellulose triacetate, which showed superior result to that produced with the commercial ethyl cellulose Avicel, demonstrating converting potential of cellulose derived from a lignocellulosic residue (BCA), low cost, prospects of commercial use of cellulose acetate

Caracterização de água de lavagem de filtros em estações de tratamento de água de filtração direta

The water supply and treatment is considered as a great benefit considering that, if done efficiently, provides public health. However, considering the WTP (Water Treatment Plant) is an industry, with its inputs and waste generation, they must be constantly evaluated and monitored to verify the best and most appropriate way to process and dispose their waste, minimizing therefore the potential impacts to the environment. By volume, the most significant waste is the rapid filter backwash water. It is very common the disposal of this waste without treatment in water sources, which are used, for the most part, as a water supply source of a downstream population. This study evaluated quantitative and qualitative parameters in filter backwash water in three WTP - Itaitinga, Maranguape and Pacatuba, located in Ceará State, northeast of Brazil. It was found that the Maranguape WTP, in terms of treatment capacity, is the larger. The Itaitinga WTP is the one that consumes more water during filters washing. The Pacatuba WTP exhibited higher concentration of total suspended and settleable solids, COD and aluminum in the filters backwash water. It is noteworthy that the settleable solids and total suspended solids in all three WTP are above the effluent discharge standard recommended by Resolution 154/2002 of SEMACE (State Superintendent of Environment of Ceará). It was concluded that the filter backwash water from the study WTP exceeded the allowed values for legislation to be disposed directly into surface water bodies. It is suggested as an alternative to treat and recycle the filter backwashing water the construction of sludge settling ponds.

Tecnologia eletroquímica como tratamento alternativo de efluentes derivados da indústria têxtil e petroquímica

In this work, the treatment of wastewater from the textile industry, containing dyes as Yellow Novacron (YN), Red Remazol BR (RRB) and Blue Novacron CD (NB), and also, the treatment of wastewater from petrochemical industry (produced water) were investigated by anodic oxidation (OA) with platinum anodes supported on titanium (Ti/Pt) and boron-doped diamond (DDB). Definitely, one of the main parameters of this kind of treatment is the type of electrocatalytic material used, since the mechanisms and products of some anodic reactions depend on it. The OA of synthetic effluents containing with RRB, NB and YN were investigated in order to find the best conditions for the removal of color and organic content of the dye. According to the experimental results, the process of OA is suitable for decolorization of wastewaters containing these textile dyes due to electrocatalytic properties of DDB and Pt anodes. Removal of the organic load was more efficient at DDB, in all cases; where the dyes were degraded to aliphatic carboxylic acids at the end of the electrolysis. Energy requirements for the removal of color during OA of solutions of RRB, NB and YN depends mainly on the operating conditions, for example, RRB passes of 3.30 kWh m-3 at 20 mA cm-2 for 4.28 kWh m-3 at 60 mA cm-2 (pH = 1); 15.23 kWh m-3 at 20 mA cm-2 to 24.75 kWh m-3 at 60 mA cm-2 (pH 4.5); 10.80 kWh m-3 at 20 mA cm-2 to 31.5 kWh m-3 at 60 mA cm-2 (pH = 8) (estimated data for volume of treated effluent). On the other hand, in the study of OA of produced water effluent generated by petrochemical industry, galvanostatic electrolysis using DDB led to the complete removal of COD (98%), due to large amounts of hydroxyl radicals and peroxodisulphates generated from the oxidation of water and sulfates in solution, respectively. Thus, the rate of COD removal increases with increasing applied current density (15-60 mAcm-2 ). Moreover, at Pt electrode, approximately 50% removal of the organic load was achieved by applying from 15 to 30 mAcm-2 while 80% of COD removal was achieved for 60 mAcm-2 . Thus, the results obtained in the application of this technology were satisfactory depending on the electrocatalytic materials and operating conditions used for removal of organic load (petrochemical and textile effluents) as well as for the removal of color (in the case of textile effluents). Therefore, the applicability of electrochemical treatment can be considered as a new alternative like pretreatment or treatment of effluents derived from textiles and petrochemical industries.

Estudo do tratamento sequencial (adsorção e eletro-oxidação) para remediação de efluente sintético contaminado com BTX

This paper proposed the study of the treatment of a synthetic wastewater contaminated with BTX by electro-oxidation batch with the anode of Ti/PbO2, and the adsorption of BTX using expanded perlite as adsorbent material, and to evaluate the best operating conditions both methods in order to perform a sequential treatment (adsorption and electro-oxidation) and achieve greater efficiency in the removal of the compounds. The operating conditions were measured: temperature, current density and applied amount of the adsorbent material, by UV-VIS analysis and Demand Chemical oxygen demand (COD). According to the experimental results, the electro-oxidative treatment was efficient in the degradation of the compounds BTX (benzene, toluene and xylenes) in synthetic sewage due to the electrochemical properties of the anode of Ti/PbO2. The applied current density and temperature promoted increased efficiency of COD removal, reaching obtain percentages greater than 70%. In the adsorption process, the temperature increase was not a factor in the removal of organic matter, while the increase in the amount of adsorbent material led to an increase in the percentage removal, obtaining 66.30% using 2 g of adsorbent. The selected operating conditions of both treatments performed separately take into account the removal efficiency of organic matter, and the low energy consumption and operating costs, so the sequential treatment were satisfactory reaching 87.26% of COD removal using adsorption as a pretreatment. Quantification of BTX through the analysis of gas chromatography at the end of the treatments also confirmed the removal efficiency of organic compounds, giving outstanding advantages to sequential treatment.

Efeitos in vivo e in vitro de agonistas parciais do receptor NOP: implicações para o tratamento da ansiedade, depressão e mania

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effects of the two peptide NOP partial agonists (UFP-113 and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2) and the non peptide NOP partial agonist (AT-090) in the mouse emotional behavior as well as in the intracellular transduction pathways following the receptor binding. Methods: Male Swiss or CD-1 mice were used in this study together with NOP(+/+) and NOP(-/-) mice. The elevated plus maze (EPM) was used to evaluate the effects of compounds on anxiety-like behaviors. Diazepam and the NOP agonists, N/OFQ and Ro 65-6570, were used as positive controls in the EPM. NOP(+/+) and NOP(-/-) mice were used to evaluate the selectivity of those compounds that induced anxiolytic-like behaviors. The forced swim test (FST) was used to evaluate the effects of compounds on depressive-like behaviors. Nortriptyline and the NOP antagonists, UFP-101 and SB-612111, were used as positive controls in the FST. The effects of N/OFQ, UFP-101, SB-612111, UFP-113, [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2, and AT-090 were assessed in the methylphenidate-induced hyperlocomotion (MIH) test; in this assay valproate was used as positive control. The G protein and β-arrestin 2 transduction pathways of NOP receptor agonists (N/OFQ and Ro 65-6570), antagonist (UFP-101), and partial agonists (UFP-113, [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2, and AT-090) were also evaluated using an innovative assay that measures a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer process. For this, cell lines permanently co-expressing the NOP receptor coupled to luciferase (energy donor), and green fluorescent protein (energy acceptor) coupled to one of the effector proteins (G protein or β-arrestin 2) were used. Results: Diazepam (1 mg/kg), N/OFQ (1 nmol), Ro 65-6570 (0.1 mg/kg), and AT-090 (0.01 mg/kg) induced anxiolytic-like effect in mice in the EPM. The effects of Ro 65-6570 and AT-090 were selective to NOP receptor. UFP-113 (0.01-1 nmol) and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 (0.1-3 nmol) were inactive in the EPM. In the FST, nortriptyline (30 mg/kg), UFP-101 (10 nmol), SB-612111 (10 mg/kg), UFP-113 (0.01 and 0.1 nmol), and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 (0.3 and 1 nmol) induced antidepressant-like effects, while AT-090 (0.001-0.1 mg/kg) was inactive in this assay. The effects of UFP-113 and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 were selective to NOP receptor. Valproate (400 mg/kg) counteracted methylphenidate (MPH, 10 mg/kg)-induced hyperlocomotion in mice in the open field. N/OFQ (1 nmol), UFP-113 (0.01-0.1 nmol), and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 (1 nmol) were also able to reduce the MPH-induced hyperlocomotion, without changing the locomotor activity per se. The effect of UFP-113 was selective to NOP receptor. The UFP-101 (10 nmol), SB-612111 (10 mg/kg), and AT-090 (0.001-0.03 mg/kg) did not change the hyperlocomotor effect of methylphenidate. In vitro, N/OFQ and Ro 65-6570 behaved as NOP full agonists for G-protein and β-arrestin 2 pathways. AT-090 behaved as NOP receptor partial agonist for both transduction pathways, while UFP-113 and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 behaved as partial agonists and antagonists of NOP receptor for NOP/G protein and NOP/β-arrestin 2, respectively. UFP-101 behaved as NOP receptor antagonist for both transduction pathways. Conclusion: NOP ligands producing same effects on NOP/G protein interaction (partial agonism), but with opposite effects on β-arrestin 2 recruitment (partial agonism vs antagonism), can promote different in vivo effects on anxiety and mood as it was observed in the behavioral tests. This work corroborates the potential of NOP receptor as an innovative pharmacological target for the treatment of emotional disorders.

Efeitos in vivo e in vitro de agonistas parciais do receptor NOP: implicações para o tratamento da ansiedade, depressão e mania

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effects of the two peptide NOP partial agonists (UFP-113 and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2) and the non peptide NOP partial agonist (AT-090) in the mouse emotional behavior as well as in the intracellular transduction pathways following the receptor binding. Methods: Male Swiss or CD-1 mice were used in this study together with NOP(+/+) and NOP(-/-) mice. The elevated plus maze (EPM) was used to evaluate the effects of compounds on anxiety-like behaviors. Diazepam and the NOP agonists, N/OFQ and Ro 65-6570, were used as positive controls in the EPM. NOP(+/+) and NOP(-/-) mice were used to evaluate the selectivity of those compounds that induced anxiolytic-like behaviors. The forced swim test (FST) was used to evaluate the effects of compounds on depressive-like behaviors. Nortriptyline and the NOP antagonists, UFP-101 and SB-612111, were used as positive controls in the FST. The effects of N/OFQ, UFP-101, SB-612111, UFP-113, [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2, and AT-090 were assessed in the methylphenidate-induced hyperlocomotion (MIH) test; in this assay valproate was used as positive control. The G protein and β-arrestin 2 transduction pathways of NOP receptor agonists (N/OFQ and Ro 65-6570), antagonist (UFP-101), and partial agonists (UFP-113, [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2, and AT-090) were also evaluated using an innovative assay that measures a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer process. For this, cell lines permanently co-expressing the NOP receptor coupled to luciferase (energy donor), and green fluorescent protein (energy acceptor) coupled to one of the effector proteins (G protein or β-arrestin 2) were used. Results: Diazepam (1 mg/kg), N/OFQ (1 nmol), Ro 65-6570 (0.1 mg/kg), and AT-090 (0.01 mg/kg) induced anxiolytic-like effect in mice in the EPM. The effects of Ro 65-6570 and AT-090 were selective to NOP receptor. UFP-113 (0.01-1 nmol) and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 (0.1-3 nmol) were inactive in the EPM. In the FST, nortriptyline (30 mg/kg), UFP-101 (10 nmol), SB-612111 (10 mg/kg), UFP-113 (0.01 and 0.1 nmol), and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 (0.3 and 1 nmol) induced antidepressant-like effects, while AT-090 (0.001-0.1 mg/kg) was inactive in this assay. The effects of UFP-113 and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 were selective to NOP receptor. Valproate (400 mg/kg) counteracted methylphenidate (MPH, 10 mg/kg)-induced hyperlocomotion in mice in the open field. N/OFQ (1 nmol), UFP-113 (0.01-0.1 nmol), and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 (1 nmol) were also able to reduce the MPH-induced hyperlocomotion, without changing the locomotor activity per se. The effect of UFP-113 was selective to NOP receptor. The UFP-101 (10 nmol), SB-612111 (10 mg/kg), and AT-090 (0.001-0.03 mg/kg) did not change the hyperlocomotor effect of methylphenidate. In vitro, N/OFQ and Ro 65-6570 behaved as NOP full agonists for G-protein and β-arrestin 2 pathways. AT-090 behaved as NOP receptor partial agonist for both transduction pathways, while UFP-113 and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 behaved as partial agonists and antagonists of NOP receptor for NOP/G protein and NOP/β-arrestin 2, respectively. UFP-101 behaved as NOP receptor antagonist for both transduction pathways. Conclusion: NOP ligands producing same effects on NOP/G protein interaction (partial agonism), but with opposite effects on β-arrestin 2 recruitment (partial agonism vs antagonism), can promote different in vivo effects on anxiety and mood as it was observed in the behavioral tests. This work corroborates the potential of NOP receptor as an innovative pharmacological target for the treatment of emotional disorders.

Produção de CDR a partir de resíduos industriais: caso de estudo da Recivalongo

A produção de combustível derivado de resíduos (CDR) resultou de uma decisão política que permitiu a instalação em Portugal de um significativo conjunto de processos, cuja avaliação técnico-económica e ambiental pode já ser feita. Este trabalho faz uma avaliação técnica e ambiental da linha de produção de CDR da Recivalongo. A avaliação técnica consistiu na análise dos caudais de material que entraram na linha de produção, na quantidade de CDR produzido, contabilizando também os gastos de recursos da linha (energia e materiais auxiliares). A avaliação da qualidade de CDR produzido a partir do ensaio laboratorial representou também uma parte muito significativa do trabalho produzido. A avaliação ambiental foi efetuada com base na metodologia da Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o processo da Recivalongo transforma 69% do material de entrada, recuperando 2% em metais ferrosos e rejeitando para aterro a restante fração de 29%. As análises efetuadas ao CDR mostraram que apresenta um PCI compreendido entre 17 e 20 MJ/kg; o teor em cloro está compreendido entre 0,2 e 0,8% Conclui-se que neste processo o parâmetro mais difícil de controlar é o teor em cloro no CDR, pois existe uma grande diversidade de resíduos com grandes quantidades de cloro na sua constituição e que por muitas vezes são difíceis de identificar e/ou separar na primeira fase do tratamento dos resíduos. Da análise ciclo de vida efetuada à produção de CDR pode-se afirmar que esta operação de gestão de resíduos apresenta uma mais-valia quando comparada com a deposição dos resíduos em aterro, não sendo a diferença entre destinos tão significativa quanto o esperado. Desta avaliação pode concluir-se que a instalação operou muito abaixo da sua capacidade, sendo esta considerada uma das melhores linhas de produção de CDR a nível nacional.

Geração e gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos: incentivos econômicos para cumprimento da lei n° 12.305/10

O presente estudo teve por objetivo estimar um percentual do quanto seria necessário aumentar o repasse do ICMS, para se tornar um incentivo verde, motivando os governos municipais a cumprirem a lei n° 12.305/101 (que instituiu a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos - PNRS), abordando em âmbito nacional (macrorregiões), com breve comparativo entre outros países, referenciando também o COREDE Sul e os municípios que o compõem (um a um), no que tange o tratamento desses resíduos sólidos no Brasil, mostrando entre eles a disposição desses dejetos e alguns incentivos econômicos, com sugestão de política pública fiscal. A metodológica utilizada tem inspiração na escola austríaca que emprega uma mistura de procedimentos, sendo assim, este trabalho utilizou-se do método dedutivo exploratório e para a valoração do serviço do tratamento dos resíduos utilizou-se o Método de Valoração Contingente (MVC), que é um método econômico utilizado para valorar o meio ambiente, que envolve perguntar diretamente as pessoas (pesquisa), o quanto estariam dispostas a pagar ou a receber por serviços ambientais específicos.

Valorização de resíduos provenientes da atividade no setor avícola: aplicação do processo de compostagem

O setor avícola, como setor em constante crescimento está associado à produção de elevadas quantidades de resíduos sólidos orgânicos. A crescente taxa de produção de resíduos avícolas leva à necessidade de lhes dar um destino adequado podendo a valorização orgânica, nomeadamente a compostagem, ser uma opção. O presente estudo pretende dar um contributo para o projeto de uma unidade de compostagem numa empresa portuguesa do setor, com valorização dos resíduos produzidos pela mesma, avaliando o potencial de aplicação desta operação de tratamento de resíduos e a qualidade do produto final. Como primeiro passo foi realizada uma caracterização dos resíduos a utilizar de forma a perceber a sua possível influência no processo de degradação. Os ensaios de compostagem foram realizados à escala laboratorial, numa gama de temperatura de 50 a 55ᵒC, utilizando como substrato base uma mistura dos resíduos avícolas, de acordo com os seus quantitativos de produção. Vários potenciais agentes estruturantes foram também testados, como adição ao substrato. A monitorização do processo foi feita com base em análises das fases gasosa (gases de exaustão), sólida (substrato em decomposição) e líquida (lixiviado). A avaliação do processo foi ainda complementada com a caracterização dos produtos finais obtidos, os quais foram ainda sujeitos a testes de fitotoxicidade. Foram observados graus de conversão de matéria orgânica relativamente altos (40-50%), comprovando a aplicabilidade desta operação de tratamento de resíduos. Embora a diferença entre ensaios tenha sido pouco notória, a utilização de uma combinação de cama de aviário e mato destroçado e compostado aparenta ser ligeiramente mais eficiente, enquanto a utilização de casca de eucalipto produziu os piores resultados. Perdas de humidade e de azoto foram as duas situações mais críticas observadas para os vários ensaios, tendo influência tanto sobre o processo como sobre o produto final. Os compostos obtidos revelam baixa qualidade, exibindo valores elevados de pH e condutividade elétrica e elevadas concentrações de metais pesados, tais como cobre e zinco. Supõe-se que as características adversas verificadas estejam associadas à aplicação de quantidades demasiado elevadas de cinza nos substratos, levando à necessidade de redução deste material; estudos adicionais seriam necessários a fim de avaliar as possibilidades de ajuste das quantidades a utilizar, dos diferentes materiais, com o intuito de produzir um produto final com qualidade, respeitando os requisitos legais.

Bioremediation of phosphates in seawater: approach for recirculating marine aquaculture effluents

Marine Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) produce great volume of wastewater, which may be reutilized/recirculated or reutilized after undergoing different treatment/remediation methods, or partly discharged into neighbour water-bodies (DWW). Phosphates, in particular, are usually accumulated at high concentrations in DWW, both because its monitoring is not compulsory for fish production since it is not a limiting parameter, and also because there is no specific treatment so far developed to remove them, especially in what concerns saltwater effluents. As such, this work addresses two main scientific questions. One of them regards the understanding of the actual (bio)remediation methods applied to effluents produced in marine RAS, by identifying their advantages, drawbacks and gaps concerning their exploitation in saltwater effluents. The second one is the development of a new, innovative and efficient method for the treatment of saltwater effluents that potentially fulfil the gaps identified in the conventional treatments. Thereby, the aims of this thesis are: (i) to revise the conventional treatments targeting major contaminants in marine RAS effluents, with a particular focus on the bioremediation approaches already conducted for phosphates; (ii) to characterize and evaluate the potential of oyster-shell waste collected in Ria de Aveiro as a bioremediation agent of phosphates spiked into artificial saltwater, over different influencing factors (e.g., oyster-shell pre-treatment through calcination, particle size, adsorbent concentration). Despite the use of oyster-shells for phosphorous (P) removal has already been applied in freshwater, its biosorptive potential for P in saltwater was never evaluated, as far as I am aware. The results herein generated showed that NOS is mainly composed by carbonates, which are almost completely converted into lime (CaO) after calcination (COS). Such pre-treatment allowed obtaining a more reactive material for P removal, since higher removal percentages and adsorption capacity was observed for COS. Smaller particle size fractions for both NOS and COS samples also increased P removal. Kinetic models showed that NOS adsorption followed, simultaneously, Elovich and Intraparticle Difusion kinetic models, suggesting that P removal is both a diffusional and chemically rate-controlled process. The percentage of P removal by COS was not controlled by Intraparticle Diffusion and the Elovich model was the kinetic model that best fitted phosphate removal. This work demonstrated that waste oyster-shells, either NOS or COS, could be used as an effective biosorbent for P removal from seawater. Thereby, this biomaterial can sustain a cost-effective and eco-friendly bioremediation strategy with potential application in marine RAS.

Isolamento, seleção e cultivo de leveduras com potencia biotecnológico para a produção de endo-xilaneses

Xilanases são enzimas que catalisam a hidrólise das xilanas e têm sido em grande parte, obtidas a partir de bolores e bactérias. No entanto poucos estudos têm sido relatados sobre a produção destas enzimas por leveduras. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo isolar leveduras de diferentes fontes vegetais visando à produção de xilanases, além de maximizar sua produção, estudar o uso de diferentes fontes de nitrogênio e cultivar as leveduras em meios contendo coprodutos agroindustriais. As amostras de alimentos e resíduos foram enriquecidas em caldo extrato de malte e levedura e isoladas em Ágar Nutriente Wallerstein, as leveduras isoladas foram, a seguir, avaliadas quanto à capacidade de degradar xilana presente no meio e produzir halos de hidrólise, os quais foram visualizados através do uso do corante vermelho congo. Os micro-organismos selecionados como potenciais produtores de xilanase foram crescidos em meio complexo líquido e as atividades enzimáticas de endoxilanase, β-xilosidase, carboximetilcelulase, celulase total, pH e concentração de biomassa foram avaliadas ao longo de 96 h de cultivo. Dentre as leveduras isoladas, sete foram selecionadas, e a 18Y foi a que apresentou a maior atividade de endo- xilanase (2,7 U.mL-1 ), sendo esta isolada de chicória e identificada como Cryptococcus laurentii. Esta estirpe apresentou capacidade de produzir xilanase com baixos níveis de celulase, sendo assim selecionada neste trabalho. A maximização de endo-xilanase foi avaliada fazendo uso de planejamento experimental onde primeiramente foi realizado um planejamento fracionário 2 6-2 para verificar os efeitos do pH inicial e as concentrações de xilana, peptona, (NH4)2SO4, extrato de levedura e KH2PO4 sobre a atividade enzimática. Após selecionar as variáveis xilana, peptona, pH e extrato de levedura foi realizado um delineamento composto central rotacional (24 ) onde todos os cultivos foram mantidos a 30°C, 150 rpm durante 96 h sendo retiradas alíquotas para determinação das atividades, pH e biomassa. A produção máxima foi de 6,9 U.mL-1 usando 10,0 g.L-1 de extrato de levedura, 10,0 g.L-1 de peptona, 10,0 g.L-1 de xilana, 1,0 g.L-1 de (NH4)2SO4 em pH 6,5 o que permitiu um incremento de mais de 250% sobre a atividade. Posteriormente foram realizados ensaios avaliando diferentes fontes e concentrações de nitrogênio orgânico e inorgânico. A presença de NH4NO3 e (NH₄)₂SO₄ usados na concentração de 3% proporcionaram as maiores atividades de endo-xilanase (6,2 e 6,0 U.mL-1 respectivamente). O sulfato de amônio foi selecionado e fixado em 1 g.L-1 e logo após um planejamento completo 22 foi realizado onde as variáveis xilana e extrato de levedura foram estudadas e as demais fixadas. As condições ótimas estabelecidas para a produção da enzima foram: concentração de xilana de 18,6 g.L-1 , concentração de extrato de levedura de 10 g.L-1 atingindo 14 U.mL-1 . Após a maximização enzimática estudou-se o crescimento de Pichia pastoris NRRL Y-1603 e Cryptococcus laurentti em cinco substratos agroindustriais visando a possibilidade estes substratos substituírem a xilana em cultivos para a produção de endo-xilanase. Os ensaios foram realizados utilizando os subtratos pré-tratados com NaOH 4% e não tratados. Para inserção dos mesmos aos meios de cultivo, estes foram moídos e adicionados na concentração de 2%. O pré-tratamento para todos as fontes de hemicelulose foi eficiente e promoveu aumento nas atividades produzidas. Cryptococcus laurentti apresentou maior atividade enzimática (8,7 U.mL-1 ) em farelo de arroz desengordurado e pré- tratado enquanto que a levedura Pichia pastoris NRRL Y-1603 apresentou sua melhor condição para produção de endo-xilanase quando cultivada em meio contendo casca de aveia e o farelo de arroz pré-tratados, alcançando atividades máximas de 7,6 e 7,5 U.mL-1 .

Obtenção de filtro cerâmico a partir da diatomita e casca de arroz carbonizada visando tratamento de efluente têxtil

The effluents released by the textile industry have high concentrations of alkali, carbohydrates, proteins, in addition to colors containing heavy metals. Therefore, a filter was prepared aiming primarily to the removal of color. In order to prepare this filter, rice hulls and diatomite were used, which have in their structure, basically amorphous hydrated silica. The silica exists in three crystalline forms: quartz, tridymite and cristobalite. In accordance with the above considerations, this study was divided into two stages; the first corresponds to the preparation of the filter and the second to carry out the tests in the effluent/filter in order to verify the efficiency of the color removal. First, the raw material was subjected to a chemical analysis and XRD, and then the diatomite was mixed, via humid, with a planetarium windmill with 20 %, 40 %, 60 % and 80 % of rice husk ash. To the mixture, 5 % carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was added as a binder at room temperature. The samples were uniaxially compacted into metallic matrix of 0.3 x 0.1 cm² of area at a pressure of 167 MPa by means of hydraulic press and then sintered at temperatures of 1,000 °C, 1,200 °C and 1,400 °C for 1 h and submitted to granulometry test using laser, linear retraction, water absorption, apparent porosity and resistance to bending, DTA, TMA and XRD. To examine the pore structure of the samples scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used. Also tests were carried out in a mercury porosimeter to verify the average size of the pores and real density of the samples. In the second stage, samples of the effluent were collected from a local industry, whose name will be preserved, located in Igapó, in the State of Rio Grande do Norte - RN. The effluent was first pretreated before filtration and then subjected to a treatment of flotation. The effluent was then characterized before and after filtration, with parameters of color, turbidity, suspended solids, pH, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD). Thus, through the XRD analysis the formation of cristobalite α in all samples was observed. The best average size of pore was found to be 1.75 μm with 61.04 % apparent porosity, thus obtaining an average 97.9 % color removal and 99.8 % removal of suspended solid