Compactação de um cambissolo háplico causada pela extração florestal com trator Skidder

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Polymorphic simple sequence repeat regions in chloroplast genomes: applications to the population genetics of pines.

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), consisting of tandemly repeated multiple copies of mono-, di-, tri-, or tetranucleotide motifs, are ubiquitous in eukaryotic genomes and are frequently used as genetic markers, taking advantage of their length polymorphism. We have examined the polymorphism of such sequences in the chloroplast genomes of plants, by using a PCR-based assay. GenBank searches identified the presence of several (dA)n.(dT)n mononucleotide stretches in chloroplast genomes. A chloroplast (cp) SSR was identified in three pine species (Pinus contorta, Pinus sylvestris, and Pinus thunbergii) 312 bp upstream of the psbA gene. DNA amplification of this repeated region from 11 pine species identified nine length variants. The polymorphic amplified fragments were isolated and the DNA sequence was determined, confirming that the length polymorphism was caused by variation in the length of the repeated region. In the pines, the chloroplast genome is transmitted through pollen and this PCR assay may be used to monitor gene flow in this genus. Analysis of 305 individuals from seven populations of Pinus leucodermis Ant. revealed the presence of four variants with intrapopulational diversities ranging from 0.000 to 0.629 and an average of 0.320. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of cpDNA on the same populations previously failed to detect any variation. Population subdivision based on cpSSR was higher (Gst = 0.22, where Gst is coefficient of gene differentiation) than that revealed in a previous isozyme study (Gst = 0.05). We anticipate that SSR loci within the chloroplast genome should provide a highly informative assay for the analysis of the genetic structure of plant populations.

Genetic differentiation in Scottish populations of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

Pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (Denis & Schiffermuller), is a recent but persistent pest of lodgepole pine plantations in Scotland, but exists naturally at low levels within remnants and plantations of Scots pine. To test whether separate host races occur in lodgepole and Scots pine stands and to examine colonization dynamics, allozyme, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and mitochondrial variation were screened within a range of Scottish samples. RAPD analysis indicated limited long distance dispersal (F-ST=0.099), and significant isolation by distance (P < 0.05); but that colonization between more proximate populations was often variable, from extensive to limited exchange. When compared with material from Germany, Scottish samples were found to be more diverse and significantly differentiated for all markers. For mtDNA, two highly divergent groups of haplotypes were evident, one group contained both German and Scottish samples and the other was predominantly Scottish. No genetic differentiation was evident between P. flammea populations sampled from different hosts, and no diversity bottleneck was observed in the lodgepole group. Indeed, lodgepole stands appear to have been colonized on multiple occasions from Scots pine sources and neighbouring populations on different hosts are close to panmixia.

Developing Ecological Criteria for Prescribed Fire in South Florida Pine Rockland Ecosystems

The pine rocklands of South Florida, characterized by a rich herbaceous flora with many narrowly endemic taxa beneath an overstory of south Florida slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. densa), are found in three areas: the Miami Rock Ridge of southeastern peninsular Florida, the Lower Florida Keys, and slightly elevated portions of the southern Big Cypress National Preserve. Fire is an important element in these ecosystems, since in its absence the pine canopy is likely to be replaced by dense hardwoods, resulting in loss of the characteristic pineland herb flora. Prescribed fire has been used in Florida Keys pine forests since the creation of the National Key Deer Refuge (NKDR), with the primary aim of reducing fuels. Because fire can also be an effective tool in shaping ecological communities, we conducted a 4-year research study which explored a range of fire management options in NKDR. The intent of the study was to provide the Fish and Wildlife Service and other land managers with information regarding when and where to burn in order to perpetuate these unique forests.

Resampling of Permanent Pine Rockland Vegetation Plots on Big Pine Key

The pine rocklands of South Florida are characterized by an herbaceous flora with many narrowly endemic taxa, a diverse shrub layer containing several palms and numerous tropical hardwoods, and an overstory of south Florida slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. densa). Fire has been considered as an important environmental factor for these ecosystems, since in the absence of fire these pine forests are replaced by dense hardwood communities, resulting in loss of the characteristic pineland herb flora. Hence, in the Florida Keys pine forests, prescribed fire has been used since the creation of the National Key Deer Refuge. However, such prescribed burns were conducted in the Refuge mainly for fuel reduction, without much consideration of ecological factors. The USGS and Florida International University conducted a research study for four years, from 1998 to 2001, the objective of which was to document the response of pine rockland vegetation to a range of fire management options and to provide Fish and Wildlife Service and other land managers with information useful in deciding when and where to burn to perpetuate these unique pine forests. This study is described in detail in Snyder et al. (2005).

The relationship between vegetation and modern pollen assemblages on Mount Paggeo (NE Greece)

In this study, we investigated the relationship between vegetation and modern-pollen rain along the elevational gradient of Mount Paggeo. We apply multivariate data analysis to assess the relationship between vegetation and modern-pollen rain and quantify the representativeness of forest zones. This study represents the first statistical analysis of pollen-vegetation relationship along an elevational gradient in Greece. Hence, this paper improves confidence in interpretation of palynological records from north-eastern Greece and may refine past climate reconstructions for a more accurate comparison of data and modelling. Numerical classification and ordination were performed on pollen data to assess differences among plant communities that beech (Fagus sylvatica) dominates or co-dominates. The results show a strong relationship between altitude, arboreal cover, human impact and variations in pollen and nonpollen palynomorph taxa percentages.

Développement d’une stratégie de modification du bois afin de limiter les variations dimensionnelles du produit lambris dans un contexte éco-responsable

Ce travail de thèse présente deux grands axes. Le premier axe, touche les traitements du bois dans le but principal de réduire les variations dimensionnelles et d’améliorer la résistance à l’attaque des champignons lignivores. Le second axe quant à lui, touche l’aspect environnemental du traitement acide citrique-glycérol. Ce dernier a pour but principal de démontrer que le prolongement de la durée de vie en service du produit lambris traité, compense les impacts environnementaux causés par ce traitement. Dans le premier axe, deux traitements ont été réalisés sur deux essences de pin (Pinus strobus L. et Pinus contorta D.). Un traitement à l’anhydride maléique et un autre traitement avec une solution d’acide citrique – glycérol brute (AC-G). Dans le premier cas, les effets de deux paramètres (la durée de séchage et la température d’estérification) sur les résultats des essais de stabilité dimensionnelle, de résistance à la dégradation fongique et de vieillissement accéléré ont été évalués. Trois niveaux de durée de séchage après imprégnation (12 h, 18 h et 24 h) et trois niveaux de température d’estérification (140 °C, 160 °C et 180 °C) ont été considérés. Dans le second cas, après identification du meilleur catalyseur (HCl) et du meilleur ratio acide citrique – glycérol (3/1) pendant les essais préliminaires, les performances de ce traitement sur la stabilité dimensionnelle, la résistance à la pourriture fongique, la dureté de surface et l’adhérence des couches de revêtement de peinture sur la surface du substrat bois ont été analysées. Les résultats obtenus ont été appuyés par une suite d’analyses qualitatives et quantitatives pour mieux comprendre et expliquer. Les analyses qualitatives sont : (i) la spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (IRTF) et (ii) la microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) tandis que la quantitative, l’analyse par perte de masse a été faite par pesée. Dans le second axe, une analyse des impacts environnementaux du traitement AC-G a été effectuée par le biais du logiciel SimaPro v8. La base de données Ecoinvent v3 et la méthode d’analyse d’impact Impact 2002+ ont été utilisées dans cette partie du travail de thèse. Sur la base des résultats du second traitement (AC-G) et des travaux disponibles dans la littérature, nous avons estimé, une durée de vie en service des lambris traités. Les différents scénarios de la durée de vie du lambris traité mis sur pied par rapport à celle offerte aujourd’hui par l’industrie, nous permettent de modéliser les impacts environnementaux du traitement. A cette fin, l’analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) a été utilisée comme outil de conception. En conclusion, les paramètres, durée de séchage et température d’estérification influencent les résultats obtenus dans le cas du traitement du bois à l’anhydride maléique. La combinaison 24 h de séchage et 180 °C, température d’estérification, représente les paramètres qui offrent les meilleurs résultats de stabilité dimensionnelle, de résistance à la dégradation fongique et de vieillissement accéléré. Le traitement AC-G améliore la stabilité dimensionnelle, la résistance à la dégradation fongique et la dureté de surface des échantillons. Cependant, le traitement réduit l’adhérence des couches de peinture. Les impacts environnementaux produits par le traitement AC-G sont majoritairement liés à la consommation de la ressource énergie (électricité). Le traitement prolonge la durée de vie en service du lambris traité et il a été mis en évidence que le scénario de durée de vie qui permettrait que le lambris traité puisse se présenter comme un produit à faible impact environnemental par rapport au lambris non traité est celui d’une durée de vie de 55 ans.

Propriedades físicas dos lenhos juvenil e adulto de Pinus elliottii Engelm var. elliottii e de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden

The juvenile wood presents great difference in its anatomical and physical properties in relation to the mature wood. That heterogeneity of the wood causes a series of upset for the processing industry. The present research had as objective the study of the physical properties of the juvenile and mature wood of Pinus elliottii Engelm var. elliottii, with 25 years of age and of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden, with 30 years of age, coming from the Experimental Station of Itapetininga and State Forest of Santa Barbara, belonging to the Forest Institute of the state of São Paulo. From both species there were taken from radial boards, specimens with dimensions of 20x30x50 mm, for the determination of density, swelling and swelling coefficient of the juvenile and mature wood. The results of the species showed that the mature compared with the juvenile wood presented: (1) an increase in the values of the basic density, at 0% and at 12% of moisture content and of the volumetric, radial and tangential swelling at 12% moisture content and maximum coefficient of radial and tangential swelling; (2) a reduction in the values of longitudinal swelling at 12% and maximum and of the longitudinal swelling coefficient.

Estimative of genetic parameters in progeny test of Pinus caribaea Morelet var. hondurensis Barret & Golfari by quantitative traits and microsatellite markers

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Nutrient cycling aspects in stands of Pinus-elliottii engelm var elliottii under differents resining intensities .2. nutrients contents in litter

Annual and monthly quantities of nutrients wich returned to the soil through litter fall in Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii stand were estimated durint a two years period, in Experimental Station of Mogi-Guacu, SP. From the trees of the stand was extracted oleoresin according two differents techniques and control. The annual average of nutrients that returned to the soil was 72.2 Kg/ha, in following order: N > Ca > K > Mg > P. No relationship appeared between nutrient concentrations plus quantities when they were compared with oleoresin yields treatments and control. The differences in annual quantities were possibly due to climatic factors. The soil profile showed short concentrations in nutrient contents. Thus, the forest may be suffering by nutrient deficiences.

Análise técnica e econômica da resinagem de Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii na região de Manduri, SP

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Análises genéticas em progênies de Pinus caribaea Morelet var. caribaea por caracteres quantitativos e marcadores moleculares

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Gabelung der Blütenstandachse von Epipactis latifolia All. var. violacea Durand Duqu. [= E. sessilifolia Peterm.]

Von Dr. Lakowitz

DINÂMICA DA REGENERAÇÃO NATURAL NO SUB-BOSQUE DE Pinus caribaea Morelet. var. caribaea NA RESERVA BIOLÓGICA DE SALTINHO, TAMANDARÉ - PE

O estudo da estrutura e dinâmica da regeneração natural em sub-bosque de plantios com espécies exóticas, como as do gênero Pinus , possibilita dar informações para manejo, conservação e reestabelecimento das espécies nativas de uma comunidade vegetal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e quantificar a dinâmica da regeneração natural das espécies arbustivo-arbóreas ocorrentes no sub-bosque do povoamento de Pinus caribaea , na Rebio de Saltinho, em Pernambuco. Foram medidas as espécies regenerantes de 10 parcelas permanentes, de 1 x 50 m, e incluídos os indivíduos com circunferência na base a 30 cm do solo (CAB 0,30m) ≤ 15 cm e altura superior a um metro. A altura foi classificada em: Classe 1, indivíduos arbustivoarbóreos, com altura 1 ≤ H ≤ 2; Classe 2 com altura 2 < H ≤ 3; e Classe 3, com altura > 3 m e CAP ≤ 15 cm. Calcularam-se os parâmetros fitossociológicos, a dinâmica da regeneração e os índices de Shannon (H’) e a equabilidade (J’) por Pielou. Protium heptaphyllum teve maior número de indivíduos e valor de importância (VI), e Miconia prasina a melhor frequência nos dois levantamentos. Quanto ao índice H’ de 3,32 nats.ind-1 (2007) passou a 3,07 nats.ind-1 (2012), e a equabilidade de J’ de 0,85 a 0,62, havendo decréscimo tanto para a diversidade, quanto para a distribuição. O levantamento de 2012 registrou aumento de 12,5% do número de indivíduos, e os regenerantes de 2007 tiveram 48,31% de mortalidade. Com relação ao número de indivíduos e área basal, os percentuais de ganhos foram superiores ao das perdas. Conclui-se que a sucessão ecológica da regeneração do sub-bosque do povoamento estudado, encontra-se em modificação positiva, e o povoamento de Pinus caribaea, não está impedindo o surgimento de novos indivíduos e espécies.

Comparación de la eficacia de distintos productos químicos aplicados mediante tratamiento aéreo en el control del muérdago (Viscum album) sobre Pinus halepensis

El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la eficacia de diversos productos químicos en el control del muérdago (Viscum album var austriacum) sobre Pinus halepensis. La experiencia consistió en la aplicación mediante tratamiento aéreo de diversas concentraciones de etefon, ácido giberélico y glifosato. Las combinaciones de ácido giberélico y glifosato obtuvieron las mayores eficacias, especialmente la que aplicó 7,8 g/ha de ácido giberélico y 540 g/ha de glifosato.