La ley natural y la ciudad

Resumen: El artículo analiza el Capítulo Cuarto titulado “La ley natural y la ciudad”, del Documento de la Comisión Teológica Internacional sobre la ley natural y considera sus grandes temas centrales: el bien común, con particular atención a la naturaleza social de la persona humana, el principio de finalidad, la relación entre bien común y bien individual y el contenido del bien común político; la ley natural, con una referencia a la nueva escuela anglosajona del derecho natural; la cuestión de la moral y el derecho natural, considerando la noción de derecho, lo natural del derecho y los derechos humanos; las relaciones entre derecho natural y derecho positivo, con referencia a la prudencia jurídica y el orden político y el orden escatológico. Se analizan las grandes notas del capítulo, vinculadas con las enseñanzas del realismo jurídico clásico, se muestran otras lecturas para fundar la actualidad y riqueza del Documento y se formulan conexiones con autores de actualidad.

Pertsonaia protagonista femeninoen ezaugarriak eta bilakaera euskal narratiba garaikidean

361 p.

Eurasian integration as a way to respond to global challenges

510 p.

Changes in social inequalities in disability-free life expectancy in Southern Europe: the case of the Basque Country

Background: Health expectancy is a useful tool to monitor health inequalities. The evidence about the recent changes in social inequalities in healthy expectancy is relatively scarce and inconclusive, and most studies have focused on Anglo-Saxon and central or northern European countries. The objective of this study was to analyse the changes in socioeconomic inequalities in disability-free life expectancy in a Southern European population, the Basque Country, during the first decade of the 21st century. Methods: This was an ecological cross-sectional study of temporal trends on the Basque population in 1999-2003 and 2004-2008. All-cause mortality rate, life expectancy, prevalence of disability and disability free-life expectancy were calculated for each period according to the deprivation level of the area of residence. The slope index of inequality and the relative index of inequality were calculated to summarize and compare the inequalities in the two periods. Results: Disability free-life expectancy decreased as area deprivation increased both in men and in women. The difference between the most extreme groups in 2004-2008 was 6.7 years in men and 3.7 in women. Between 1999-2003 and 2004-2008, socioeconomic inequalities in life expectancy decreased, and inequalities in disability-free expectancy increased in men and decreased in women. Conclusions: This study found important socioeconomic inequalities in health expectancy in the Basque Country. These inequalities increased in men and decreased in women in the first decade of the 21st century, during which the Basque Country saw considerable economic growth.

The Spanish corporate structure through interlocking directorates

[EN] The aim of this paper is to determine to what extent globalization pressures are changing interlocking directorate networks modeled on continental capitalism into Anglo-Saxon models. For this purpose we analyse the Spanish network of interlocks, comparing the present structure (2012) with that of 1993 and 2006. We show how, although Spanish corporative structure continues to display characteristics of the continental economies, some major banks are significantly reducing industrial activity. Nevertheless, the financial organizations continue to maintain a close relationship with sectors such as construction and services. The analysis of the network of directorates shows a retreat in activity of industrial banking in Spain. Two large Spanish financial institutions, BSCH and La Caixa, continue to undertake activities of industrial banking in 2006, but this activity is significantly reduced in 2012. According to the theories on the role of the interlocking directorates, the companies in these sectors assure their access to banking credit by incorporating advisors from financial organizations to their board of directors. We cannot conclude that the structure of the Spanish corporate network has become a new case of Anglo-Saxon structure, but we got indications that are becoming less hierarchic as banks seem to slowly abandon centrality positions. This is especially salient if we compare the networks of 2006 and 2012, which show a continuing decrease of the role of banks and insurance companies in the network.

A economia política do agronegócio no Brasil: o legado desenvolvimentista no contexto da democratização com liberalização

O objetivo central desta tese foi analisar em que medida, no contexto das décadas de 1990 e 2000, o agronegócio, ao mitigar desajustes nas contas externas e contribuir para o esforço de estabilização dos preços, recebeu incentivos públicos e também benefícios privados, para isso valendo-se da intermediação política de seus representantes em atividade no Congresso Nacional. Inspirada em trabalhos dedicados ao estudo da distribuição de recursos necessários à modernização da produção agrícola, a análise explora explicações possíveis para dados recentes da distribuição do crédito rural subsidiado com base em variáveis de concentração da propriedade de terras e outras, com destaque para aquelas referentes à localização geográfica das propriedades rurais, ao nível educacional dos seus gestores e ao grau de organização dos mesmos. São ainda analisados debates no Congresso que revelam como a escassez de recursos fiscais pode ter acirrado disputas que trouxeram à tona a preocupação diferenciada dos chamados deputados ruralistas com o apoio governamental de que a agricultura empresarial ainda se faz dependente. As mudanças observadas no crédito rural brasileiro desde os anos 1980 revelam uma semitransição no sentido da maior participação de recursos privados e de uma concentração menor de recursos controlados entre grandes produtores. Porém, o processo não eliminou efeitos da capacidade de captação de recursos financeiros de grandes proprietários, que nela parecem ter encontrado compensações em um ambiente hostil criado por políticas de ajuste macroeconômico. Em perspectiva mais ampla, o arcabouço institucional da economia política do agronegócio constitui uma das variáveis básicas para uma caracterização do modus operandi do capitalismo brasileiro. A dependência do setor em relação a recursos controlados e subsidiados pelo Sistema Nacional de Crédito Rural põe em questão a retórica que outrora associava ao Estado apenas as mazelas do da economia e nenhuma de suas virtudes. sendo paradigmático o caso do agronegócio no Brasil, tratado muitas vezes como exemplo de sucesso exclusivo da aliança entre o espírito de empresa do setor privado e as vantagens comparativas do País em termos de recursos naturais. Ao mesmo tempo, a centralidade da intervenção do Estado no desenvolvimento econômico observado no Brasil é o elemento que mais fortemente questiona tentativas de detectar correspondências dominantes com economias liberais tipicamente anglo-saxônicas ou economias tipicamente eurocontinentais.

Normal e patológico: leituras contemporâneas

O objetivo do trabalho é investigar as teses conceituais contemporâneas sobre o normal e o patológico em medicina. Após a célebre tese de Georges Canguilhem sobre o tema e sobretudo a partir da década de 1970, a filosofia da medicina anglo-saxônica ofereceu importantes contribuições para o debate. Analisamos principalmente as teses de Christopher Boorse e Lennart Nordenfelt, autores que compartilham com Canguilhem a convicção de que a análise filosófica pode contribuir para o esclarecimento dos conceitos médicos. O primeiro é apontado na literatura como naturalista e o segundo como normativista, polarização apresentada na literatura anglo-saxônica contemporânea que reflete o debate sobre a descrição da saúde e da doença como fenômenos naturais ou como estados determinados por valores antropomórficos. Vemos que, para distinguir o normal do patológico, os autores contemporâneos naturalistas fazem uso dos critérios de função biológica e tipo biológico e os autores normativistas falam em função social e tipos ideais. Problematizamos estes conceitos usando o referencial da filosofia da biologia e dos estudos da deficiência, respectivamente, e notamos que as definições propostas pelos filósofos da medicina merecem ser refinadas.

The Whitby life of Gregory the Great: exegesis and hagiography

The eight-century Whitby Vita Gregorii is one of the earliest examples of Anglo-Saxon hagiography, and is the earliest surviving life of Gregory the Great (590-604). The work has proved itself an anomaly in subject matter, style and approach, not least because of the writer’s apparently arbitrary insertion of an account of the retrieval of the relics of the Anglo-Saxon King Edwin (d.633). There has, however, been relatively little research on the document to date, the most recent concentrating on elements in the Gregorian material in the work. The present thesis adapts a methodology which identifies patristic exegetical themes and techniques in the Vita. That is not only in material originating from the pen of Gregory himself, which is freely quoted and cited by the writer, but also in the narrative episodes concerning the Pope. It also identifies related exegetical themes underlying the narrative of the Anglo-Saxon material in the document, and this suggests that the work is of much greater coherence then has previously been thought. In the course of the thesis some of the Vita Gregorii’s major patristic themes are compared with Bede and other insular writers in the presentation of topics that have been of considerable interest to insular historians in recent years. That is themes including: the conversion and salvation of the English people; the ideal pastor; monastic influence on formation of Episcopal spiritual authority; relations between king and bishop. The thesis also includes a re-evaluation of the possible historical context and purpose of the work, and demonstrates the value of a proper understanding of the Vita’s spiritual nature in order to achieve this. Finally the research is supported by a new structural analysis of the entire Vita Gregorii as an artefact formed within literary traditions.

'Deor and nytenu mid us': animals in the works of Ǽelfric

This dissertation examines the use of animals in Ælfric’s Lives of Saints and Catholic Homilies, outlining the transmission process of various sources of animal knowledge available to and used by Ælfric. The contexts in which Ælfric uses animals, which sources he uses in these passages and how he deviates from his source material (if at all) combine to illustrate how Anglo-Saxon authors could weave classical, biblical, early Christian and local knowledge together and incorporate the different traditions in their own work.

Agency and Appetite for religious Song: Vexilla regis prodeunt and its first thousand years

When James Joyce made two of his characters in ‘‘Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man’’ refer approvingly to ‘‘Vexilla regis prodeunt’’ he was following in the footsteps of a long line of the Latin text’s admirers. Since Anglo-Saxon times English audiences had clearly appreciated the sonorous majesty of this processional hymn, largely because of the solemnity and craft with which it celebrated the nature of Christ’s martial triumph and sacrifice. This article offers a snapshot of different kinds of English appetite for Venantius Fortunatus’ famous religious song for the first thousand years of its existence, from the Anglo-Saxon period through to the mid sixteenth century.