Crystallization and melting behavior of amorphous poly(iminosebacoyl iminodecamethylene)

Multiple melting behavior was observed in the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scans for the isothermally crystallized poly(iminosebacoyl iminodecamethylene) (PA1010) samples. Coexistence of crystal populations with different lamellar thickness in PA1010 was discussed by means of DSC, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and small-angle X-ray scattering techniques. During crystallization of the polymer, a major lamellar crystal population developed first, which possessed a higher melting temperature. However, a small fraction of the polymer formed minor crystal population with thinner lamellae, which was metastable and, upon post-annealing, could grow into more stable and thicker lamellae through melting and recrystallization process. Lamellae insertion or stacks would develop during the post-annealing at a lower temperature for the isothermally crystallized samples; thus, multiple crystal populations with different thickness could be produced. It is the multiple distribution of lamella thickness that gives rise to multiple melting behavior of crystalline polymers. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Miscibility and crystallization behavior of solution-blended PEEK/PI blends

Miscibility and crystallization behavior of solution-blended poly(ether ether ketone)/polyimide (PEEK/PI) blends were investigated by using DSC, optical microscopy and SAXS methods. Two kinds of PIs, YS-30 and PEI-E, which consist of the same diamine but different dianhydrides, were used in this work. The experimental results show that blends of PEEK/YS-30 are miscible over the entire composition range, as all the blends of different compositions exhibit a single glass transition temperature. The crystallization of PEEK was hindered by YS-30 in PEEK/YS-30 blends, of which the dominant morphology is interlamellar. On the other hand, blends of PEEK/PEI-E are immiscible, and the effect of PEI-E on the crystallization behavior of PEEK is weak. The crystallinity of PEEK in the isothermally crystallized PEEK/YS-30 blend specimens decreases with the increase in PI content. But the crystallinity of PEEK in the annealed samples almost keeps unchanged and reaches its maximum value, which is more than 50%. The spherulitic texture of the blends depends on both the blend composition and the molecular structure of the PIs used. The more PI added, the more imperfect the crystalline structure of PEEK. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Isolation, spectra, structure, and ring-opening polymerization of strained macrocyclic aryl(ether ketone) dimer

Macrocyclic arylene ether ketone dimer was isolated from a mixture of cyclic oligomers obtained by the nucleophilic substitution reaction of bisphenol A and 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone and easily polymerized to high molecular weight linear poly(ether ketone). The cyclic compound was characterized by FTIR, H-1- and C-13-NMR, and single-crystal x-ray diffraction. Analysis of the spectral and crystal structure reveals extreme distortions of he phenyl rings attached to the isopropylidene center and of the turning points of the molecular polygons. The release of the ring strain on ring-opening combined with entropical difference between the linear polymer chain and the more rigid macrocycle at temperatures of polymerization may be the proposed motivating factors in the polymerization of this precursor to high molecular weight poly(ether ketone). (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Cocrystalline copolyimides of poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate)

Copolycondensation of N,N′-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-biphenyl-3,4,3′,4′-tetracarboxylic diimide (5–25 mol %) with bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,6-naphthalate affords a series of cocrystalline, poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN)-based poly(ester imide)s. The glass transition temperature rises with the level of comonomer, from 118 °C for PEN itself to 148 °C for the 25% diimide copolymer. X-ray powder and fiber diffraction studies show that, when 5 mol % or more of diimide is present, the α-PEN crystal structure is replaced by a new crystalline phase arising from isomorphic substitution of biphenyldiimide for PEN residues in the polymer crystal lattice. This new phase is provisionally identified as monoclinic, C2/m, with two chains per unit cell, a = 10.56, b = 6.74, c = 13.25 Å, and β = 143.0°.

Avaliação do comportamento ao desgaste de compósitos poliméricos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Poly(lactide): from hyperbranched copolyesters to new block copolymers with functional methacrylates

The prologue of this thesis (Chapter 1.0) gives a general overview on lactone based poly(ester) chemistry with a focus on advanced synthetic strategies for ring-opening polymerization, including the emerging field of organo catalysis. This section is followed by a presentation of the state-of the art regarding the two central fields of the thesis: (i) polyfunctional and branched poly(ester)s in Chapter 1.1 as well as (ii) the development of new poly(ester) based block copolymers with functional methacrylates (Chapter 1.2). Chapter 2 deals with the synthesis of new, non-linear poly(ester) structures. In Chapter 2.1, the synthesis of poly(lactide)-based multiarm stars, prepared via a grafting-from method, is described. The hyperbranched poly(ether)-poly(ol) poly(glycerol) is employed as a hydrophilic core molecule. The resulting star block copolymers exhibit potential as phase transfer agents and can stabilize hydrophilic dyes in a hydrophobic environment. In Chapter 2.2, this approach is expanded to poly(glycolide) multiarm star polymers. The problem of the poor solubility of linear poly(glycolide)s in common organic solvents combined with an improvement of the thermal properties has been approached by the reduction of the total chain length. In Chapter 2.3, the first successful synthesis of hyperbranched poly(lactide)s is presented. The ring-opening, multibranching copolymerization of lactide with the “inimer” 5HDON (a hydroxyl-functional lactone monomer) was carefully examined. Besides a precise molecular characterization involving the determination of the degree of branching, we were able to put forward a reaction model for the formation of branching during polymerization. Several innovative approaches to amphiphilic poly(ester)/poly(methacrylate)-based block copolymers are presented in the third part of the thesis (Chapter 3). Block copolymer build-up especially relies on the combination of ring-opening and living radical polymerization. Atom transfer radical polymerization has been successfully combined with lactide ring-opening, using a “double headed” initiator. This strategy allowed for the realization of poly(lactide)-block-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) copolymers, which represent promising materials for tissue engineering scaffolds with anti-fouling properties (Chapter 3.1). The two-step/one-pot approach forgoes the use of protecting groups for HEMA by a careful selection of the reaction conditions. A series of potentially biocompatible and partially biodegradable homo- and block copolymers is described in Chapter 3.2. In order to create a block copolymer with a comparably strong hydrophilic character, a new acetal-protected glycerol monomethacrylate monomer (cis-1,3- benzylidene glycerol methacrylate/BGMA) was designed. The hydrophobic poly(BGMA) could be readily transformed into the hydrophilic and water-soluble poly(iso-glycerol methacrylate) (PIGMA) by mild acidic hydrolysis. Block copolymers of PIGMA and poly(lactide) exhibited interesting spherical aggregates in aqueous environment which could be significantly influenced by variation of the poly(lactide)s stereo-structure. In Chapter 3.3, pH-sensitive poly(ethylene glycol)-b-PBGMA copolymers are described. At slightly acidic pH values (pH 4/37°C), they decompose due to a polarity change of the BGMA block caused by progressing acetal cleavage. This stimuli-responsive behavior renders the system highly attractive for the targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs. In Chapter 3.4, which was realized in cooperation, the concept of biocompatible, amphiphilic poly(lactide) based polymer drug conjugates, was pursued. This was accomplished in the form of fluorescently labeled poly(HPMA)-b-poly(lactide) copolymers. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) of partially biodegradable block copolymer aggregates exhibited fast cellular uptake by human cervix adenocarcinoma cells without showing toxic effects in the examined concentration range (Chapter 4.1). The current state of further projects which will be pursued in future studies is addressed in Chapter 4. This covers the synthesis of biocompatible star block copolymers (Chapter 4.2) and the development of new methacrylate monomers for biomedical applications (Chapters 4.3 and 4.4). Finally, the further investigation of hydroxyl-functional lactones and carbonates which are promising candidates for the synthesis of new hydrophilic linear or hyperbranched biopolymers, is addressed in Chapter 4.5.

Preparation and catalytic studies of palladium nanoparticles stabilized by dendritic phosphine ligand-functionalized silica

Silica is a prominently utilized heterogeneous metal catalyst support. Functionalization of the silica with poly(ether imine) based dendritic phosphine ligand was conducted, in order to assess the efficacy of the dendritic phosphine in reactions facilitated by a silica supported metal catalyst. The phosphinated poly(ether imine) (PETIM) dendritic ligand was bound covalently to the functionalized silica. For this purpose, the phosphinated dendritic ligand containing an amine at the focal point was synthesized initially. Complexation of the dendritic phosphine functionalized silica with Pd(COD)Cl-2 yielded Pd(II) complex, which was reduced subsequently to Pd(0), by conditioning with EtOH. The Pd metal nanoparticle thus formed was characterized by physical methods, and the spherical nanoparticles were found to have >85% size distribution between 2 nm and 4 nm. The metal nanoparticle was tested as a hydrogenation catalyst of olefins. The catalyst could be recovered and recycled more than 10 times, without a loss in the catalytic efficiency.

A new microscopic insight into membrane penetration and reorganization by PETIM dendrimers

Dendrimers are highly branched polymeric nanoparticles whose structure and topology, largely, have determined their efficacy in a wide range of studies performed so far. An area of immense interest is their potential as drug and gene delivery vectors. Realizing this potential, depending on the nature of cell surface-dendrimer interactions, here we report controlled model membrane penetration and reorganization, using a model supported lipid bilayer and poly(ether imine) (PETIM) dendrimers of two generations. By systematically varying the areal density of the lipid bilayers, we provide a microscopic insight, through a combination of high resolution scattering, atomic force microscopy and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, into the mechanism of PETIM dendrimer membrane penetration, pore formation and membrane re-organization induced by such interactions. Our work represents the first systematic observation of a regular barrel-like membrane spanning pore formation by dendrimers, tunable through lipid bilayer packing, without membrane disruption.

Enhanced Proton Conduction in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes as Synthesized by Polymerization of Protic Ionic Liquid-Based Microemulsions

Proton-conducting membranes were prepared by polymerization of microemulsions consisting of surfactant-stabilized protic ionic liquid (PIL) nanodomains dispersed in a polymerizable oil, a mixture of styrene and acrylonitrile. The obtained PIL-based polymer composite membranes are transparent and flexible even though the resulting vinyl polymers are immiscible with PIL cores. This type of composite membranes have quite a good thermal stability, chemical stability, tunability, and good mechanical properties. Under nonhumidifying conditions, PIL-based membranes show a conductivity up to the order of 1 x 10(-1) S/cm at 160 degrees C, due to the well-connected PIL nanochannels preserved in the membrane. This type of polymer conducting membranes have potential application in high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.

酚酞型聚醚砜的化学改性及其性能研究

酚酞型聚醚砜（C-PES）是一种综合性能优异的工程塑料和功能材料，具有良好的成膜性、机械性能、热稳定性、化学稳定性和可加工性等。作为一种高性能的膜材料，酚酞型聚醚砜已被广泛的用于气体分离和水处理等领域。酚酞型聚醚砜侧链上含有可修饰的酯基，可通过各种方法，引入功能基团，对其进行化学改性，从而改善C-PES的各种性能，并扩展其应用领域。本论文设计制备了含有烷基、芳基、胺基以及磺酸基等功能基团的新型酚酞型聚醚砜材料，并对其性质进行了深入的研究： 1．通过各种基团修饰的二酚单体和二氯二苯砜的缩聚，合成了新型的含有不同酞侧基的Cardo型聚醚砜高分子材料，并对其性能进行了详细的研究。结果表明，所有聚合物都表现出极好的溶解性、耐热稳定性、成膜性、力学性能和气体分离性能；通过在酞侧基上引入了大体积的对叔丁基苯基，大大改善了材料的透气性和氧氮分离选择性；通过引入仲胺基，增大了聚合物链间作用力，从而提高了气体的分离选择性。此外，我们还对不同基团的引入对聚合物各种性能的影响作了详细的探讨，着重研究了聚合物的结构－性能关系。 2．利用含有胺基的双酚单体PPH-NH2、PPH和二氯二苯砜的共聚反应，成功合成了含有胺基的Cardo型聚醚砜高分子材料(PES-NH2)，并对材料的各种性质进行了表征。结果表明，由于胺基的引入，酚酞型聚醚砜的亲水性得到了大幅度的提高。 3．利用含胺基的Cardo双酚和磺化二氯二苯砜在碳酸钾作用下的缩聚反应，成功合成了含胺基的磺化Cardo型聚醚砜 (SPES-NH2)，并用于制备反渗透复合膜。通过优化制膜条件，我们利用界面聚合的方法成功制备了高水通量的TMC/ MPDA/SPES-NH2反渗透复合膜，并对复合膜的性能和结构进行了研究，重点讨论了膜的性能和结构、形貌之间的关系。结果表明，通过在复合膜活性层中引入强亲水性的磺酸基和全刚性主链的Cardo型聚醚砜，复合膜在保持较高盐截留率(97.3%)情况下，水通量得到了大幅度的提高，达到了51.2 L/m2.h。 4．合成了新型的全刚性芳香主链的两性聚电解质SPES-NH3+，并对其溶液性质和自组装行为进行了详细的研究。结果表明，在一定的溶液pH值下，两性聚电解质SPES-NH3+表现出聚阴离子的性质。另外，通过引入[BMIM]+离子屏蔽磺酸根负离子，我们在没有加入其它聚电解质的情况下，成功地制备了[BMIM]SPES-NH3+多层膜，并对多层膜表面性质进行了研究。结果表明，多层膜的厚度可由层数来控制，并且膜表面较平滑，其RMS值为6 nm。这种新的组装方式为构筑刚性主链的两性聚电解质多层膜提供了新的方法。

热可交联聚酰亚胺/高性能热塑性树脂共混体系的研究

1．热可交联聚酰亚胺／高性能热塑性树脂共混体系的研究聚苯硫醚［Poly（phenylene sulfide），PPS］是由刚性结构的苯环和柔性的硫醚连接起来，交替排列构成的线性高分子化合物，具有高的热稳定性、良好的耐化学药品性、优良的电绝缘性、耐老化性和阻燃性等综合性能优异的高性能树脂。聚醚矾〔Poly（ether sulfone），PES］是一种非结晶性的热塑性工程塑料一，具有优异的热稳定性、耐高温蠕变性及优异的物理机械性能。其高的玻璃化转变温度（Tg=225℃），使其可以在较高温度下作为结构材料使用。本论文研究了PPS/PES二元共混物的热性能和动态力学性能，并以热可控交联的低分子量多官能单体PMR-POI（聚醚酰亚胺）为界面增强剂，分别研究了POI与PPS、PES之间的接枝和／或交联反应，POI对PPS结晶行为的影响，POI对PES分子运动的影响和POI对PPS/PES共混体系的界面增强。主要结果如下：1．PPS/PES共混物相容性的特征在于选择性的部分相容，少量的非晶PPS分子可以扩散进入PES相区，相反的扩散过程则不会发生。2．PPS/PES共混物的热学性质和动态力学性能主要受连续相的控制。3．PPS相的性能主要受其结晶度的影响，因此能够改变其结晶度的因素均会改变PPS相的性质。4．光谱学和流变的证据表明，POI同PES，PPs共混过程中有接枝反应发生，分子链增长，分子量加大。这种接枝和／或交联反应的程度是热可控的。5．POI是PPS的增塑剂，成核剂和扩链剂，与POI共混使得PPS结晶速率增加，平衡熔点上升，表面折叠自由能降低。6；在PES/POI体系中Pol对PEs起到了增塑的作用，Tg降低，经高温热处理后Tg上升。因此，POI对PES性能的影响也是热可控的。7．PMR-POI能够在PPS/PES共混体系中有效地扩散并起到了降低分散相粒子的尺寸、增强界面的作用。它是该共混体系的有效界面增强剂。8．"高温退火既能够提高扩散速率也能够提高反应速率；二者相互竞争。2．马来酸配封端溉碳酸丙撑酯的研究二氧化碳与环氧丙烷交替共聚物（polypropylene careonate，PPC）是由二氧化碳活化并与环氧丙烷共聚而成的一类可完全生物降解的新型高分子材料，具有巨大的潜在应用价值。本论文讨论了马来酸配封端的聚碳酸丙撑酯（MA-PPC）和未封端的PPC的粘弹性、流变行为以及热降解和热分解行为，并得出如下结论：1．马来酸配封端抑制了PPC解拉链式的热分解和无规链断裂热降解，PPC的热稳定性和力学性能得到提高。2．PPC和MA-PPC在玻璃化转变温度有相似的自由体积分数，PPC的Tg比MA-PPC稍低。虽然PPC和MA-PPC玻璃化转变表观活化能E。和平均松弛时间T随温度升高单调降低，但PPC的分子运动对温度更敏感，而MA-PPC较稳定。马来酸配封端改变了PPC分子运动的特征及松弛行为，许多实验证据证明，这是由于封端后的PPC大分子链间的相互作用增强及分子链缠结密度增加。3．MA-PPC在70℃左右会发生脱水，实现大分子偶联反应并得到变温红外光谱、分子量成倍增加及线膨胀数据的有力支持。4．用零剪切粘度几。的方法测得PPC及MA－PPC加工过程中的热降解温度，它们分别为150℃和175℃，在此温度以上，η0降低速率的增加归因于大分子的主链断裂以及解拉链反应。5．测得了PPC的临界缠结分子量，它几乎是MA-PPC相应值（6613）的3倍。这表明马来酸配封端不仅改善了PPC的熔体弹性，而且也大大增强了PPC的缠结密度以及分子链间的相互作用。6．在本实验条件下在氮气和空气的气氛中，MA-PPC同PPC的热降解和热分解行为几乎一致，即在PPc的加土过程可以忽略氧气对其的影响。7．虽然MA-PPC的玻璃化温度在40℃左右，但在40℃-120℃的温度区间内，MA-PPC达不到粘流状态。8．没有剪切力时在120℃-150℃，30分钟内，MA-PPC几乎没有降解，在静态条件下，低于170℃时，MA-PPC的解拉链式降解是十分轻微的，当温度超过170℃，PPC降解相当严重。9．在热机械力存在的情况下，发生无规断链的机会增加，无规断链又会加速解拉链降解，因此实际加工中的加工窗口比静态下窄，MIA-PPC的加工窗口应为130℃-160℃。10．MA-PPC的热分解过程是一步完成的，热分解温度随升温速率的加快而提高，并计算出热分解的表观活化能为623.3KJ／mol。