Arsenic, cadmium, and lead pollution and uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in greenhouse

Purpose: Hunan province is well-known for its extensive base-metal extraction and smelting industries. However, the legacies of excavation operations, transportation, and selective smelting activities within Hunan have resulted in the generation of large quantities of mine wastes, which will become the sources of metal contamination in the environment. Thus, there is an increasingly important health issue underlying the study of arable land pollution and transfer of As, Cd, and Pb in the paddy soil–rice system.
Materials and methods: Paddy soils collected from mining- and smelting-impacted areas in Hunan province and rice seed (Oryza sativa L. cv Jia Hua-1) were used for pot experiments under greenhouse conditions. One 30-day-old seedling was transplanted into one pot containing 5.0 kg pretreated soil. At harvest, rice grains and shoots were washed with distilled water to remove surface soil, and oven-dried at 65°C for 96 h until a constant weight was reached. Roots were washed carefully with distilled water for the next process of extracting iron plaque using dithionite–citrate–bicarbonate solution. Total concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb in soil and rice plant tissues were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer.
Results and discussion: Total concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb in the soils collected from 12 mining- and smelting-impacted areas in Hunan province were much higher than Hunan background values and exceeded the maximum concentration limit for soils set by the Ministry of Environmental Protection. The yields of rice grain from Pb/Zn mining and smelting sites were negatively correlated to overall pollution scores. Distributions of As, Cd, and Pb in rice plant followed: root >> shoot > husk > whole grain. About 30.1–88.1% of As, 11.2–43.5% of Cd, and 14.0–33.9% of Pb were accumulated in iron plaque on root surfaces.
Conclusions: High concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb are observed in paddy soils from mining- and smelting-impacted areas in Hunan province, indicating those paddy soils suffer serious combined heavy metal contamination. In particular, Cd is the dominant contaminant followed by As and Pb in paddy soils from most locations. The distributions of As, Cd, and Pb in rice tissue were: root >> shoot > husk > whole grain. Concentrations of Pb in all whole grain and of As and Cd in 50% of whole grain samples exceeded Chinese Hygienic Standard values for food.

Genome Wide Association Mapping of Grain Arsenic, Copper, Molybdenum and Zinc in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown at Four International Field Sites

The mineral concentrations in cereals are important for human health, especially for individuals who consume a cereal subsistence diet. A number of elements, such as zinc, are required within the diet, while some elements are toxic to humans, for example arsenic. In this study we carry out genome-wide association (GWA) mapping of grain concentrations of arsenic, copper, molybdenum and zinc in brown rice using an established rice diversity panel of,300 accessions and 36.9 k single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The study was performed across five environments: one field site in Bangladesh, one in China and two in the US, with one of the US sites repeated over two years. GWA mapping on the whole dataset and on separate subpopulations of rice revealed a large number of loci significantly associated with variation in grain arsenic, copper, molybdenum and zinc. Seventeen of these loci were detected in data obtained from grain cultivated in more than one field location, and six co-localise with previously identified quantitative trait loci. Additionally, a number of candidate genes for the uptake or transport of these elements were located near significantly associated SNPs (within 200 kb, the estimated global linkage disequilibrium previously employed in this rice panel). This analysis highlights a number of genomic regions and candidate genes for further analysis as well as the challenges faced when mapping environmentally-variable traits in a highly genetically structured diversity panel.

Effects of phosphate on arsenate and arsenite sensitivity in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars of different sensitivity

Arsenate and arsenite sensitivity and arsenate influx tests were conducted for two rice cultivars of different arsenic sensitivity. Azucena and Bala. These were to establish if the mechanism of reduced arsenic sensitivity is achieved through an altered phosphate uptake system, as shown for Holcus lanatus. High phosphate treatments (>= 50 mu M) provided protection against both arsenate and arsenite. Unlike the H. lanatus tolerance mechanism, in the less sensitive cultivar Bala, arsenate influx did not decrease with phosphate treatment and phosphate transporters appeared to be constitutively upregulated; V(max) for arsenate influx remain similar when Bala was grown in the presence or absence of phosphate (V(max) - 0.90 and 0.63 nmol g(-1) f.wt min(-1) respectively). Although mean K(m) appear different, Bala did not show lower affinity to arsenate than Azucena in the absence of phosphate (K(m) - Azucena, 0.30 mM and Bala, 0.18), while in phosphate treatment, Bala arsenate affinity was half that observed for Azucena (K(m) - Azucena, 0.14 and Bala, 0.36 mM). These were low compared to a 4 and 6 fold decrease seen for similar studies on H. lanatus in the absence and presence of phosphate. Phosphate-induced arsenic protection was observed but the mechanism does not resemble that of H. lanatus. Alternative mechanisms were discussed. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Arsenite transport into paddy rice (Oryza sativa) roots

Here the mechanism of arsenite transport into paddy rice (Oryza sativa) roots, uptake of which is described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics, is reported. A recent study on yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) showed that undissociated arsenite (its pK_a is 9.2) was transported across the plasma membrane via a glycerol transporting channel. To investigate whether the same mechanism of transport was involved for rice, competitive studies with glycerol, which is transported into cells via aquaporins, were performed. Glycerol competed with arsenite for transport in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that arsenite and glycerol uptake mechanisms were the same. Arsenate transport was unaffected by glycerol, confirming that arsenate and arsenite are taken up into cells by different mechanisms. Antimonite, an arsenite analogue that is transported into S. cerevisiae cells by aquaporins, also competed with arsenite transport in a dose-dependent manner, providing further evidence that arsenite is transported into rice roots via glycerol transporting channels. Mercury (Hg²⁺) inhibited both arsenite and arsenate uptake, suggesting that inhibition of influx was due to general cellular stress rather than the specific action of Hg²⁺ on aquaporins. Arsenite uptake by pea (Pisum sativum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) was also described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics.

Arsenic uptake and accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) irrigated with contaminated water

Long-term use of arsenic contaminated groundwater to irrigate crops, especially paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) has resulted in elevated soil arsenic levels in Bangladesh. There is, therefore, concern regarding accumulation of arsenic in rice grown on these soils. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of arsenic-contaminated irrigation water on the growth and uptake of arsenic into rice grain, husk, straw and root. There were altogether 10 treatments which were a combination of five arsenate irrigation water concentrations (0-8 mg As l^-1) and two soil phosphate amendments. Use of arsenate containing irrigation water reduced plant height, decreased rice yield and affected development of root growth. Arsenic concentrations in all plant parts increased with increasing arsenate concentration in irrigation water. However, arsenic concentration in rice grain did not exceed the maximum permissible limit of 1.0 mg As kg^-1. Arsenic accumulation in rice straw at very high levels indicates that feeding cattle with such contaminated straw could be a direct threat for their health and also, indirectly, to human health via presumably contaminated bovine meat and milk. Phosphate application neither showed any significant difference in plant growth and development, nor in As concentrations in plant parts.

Relative toxicity of arsenite and arsenate on germination and early seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Elevated soil arsenic levels resulting from long-term use of arsenic contaminated ground for irrigation in Bangladesh may inhibit seed germination and seedling establishment of rice, the country's main food crop. A germination study on rice seeds and a short-term toxicity experiment with different concentrations of arsenite and arsenate on rice seedlings were conducted. Percent germination over control decreased significantly with increasing concentrations of arsenite and arsenate. Arsenite was found to be more toxic than arsenate for rice seed germination. There were varietal differences among the test varieties in response to arsenite and arsenate exposure. The performance of the dry season variety Purbachi was the best among the varieties. Germination of Purbachi was not inhibited at all up to 4 mg l^-1 arsenite and 8 mg l^-1 arsenate treatment. Root tolerance index (RTI) and relative shoot height (RSH) for rice seedlings decreased with increasing concentrations of arsenite and arsenate. Reduction of RTI caused by arsenate was higher than that of arsenite. In general, dry season varieties have more tolerance to arsenite or arsenate than the wet season varieties.

Efecto de la inhibición de la trealasa por RNA antisentido sobre la tolerancia a sequía en arroz (Oryza sativa L.)

Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias con Especialidad en Biotecnología) UANL, 2010.

Phytochemical investigations on ‘black glumed’ Njavara (Oryza sativa L.), the medicinal rice, as compared to staple varieties and evaluation of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects

The study was planned to investigate the bioactive compounds in Njavara compared to staple varieties and their bioactivity to substantiate the medicinal properties. Results of the study on chemical indices, antioxidant activity and antiinflammatory activity (in vivo) of Njavara black rice bran and rice in comparison with non-medicinal varieties like Sujatha and Palakkadan Matta rice bran and rice are given. The phytochemical investigation and quantification of Njavara extracts in comparison with staple varieties are detailed in this study. The last chapter is divided in three sections (A, B and C). Section A comprises the antioxidant activity by in vitro assays like DPPH, superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of the compounds. Also, theoretical studies using DFT were carried out based on DPPH radical scavenging activity for understanding the radical stability and mechanism of antioxidant activity. Section B comprises the anti-inflammatory activity of the identified compounds namely tricin and two flavonolignans in both in vivo and in vitro models. Section C describes the cytotoxicity of the rare flavonolignans, tricin 4’-O-(erythro-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether and tricin 4’-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether towards multiple cancer cells belonging to colon, ovarian and breast tumours.

High temperature stress and spikelet fertility in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

In future climates, greater heat tolerance at anthesis will be required in rice. The effect of high temperature at anthesis on spikelet fertility was studied on IR64 (lowland indica) and Azucena (upland Japonica) at 29.6 degrees C (control), 33.7 degrees C, and 36.2 degrees C tissue temperatures. The objectives of the study were to: (i) determine the effect of temperature on flowering pattern; (ii) examine the effect of time of day of spikelet anthesis relative to a high temperature episode on spikelet fertility; and (iii) study the interactions between duration of exposure and temperature on spikelet fertility. Plants were grown at 30/24 degrees C day/night temperature in a greenhouse and transferred to growth cabinets for the temperature treatments. Individual spikelets were marked with paint to relate fertility to the time of exposure to different temperatures and durations. In both genotypes the pattern of flowering was similar, and peak anthesis occurred between 10.30 h and 11.30 h at 29.2 degrees C, and about 45 min earlier at 36.2 degrees C. In IR64, high temperature increased the number of spikelets reaching anthesis, whereas in Azucena numbers were reduced. In both genotypes :511 h exposure to >= 33.7 degrees C at anthesis caused sterility. In IR64, there was no interaction between temperature and duration of exposure, and spikelet fertility was reduced by about 7% per degrees C > 29.6 degrees C. In Azucena there was a significant interaction and spikelet fertility was reduced by 2.4% degrees Cd-1 above a threshold of 33 degrees C. Marking individual spikelets is an effective method to phenotype genotypes and lines for heat tolerance that removes any apparent tolerance due to temporal escape.

Physiological and proteomic approaches to address heat tolerance during anthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Episodes of high temperature at anthesis, which in rice is the most sensitive stage to temperature, are expected to occur more frequently in future climates. The morphology of the reproductive organs and pollen number, and changes in anther protein expression, were studied in response to high temperature at anthesis in three rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes. Plants were exposed to 6 h of high (38 °C) and control (29 °C) temperature at anthesis and spikelets collected for morphological and proteomic analysis. Moroberekan was the most heat-sensitive genotype (18% spikelet fertility at 38 °C), while IR64 (48%) and N22 (71%) were moderately and highly heat tolerant, respectively. There were significant differences among the genotypes in anther length and width, apical and basal pore lengths, apical pore area, and stigma and pistil length. Temperature also affected some of these traits, increasing anther pore size and reducing stigma length. Nonetheless, variation in the number of pollen on the stigma could not be related to measured morphological traits. Variation in spikelet fertility was highly correlated (r=0.97, n=6) with the proportion of spikelets with ≥20 germinated pollen grains on the stigma. A 2D-gel electrophoresis showed 46 protein spots changing in abundance, of which 13 differentially expressed protein spots were analysed by MS/MALDI-TOF. A cold and a heat shock protein were found significantly up-regulated in N22, and this may have contributed to the greater heat tolerance of N22. The role of differentially expressed proteins and morphology during anther dehiscence and pollination in shaping heat tolerance and susceptibility is discussed.

Identificação de genes de resistência à brusone (Magnaporthe grisea) em cultivares de arroz (Oryza sativa) utilizando marcadores moleculares

A brusone, causada por Magnaporthe grisea, é a doença mais importante do arroz. Uma vez que, o uso de cultivares resistentes é o método mais efetivo para o controle da doença, a pesquisa visa a identificação de novos genes que confiram resistência mais durável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a identificação de cultivares que contenham os genes de resistência Pi-1, Pi-2 e Pi-11 utilizando marcadores moleculares. RG64, um marcador RFLP baseado em PCR, foi utilizado para verificar a presença do gene Pi-2 em 250 cultivares de arroz. Trinta e três cultivares apresentaram o mesmo perfil eletroforético da linha-quaseisogênica (NIL) C101A51, que contém o gene Pi-2. Verificou-se que 28 cultivares foram resistentes aos isolados inoculados, indicando que RG64 possui alta eficiência para a seleção de cultivares que contêm o gene Pi-2. Três marcadores microssatélites (RM) foram utilizados para verificar a presença do gene Pi-1 em 104 cultivares de arroz. Trinta cultivares, analisadas com RM254, apresentaram o mesmo perfil da NIL C104LAC, que contém o gene Pi-1. Verificou-se que 19 cultivares foram resistentes aos isolados inoculados. Três marcadores microssatélites foram utilizados para verificar a presença do gene Pi-11 em 104 cultivares de arroz. Oito cultivares, analisadas com RM210, apresentaram o mesmo perfil da NIL IR1529, que contém o gene Pi-11, mas somente uma foi resistente. Com exceção do RM254, os demais marcadores microssatélites tiveram baixa eficiência de seleção de cultivares com o mesmo perfil das NILs. Estes resultados indicam que o uso de marcadores moleculares pode ser útil para acelerar o processo de lançamento de cultivares com resistência à brusone. No entanto, ainda é preciso aumentar a eficiência de seleção, através de marcadores microssatélites com localização cromossomal mais próxima dos genes Pi-1 e Pi- 11. Em um futuro próximo, isto poderá ser possível com a disponibilização de mapas moleculares de maior resolução.

Análise das questões ergonomicas, qualidade de vida no trabalho, e diagnóstico sócio econômico que importam aos trabalhadores de uma empresa rural na formação de lavouras de arroz irrigado (Oryza Sativa L.) : um estudo de caso

Resumo não disponível.

Estudo da influência de manejos pós-colheita na incidência de fungos e micotoxinas no arroz (Oryza sativa L.)

Cerca de 15% da safra de arroz é perdida anualmente, principalmente em práticas inadequadas de pós-colheita. Nesse contexto, a avaliação de técnicas de secagem e armazenamento é necessária em função das perdas quali e quantitativas de grãos, resultantes do desenvolvimento de fungos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a contaminação fúngica e por micotoxinas do arroz submetido aos sistemas de secagem intermitente e estacionário, com armazenamento em sacaria e em silo-secador, avaliando o comportamento das principais variáveis de influência no processo. O trabalho foi realizado entre os meses de maio de 2003 a maio de 2004. As amostras de arroz com casca foram coletadas a cada dois meses, em duplicatas. Foram, ainda, analisadas amostras de arroz branco polido e parboilizado de ambos sistemas. O número de colônias de bolores e leveduras foi determinado e a capacidade produtora de micotoxinas dos isolados do gênero Aspergillus foi investigada. A detecção de aflatoxinas, ocratoxina A, zearalenona e citrinina foi realizada por cromatografia em camada delgada. Os grãos secados no sistema estacionário apresentaram maior contagem de colônias fúngicas. Enquanto no sistema intermitente, a contaminação foi mais uniforme ao longo do armazenamento. Predominaram representantes do gênero Penicillium nos dois sistemas, principalmente P. commune e P. islandicum. Entre os isolados do gênero Aspergillus, destacou-se A. flavus. Foram encontrados 7 (13, 20%) isolados de A.flavus produtores de aflatoxina B1, mas não foram detectadas micotoxinas nas amostras. A umidade dos grãos afetou significativamente a contaminação fúngica no manejo intermitente e no terço superior (altura 2) do silo-secador. A temperatura no interior do silo influenciou a contaminação no terço inferior (altura 1).

Danos de Ochetina uniformis (Pascoe, 1881) (Coleoptera, Erirhinidae, Erirhininae), sob diferentes níveis populacionais, na cultura de arroz irrigado (Oryza sativa L.)

O gorgulho Ochetina un!/Órmis é o principal inseto praga surgido nos últimos anos em arroz irrigado, no sul do Brasil, devido às perdas que causa à produtividade da cultura. Com o objetivo de investigar os danos do inseto na cultura de arroz irrigado, sob diferentes níveis~. populacionais de infestação, foi conduzido ensaio em campo experimental, na safra 2002/03. Para isso utilizou-se seis tratamentos: O, 2, 6, 12, 24 e 32 adultos/O,R 01:\ em delineamento de blocos casualizados com 4 repetições. O sistema de irrigação e drenagem foi individualizado. A cultivar IRGA 417, de ciclo curto. foi semeada com densidade de 80 sementes/mo Um desbaste foi feito aos 19 dias após a semeadura, permanecendo 200 plantas de tamanho uniforme, por unidade experimentaL A infestação foi realizada aos sete dias após o estabelecimento da lâmina de água, que correspondeu a 32 dias após a semeadura. As variáveis avaliadas foram número de folhas perfuràdas, ma.,<;saseca de folhas, estatura de plantas, número de panículas/m, número de grãoslpanícula, peso de mil grãos, esterilidade de grãos e produtividade de grãos. Observou-se redução da estatura e acamamento de plantas. A cada inseto/O)~ m2 estimou-se redução de 0,441 panículaslm, de 0,456 grãos/panícula e de produtividade equivaJente a 83,567 kglha. O percentual de redução da produtividade foi de I,OR% a cada inseto/1112.

Identificação de genes envolvidos na interação entre Magnaporthe grisea e arroz (Oryza sativa L.)

A brusone, causada pelo fungo Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr, é uma das mais importantes doenças da cultura do arroz. A resistência genética é a forma mais efetiva para o controle da doença. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: identificar genes envolvidos na resposta de resistência à infecção de M. grisea em arroz através das técnicas de expressão diferencial; obter e caracterizar uma biblioteca de cDNAs utilizando como modelo linhas quase-isogênicas de arroz (NILs = Near Isogenic Lines), contendo os genes de resistência Pi-1 e Pi-2; e avaliar e comparar a expressão diferencial de mRNAs, através dos cDNAs isolados em uma série de cultivares com resposta distinta à infecção de M. grisea. Foram identificados dois isolados com virulência diferencial para as NILs e um isolado para os cultivares. Os cDNAs relacionados à resistência do arroz à M. grisea foram identificados a partir de mRNAs isolados das NILs. Foram obtidos 30 fragmentos de cDNAs e 232 clones de cDNAs pelas técnicas de cDNA-AFLP e SSH, respectivamente. A análise das seqüências permitiu identificar genes envolvidos nos processos de metabolismo, transporte de íon inorgânico; transdução de sinais; fatores de transcrição; metabolismo de coenzima; conversão e produção de energia; metabolismo e transporte de carboidrato e biossíntese de proteína. Noventa clones isolados através da técnica de SSH foram selecionados e a expressão diferencial foi avaliada via hibridização em macroarranjos de cDNAs. A ausência de conservação entre os mRNAs diferencialmente expressos nas interações analisadas e a diversidade dos grupos de genes reflete a complexidade das respostas. A análise funcional in vivo desses genes poderá contribuir para utilização dos mesmos na obtenção de uma resistência de espectro amplo à brusone do arroz.