316 resultados para ORF
Resumo:
扇贝养殖是我国传统的海水养殖产业,但自1997 年以来,养殖扇贝陆续爆发的大规模死亡,不但造成了巨大的经济损失,而且严重影响了该产业的健康发展。扇贝病害的不断爆发以及病因的多样性迫切要求制定新的疾病防治措施和开发新型的抗菌物质。 从扇贝自身的免疫防御因子入手,筛选和克隆参与免疫防御的功能基因,一方面可以研究抗病功能基因在病原感染或环境胁迫条件下的表达规律,深入探讨扇贝的免疫防御机制,并可作为抗病良种选育的分子标记,指导扇贝的遗传改良和抗病品系的培育;另一方面,可对抗菌效应物实现重组表达,开发新型的病害预防治疗制剂,取代目前普遍使用的抗生素和化学药物。抗菌效应物是机体在免疫应答过程中产生的多肽类物质,对侵入生物体内的细菌、病毒具有很强的免疫杀灭作用,对抗菌效应物的研究有助于深入了解机体先天性免疫防御的机制。 本研究采用大规模EST测序方法,结合cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术,从海湾扇贝血淋巴中克隆到了大防御素基因(big defensin, AiBD)的全长cDNA序列,该cDNA全长为531 bp,其中5' 非编码区(UTR)为24 bp,开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame, ORF)含有369 bp,编码122 个氨基酸残基;随后为138-bp 的3' UTR,包括一个多聚腺苷酸信号序列(AATAAA)和ploy A尾巴。分析表明,海湾扇贝大防御素是以前体的形式合成,前体分子包括信号肽、前域和成熟肽三部分。采用Northern blot方法,以DIG标记的DNA探针检测了 AiBD mRNA在不同组织中的表达。结果发现,AiBD 基因的转录本主要在血淋巴中表达,在鳃中也有微量的表达,而在外套膜、闭壳肌、性腺及肝胰腺中检测不到杂交信号。采用QRT-PCR(quantitative real time PCR)对鳗弧菌感染后海湾扇贝血淋巴中AiBD mRNA 的表达量进行了检测,结果发现在感染后8 h 内, AiBD mRNA 的相对表达量平缓升高;随着刺激时间的增长,AiBD基因的mRNA表达量急剧增加,在刺激后16 h 和32 h 分别达到了空白组的72.3 倍和131.1 倍。为了研究海湾扇贝大防御素的抗菌活性,将其成熟肽编码区克隆到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K并实现了重组表达。抑菌实验表明,重组AiBD具有广谱的抗菌活性,其对供试的三株革兰氏阳性菌(藤黄微球菌、溶壁微球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌)都表现出显著的抗菌活性,而对革兰氏阴性菌(鳗弧菌、亮弧菌)的抑菌活性则相对较弱;此外,重组AiBD对表达宿主也表现出杀菌活性,证明其具有抗真菌活性。 根据栉孔扇贝G 型溶菌酶基因的cDNA序列,利用构建的Genome Walking 文库获得了栉孔扇贝G 型溶菌酶基因的全长序列,该基因序列全长为8131 bp,由六个外显子和五个内含子组成。六个外显子长度分别为55 bp,60 bp,90 bp,113 bp,145 bp 和140 bp;五个内含子的长度分别为1126 bp,2161 bp,2744 bp,750 bp和592 bp;内含子的两侧都具有RNA正确剪接所必需的识别位点(GT/AG)。利用TRANSFAC 软件对栉孔扇贝G 型溶菌酶基因的5' 侧翼序列分析发现,该基因的5' 侧翼具有 TATA box 和 CAAT box 的共有序列;此外,在该基因的5' 侧翼发现了C/EBP、NF-κB、OCT-1 和 NF-IL6 等参与免疫基因激活的转录因子潜在结合位点。采用Northern blot方法,以生物素标记的RNA 探针检测了栉孔扇贝G 型溶菌酶基因在不同组织中的表达。结果发现,该基因的转录本主要在鳃、性腺及肝胰腺中表达,在血细胞和外套膜中也有微量的的表达,而在闭壳肌中检测不到杂交信号,这表明栉孔扇贝G 型溶菌酶可能兼备参与机体免疫防御和消化的功能。为了研究栉孔扇贝G 型溶菌酶的抗菌活性,将其成熟肽编码区克隆到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K并实现了重组表达。抑菌实验表明,重组产物具有显著的抗阳性菌活性,其对供试的藤黄微球菌、溶壁微球菌表现出明显的抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌未检测到抑制活性;而对革兰氏阴性菌仅表现出微弱的抑菌活性(亮弧菌和鳗弧菌),对大肠杆菌则基本无抑制活性。
Resumo:
在刘晓研究员已构建的皱纹盘鲍全长cDNA文库及克隆随机测序的结果基础上,分析发现了皱纹盘鲍胸腺肽β(Tβ)cDNA全长,该序列全长487bp,生物信息学分析显示其含有一个135bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码一个含44个氨基酸的蛋白质分子,另外其5'和3'非翻译区长度分别是69bp和283bp,3'端非翻译区具有AATAAA mRNA加尾信号及PolyA寡聚腺苷酸尾巴。采用荧光定量PCR的方法研究皱纹盘鲍Tβ的组织特异性发现,Tβ在各组织中均有分布,但在外套膜中高表达,推测和其组织结构中富含参与免疫分泌的颗粒有关。利用荧光定量PCR检测感染鳗弧菌后皱纹盘鲍腹足肌中Tβ在不同时间点的转录表达发现,Tβ基因表现出具有显著差异的时间依赖性,12h后Tβ基因的表达量明显升高,且在处理后24h达到最高值,然后表达量开始回落,至处理后72h,Tβ表达量基本降至初始值。推测皱纹盘鲍在受到病原菌侵染后Tβ基因表达量上调可能是由于Tβ基因参与了皱纹盘鲍的免疫反应,它可能在皱纹盘鲍的抗逆机制中发挥着重要作用。 发现了一个在皱纹盘鲍大小个体中差异表达的长1555bp含有完整3’端的新基因片断,暂命名为TH。利用荧光定量PCR检测皱纹盘鲍RwRh、J1Rh、J1Jm、RwJm 4个家系大小个体中TH基因的差异表达,发现其在大个体中的表达量显著高于小个体,推测其可能与皱纹盘鲍生长速度有某种关联。荧光定量PCR对皱纹盘鲍TH基因时空差异表达的研究发现,其在发育过程中的表达呈现出一定的规律性,即在围口壳幼虫期前始终保持较低水平的表达,当围口壳形成后表达量急剧增加,至幼鲍时达到最高值,在成鲍中也维持较高水平的表达,提示该基因可能调控壳的发育。同时,皱纹盘鲍TH基因具有组织特异性表达,在外套膜中的表达量显著高于其他组织,推测和其组织结构中富含参与壳形成的颗粒有关。另外还比较了皱纹盘鲍RwRh、J1Rh、J1Jm、RwJm 4个家系中TH基因的差异表达,结果发现在这4个家系中的相对表达呈现出一定的规律,即J1Rh>RwRh>RwJm>J1Jm,可能有助于解释家系之间生物学性状上的差异。
Resumo:
关于无脊椎动物中是否存在细胞因子一直都存在着异议。从细胞因子本身入手,运用细胞生物学和免疫学手段,已经在软体动物、节肢动物和棘皮动物等无脊椎动物中证实了高等动物细胞因子样活性物质的存在,然而利用分子生物学手段至今没有得到任何核苷酸或蛋白序列信息,而从与细胞因子相关的分子如调控其表达的转录因子入手来研究无脊椎动物中的细胞因子样物质的存在,或许会得到意想不到的惊喜。 最近从人的单核细胞系THP-1中分离纯化出一种新型的转录因子,它可以被LPS诱导表达,产生的蛋白在TNF-α的表达过程中起着非常重要的作用,因而命名为LPS-induced TNF-α factor(LITAF)。随后该基因在小鼠和鸡中也被克隆分离出来,其编码的蛋白已经证实在TNF-α的表达过程中起着不可或缺的作用。迄今为止,在无脊椎动物中还没有相关同源基因的报道。 本研究采用大规模EST测序方法,结合锚定PCR技术从栉孔扇贝体内克隆到了高等动物LITAF基因的同源基因CfLITAF的全长cDNA序列。该cDNA全长为1240bp,其中5' 非编码区(UTR)为112 bp;开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame, ORF)包括450 bp,编码149个氨基酸残基,该多肽的理论分子量为16.08 kDa,等电点为6.77;3' UTR为678bp,包含一个poly A尾巴。SMART结构域预测发现CfLITAF蛋白含有一个保守的LITAF结构域。实时定量PCR检测CfLITAF基因在栉孔扇贝主要免疫器官中的表达分布情况,发现在所检测的六种组织血细胞、外套膜、肌肉、心、腮、性腺中均能检测到CfLITAF基因转录本的不同丰度的表达。血淋巴和肌肉中的表达量相差不大,而在心、外套膜、腮和性腺中的表达量要高于血淋巴和肌肉中的表达量,分别是血中表达量的2.45、2.82、9.23和24.93倍。 为了验证其表达量是否会受到LPS的诱导,利用QRT-PCR(quantitative real time PCR)检测了CfLITAF基因在受到LPS和PGN刺激后在血细胞中的表达规律。结果如下:在LPS刺激后3h,CfLITAF的表达量显著上调,达到了原初水平的1.5倍,随着时间的延长,其表达量逐渐恢复到刺激前水平;在用PGN刺激血细胞后的9个小时内均没有检测到CfLITAF基因mRNA表达量的显著变化。实验中所用血细胞为同一批原代培养的栉孔扇贝血淋巴细胞,细胞活力通过台盼蓝拒染实验测定。 CfLITAF基因的克隆与表达分析,不仅为进一步认识栉孔扇贝的免疫防御机制提供了实验参考,更重要的是为无脊椎动物中细胞因子样物质的研究提供了一个分子水平上的线索,为无脊椎动物中细胞因子样物质的研究奠定了理论基础。
Resumo:
扇贝是我国海水养殖的重要品种,但自1994年以来,养殖扇贝陆续爆发的大规模死亡,不但造成了巨大的经济损失,而且直接威胁到现有产业的生存和发展。扇贝病害的不断爆发以及病因的多样性迫切要求制定新的疾病防治措施和开发新型的抗菌物质。因此,深入研究扇贝免疫防御机制,探讨提高机体抗病力的有效途径和方法,改良种质和培育抗病品系,无疑是解决目前困扰扇贝养殖业健康可持续发展的必经之路。 抗氧化酶可以清除活性氧,是维持机体内氧环境平衡,抵抗外界环境影响的重要免疫因子。本研究采用大规模 EST 测序方法和同源克隆的方法,结合 cDNA 末端快速扩增(RACE)技术,从栉孔扇贝中克隆到了超氧化物岐化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GPX)等抗氧化酶基因的全长 cDNA序列,并对其基因结构进行了分析。同时,用实时定量PCR方法对这三个基因在健康扇贝血淋巴细胞、肾、鳃、肌肉、性腺等组织和在分别用鳗弧菌,溶壁微球菌和假丝酵母处理扇贝后不同时间段的表达差异情况进行了研究。 超氧化物歧化酶基因CfSOD的cDNA 全长为1022 bp,其中开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame, ORF)含有 459 bp,编码 153个氨基酸残基,无信号肽,为胞内蛋白。经BLASTP分析发现,CfSOD与其它动物具有较高的同源性。CfSOD中存在两个Cu/Zn-SOD的签名序列;另外Cu结合必须氨基酸(His-45,-47,-62 和-119)和Zn结合必须氨基酸(His-62,-70,-79和Asp-82)在CfSOD中保守。实时定量PCR 检测发现,CfSOD在鳃、血细胞和肾中有较高的表达。在鳗弧菌和溶壁微球菌刺激后,CfSOD的相对表达量逐渐下降,然后分别在32小时和16小时的时候恢复到刺激前的表达水平。在假丝酵母刺激后,CfSOD的mRNA表达没有显著差异。 栉孔扇贝过氧化氢酶基因CfCAT的cDNA全长为3146 bp,其中开放阅读框含有1521bp,编码507个氨基酸残基,无信号肽,为胞内蛋白。经BLASTP分析发现,CfCAT与其它动物具有较高的同源性。 CfCAT中存在过氧化氢酶近端活性位点和过氧化氢酶近端血红素配体签名序列,另外存在两个糖基化位点 NFS和 NFT,同时在CfCAT 的C末端存在过氧化物酶体定位信号AQL,为典型过氧化氢酶。实时定量PCR 检测发现,健康的扇贝中CfCAT在鳃和性腺中有较高的表达。CfCAT基因在鳗弧菌刺后表达升高,在4小时达到最高,约是刺激前表达量的6.8倍(P<0.05),后随着时间的变化而逐渐下降。在8小时表达量达到为刺激前表达量的1.3倍(P<0.05),在16和32小时略高于刺激前的水平。在溶壁微球菌刺激后CfCAT基因表达量也呈上升趋势,在刺激后4小时达到刺激前表达量的约2倍,然后有所下降,在16 小时又上升到刺激前表达量的2.9倍。CfCAT基因在假丝酵母刺激后的表达略有升高,4小时约是刺激前的1.2倍(P<0.05),在其他时间段变化不明显。 栉孔扇贝谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因CfGPX的cDNA 全长为1290 bp,其中开放阅读框含有705bp,编码235个氨基酸残基,有一个24核苷酸的信号肽序列。经BLASTP 分析发现,CfSOD与其它动物具有较高的同源性。CfGPX中发现谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性位点的签名序列, 另外发现硒半胱氨酸和硒半胱氨酸插入序列,为含硒型谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶。实时定量PCR 检测发现,未经处理的扇贝中CfGPX在性腺、肌肉、血和肾中有较高的表达。CfGPX基因在鳗弧菌刺后表达量快速上升,在6 小时的时候表达量达到最高,为刺激前的4.0倍(P>0.05),后随着时间的变化而逐渐下降。在溶壁微球菌刺激后CfGPX在前6小时表达略有降低,在6小时的时候表达量为刺激前的0.5倍(P<0.05),后随着时间的变化而逐渐升高。在16小时的时候表达量为刺激前的2.1倍(P<0.05)。在假丝酵母刺激后, CfGPX的表达量略有下降在8小时的时候表达量为刺激前的0.8倍(P<0.05)。 实验证明栉孔扇贝的超氧化物歧化酶基因CfSOD,过氧化氢酶基因CfCAT,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因CfGPX基因在机体抵抗外界微生物刺激中起到了重要的作用。
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扇贝养殖是我国重要的海水养殖产业,然而自1997 年以来,养殖扇贝陆续爆发的大规模死亡,不但造成了巨大的经济损失,而且严重影响了该产业的健康发展。丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制因子及丝氨酸蛋白酶在无脊椎动物的免疫应答中起着核心作用,它们的协同作用直接导致外界病源入侵的信号转导和级联放大,并进一步激活一系列防御体系,如黑化反应、血液凝结和抗菌肽的合成等。因此,克隆扇贝参与免疫防御的丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因并对其功能进行研究,将有助于进一步研究扇贝的免疫防御机制,丰富和发展无脊椎动物免疫学的内容。 运用大规模EST技术和RACE技术从栉孔扇贝中克隆出一个Kazal型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因,定名为CfKZSPI。该基因cDNA序列全长1788bp,其中5' 非编码区(Untranslated Region, UTR)为97 bp,3' UTR161 bp,有一个典型的多聚腺苷酸信号序列(AATAAA)和一个ploy A 尾巴,开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame, ORF)含有1530 bp,编码509 个氨基酸残基。对其推测氨基酸序列进行分析,发现其中包括22个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽序列和12个Kazal型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂结构域。采用QRT-PCR(quantitative real time PCR)对鳗弧菌浸泡刺激后栉孔扇贝血淋巴中CfKZSPI 的 mRNA表达量进行了检测,发现其mRNA 的表达量在鳗弧菌刺激后3h明显上升,达到空白组的43.6倍;然后在6h时有所下降,为空白组的15.0倍;随着菌刺激时间的增长,CfKZSPI基因的 mRNA 表达量急剧增加,在刺激后8h,12h,24h分别达到空白组的174.1,207.8,675.4倍。统计分析发现3h(P=0.019<0.05)和12h(P=0.020<0.05)时,CfKZSPI基因mRNA表达量与空白组差异均显著。为了研究栉孔扇贝CfKZSPI的蛋白活性,将其第十二个结构域克隆到pET-32a(+)载体中,转化大肠杆菌Rosetta-gami(DE3)表达菌株,获得可溶性表达的蛋白rCfKZSPI-12,对其进行抑制蛋白酶活性的分析,发现其对胰蛋白酶有很强的抑制活性,而对凝血酶没有抑制活性。当rCfKZSPI-12与胰蛋白酶分子比率为1:1时,约90%的蛋白酶活性被抑制。运用狄更斯作图法研究rCfKZSPI-12对胰蛋白酶的抑制能力,结果发现其对胰蛋白酶的抑制常数为173 nmol L-1。 采用同样方法从海湾扇贝cDNA文库中克隆出一个Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因,定名为Aikunitz。该基因全长632 bp,其中5' UTR 为105 bp,3' UTR 为 245 bp,有一个典型的多聚腺苷酸信号序列(AATAAA)和一个ploy A 尾巴,ORF 含有282 bp,编码93 个氨基酸残基。推测的氨基酸序列N末端有一个20个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽序列,成熟蛋白包括一个Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂结构域。采用QRT-PCR对鳗弧菌和藤黄微球菌感染后海湾扇贝血淋巴中Aikunitz 的mRNA的表达量进行了检测,结果发现其在鳗弧菌刺激后3h到9h持续上升,9h时表达量为PBS对照组的4.49倍(P=0.008<0.05),然后开始下降,在72h时表达量为对照组的0.24倍(P=0.021<0.05);而在藤黄微球菌刺激后3h到12h其表达量上升,其中6h时为空白组的5.95倍(P=0.0004<0.01);12h以后迅速下降,其中24h的表达量为对照组的0.38倍(P=0.028<0.05)。将Aikunitz基因编码的成熟蛋白按照重组CfKZSPI-12的方法进行重组表达,并对重组蛋白进行抑制蛋白酶和抑菌活性分析。结果发现其对胰蛋白酶和弹性蛋白酶两种丝氨酸蛋白酶都没有抑制作用。抑菌实验同样发现,重组Aikunitz 对供试的革兰氏阳性菌藤黄微球菌和革兰氏阴性菌鳗弧菌和大肠杆菌都不显示明显抑菌活性。
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本研究构建了迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)LSE40 基因组fosmid文库,该文库共包含2 500个克隆,插入片段平均大小为33.6kb,文库总容量约84Mb,覆盖E.tarda LSE40基因组(按5Mb计算)超过16倍。随机挑取1 000个fosmid克隆进行双末端测序共得到1 741条高质量的序列,序列平均长度546 bp,全长949 997bp,约为E.tarda基因组的19%。将这些序列提交到KEGG自动注释服务器KAAS对所得序列进行代谢途径分析,得到E.tarda LSE40的KO (KEGG Orthology) 注释。分析结果表明,与代谢途径相关的基因有932条序列,与环境信息处理相关基因283条,与遗传信息处理相关基因220条,与细胞进程和人类疾病相关的基因分别为64条和16条。同时将序列进行BlastX,按照微生物致病性共同主题找到61个毒力相关基因。Fosmid文库的建立和部分基因组序列的生物信息学分析为进一步研究E.tarda LSE40的致病机制、代谢机制和生理生态机制提供了丰富的物质基础。 通过比较基因组的方法,从E.tarda LSE40 fosmid文库克隆到编码寡肽透过酶的opp基因簇,该基因簇全长6 741bp,含有5个ORF,依次编码OppA-B-C-D-F 5个蛋白;位于oppA和oppB的间隔区和oppF之后的非编码区各有一个茎环结构,推测分别为oppA和opp基因簇的转录终止子。以细菌OppA的保守结构域SBP_bac_5构建系统发生树,结果显示E.tarda LSE40与同属细菌E.ictaluri的亲缘关系最近,与肠杆菌科细菌的亲缘关系较近,与革兰氏阳性细菌的亲缘关系较远,表明OppA的SBP_bac_5结构域可作为细菌分类鉴定的依据。 从E.tarda LSE40 fosmid文库克隆aroA基因全序列,该序列全长1 287bp,编码428个氨基酸,与鲶鱼爱德华氏菌(E. ictaluri)氨基酸相似性在94%,与其他肠杆菌科菌如Escherichia coli和Yersinia enterocolitica相似性在73%-74%。通过In-frame deletion构建了E.tarda LSE40 aroA缺失突变株。与野生型相比,aroA突变株的半数致死量LD50提高了62倍。在牙鲆接种~106cfu/ml的E.tarda细菌时,接种野生型细菌的牙鲆在6天内全部死亡,濒死鱼的细菌数达7.97×108cfu/ 100mg;而接种aroA突变株的牙鲆没有出现死亡,28天后检测不到细菌的存在。实验结果为进一步评价aroA突变株作为减毒活疫苗打下了基础。
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本研究运用RT—PCR技术,首次从大熊描Ailuropoda melanoleucu的肌肉组织总RNA中成功克隆了核糖体蛋白S15(RPS15)基因的表达序列.并对其进行了初步分析。结果表明:大熊猫RPS15基因的表达序列全长为442bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为438bp,编码145个氨基酸,该蛋白的分子量为17.0401KDa,等电点为10.3,含有2个依赖于cAMP和cGMP的蛋白激酶磷酸化位点,5个蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点,4个N-酰基化位点及1个RPS19蛋白signature位点。进一步分析发现,大熊猫RPS15基因的表达序列及其编码的氨基酸序列与已报道的部分哺乳动物具有很高的相似性。
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The x- and y-type high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits are conserved seed storage proteins in wheat and related species. Here we describe investigations on the HMW glutenin subunits from several Pseudoroegneria accessions. The electrophoretic mobilities of the HMW glutenin subunits from Pd. stipifolia, Pd tauri and Pd strigosa were much faster than those of orthologous wheat subunits, indicating that their protein size may be smaller than that of wheat subunits. The coding sequence of the Glu-1St1 subunit (encoded by the Pseudoroegneria stipifolia accession PI325181) was isolated, and found to represent the native open reading frame (ORF) by in vitro expression. The deduced amino acid sequence of Glu-1St1 matched with that determined from the native subunit by mass spectrometric analysis. The domain organization in Glu-1St1 showed high similarity with that of typical HMW glutenin subunits. However, Glu-1St1 exhibited several distinct characteristics. First, the length of its repetitive domain was substantially smaller than that of conventional subunits, which explains its much faster electrophoretic mobility in SDS-PAGE. Second, although the N-terminal domain of Glu-1St1 resembled that of y-type subunit, its C-terminal domain was more similar to that of x-type subunit. Third, the N- and C-terminat domains of Glu-1St1 shared conserved features with those of barley D-hordein, but the repeat motifs and the organization of its repetitive domain were more similar to those of HMW glutenin subunits than to D-hordein. We conclude that Glu-1St1 is a novel variant of HMW glutenin subunits. The analysis of Glu-1St1 may provide new insight into the evolution of HMW glutenin subunits in Triticeae species. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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King, R. D. and Wise, P. H. and Clare, A. (2004) Confirmation of Data Mining Based Predictions of Protein Function. Bioinformatics 20(7), 1110-1118
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Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormally high concentrations of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDLcholesterol) in the blood that can contribute to heart disease. FH can result from a defect in the gene for the LDL receptor (LDL-R). FH patients lacking functional LDL-R may benefit from viral-mediated transfer of a functional copy of the open reading frame (ORF) of the LDL-R. Since a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is not immunogenic and can be mass-produced, it shows promise for gene therapy applications. AAV6 and AAV8 have been shown to specifically transduce hepatocytes in several species, which normally remove the majority of LDL-cholesterol from the blood via LDL-R-mediated endocytosis. Because of the potential of rAAV to treat FH by delivery of a correct LDL-R ORF to hepatocytes, the liver specificity of these two AAV serotypes was evaluated. Additionally, rabbits were chosen as the animal model for this study because a specific strain of rabbits, Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL), adequately mimics the pathology of FH in humans. Exposure of rabbit liver to rAAV with the marker LacZ and subsequent inspection of liver tissue showed that AAV8 transduced rabbit liver more efficiently than AAV6. To assess the feasibility of producing a rAAV capable of transferring the LDL-R ORF to rabbit hepatocytes in vivo, rAAV8-LDL-R was mass-produced by a baculovirus system in suspension grown insect cells.
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Aminobacter lissarensis CC495 is an aerobic facultative methylotroph capable of growth on glucose, glycerol, pyruvate and methylamine as well as the methyl halides methyl chloride and methyl bromide. Previously, cells grown on methyl chloride have been shown to express two polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 67 and 29 kDa. The 67 kDa protein was purified and identified as a halomethane:bisulfide/halide ion methyltransferase. This study describes a single gene cluster in A. lissarensis CC495 containing the methyl halide utilisation genes cmuB, cmuA, cmuC, orf 188, paaE and hutI The genes correspond to the same order and have a high similarity to a gene cluster found in Aminobacter ciceronei IMB-1 and Hyphomicrobium chloromethanicum strain CM2 indicating that genes encoding methyl halide degradation are highly conserved in these strains. (c) 2005 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier, B.V. All rights reserved.
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Reverse genetics has facilitated the use of non-segmented negative strand RNA viruses (NNSV) as vectors. Currently, heterologous gene expression necessitates insertion of extra-numeral transcription units (ENTUs), which may alter the NNSV polar transcription gradient and attenuate growth relative to wildtype (Wt). We hypothesized that rescuing recombinant Sendai Virus (rSeV) with a bicistronic gene might circumvent this attenuation but still allow heterologous open reading frame (ORF) expression. Therefore, we used a 9-nucleotide sequence previously described with internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity, which, when constructed as several repeats, synergistically increased the level of expression of the second cistron [Chappell, S.A., Edelman, G.M., Mauro, V.P., 2000. A 9-nt segment of a cellular mRNA can function as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and when present in linked multiple copies greatly enhances IRES activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 1536-1541]. We inserted the Renilla luciferase (rLuc) ORF, preceded by 1, 3 or 7 IRES copies, downstream of the SeV N ORF in an infectious clone. Corresponding rSeVs were successfully rescued. Interestingly, bicistronic rSeVs grew as fast as or faster than Wt rSeV. Furthermore, SeV gene transcription downstream of the N/rLuc gene was either equivalent to, or slightly enhanced, compared to Wt rSeV. Importantly, all rSeV/rLuc viruses efficiently expressed rLuc. IRES repetition increased rLuc expression at a multiplicity of infection of 0.1, although without evidence of synergistic enhancement. In conclusion, our approach provides a novel way of insertion and expression of foreign genes in NNSVs. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) belong to the genus Circovirus, family Circoviridae. and are the smallest non-enveloped, single stranded, negative sense, circular DNA viruses that replicate autonomously in mammalian cells. Two types of PCV have been characterised, PCV1 and PCV2 and these two viruses show 83% sequence identity at open reading frame (ORF) 1 and 67% identity at ORF2. PCV1 is a nonpathogenic virus of pigs. In contrast, PCV2 has emerged as a major pathogen of swine around the world. The discovery of PCV1 and how the subsequent studies on this virus eventually led to the recognition and characterisation of PCV2, and the disease scenarios associated with PCV2, serve as a model of how multidisciplinary collaboration among field veterinarians, diagnosticians and researchers can lead to the rapid characterisation and control of a globally important emerging disease. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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We report the isolation in cell cultures of two novel bocavirus species in pigs from farms in Northern Ireland with clinical postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). We have designated the isolates as porcine bocavirus-3 (PBoV3) and porcine bocavirus-4 (PBoV4). To date 5082 and 4125 bps of PBoV3 and PBoV4 have been sequenced, respectively. PBoV3 and PBoV4 show nucleotide homology to other known bocaviruses in swine and other organisms. Open reading frame (ORF) analysis has shown that these viruses have a third small ORF, equivalent to the NP1 ORF that distinguishes the bocaviruses from other parvoviruses.
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Immunoreactive T lymphocyte epitopes within the ORF1, ORF2, and ORF 3 products of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) were mapped. For this, overlapping linear 20-mer peptides were synthesized and tested for their ability to induce T lymphocyte proliferation in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from experimentally PCV2-infected pigs. After a preliminary screening of 31 (ORF1), 23 (ORF2), and 10 (ORF3) peptides using PBMCs from 4 PCV2-infected pigs, none of the peptides appeared to be immunoreactive (stimulation index [SI] : 2) in all four pigs. Only 14 peptides appeared to be immunoreactive in 3 of the 4 pigs. These peptides were designated as immunodominant in the preliminary screening and selected for further analysis. The immunodominant peptides were resynthesized and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography and tested for their ability to induce T lymphocyte proliferation in PBMCs from another three PCV2-infected pigs. None of the immunodominant peptides appeared to be immunoreactive in all three pigs of the second screening. Only three peptides appeared to be immunoreactive in two of three pigs, two encoded by PCV2 ORF1 (amino acid residues 81-100 and 201-220) and one encoded by PCV2 ORF3 (amino acid residues 31-50), and were therefore considered to be immunodominant in both screenings. Although peptides encoded by ORF2 appeared to show the highest immunoreactivity in some pigs, none of these peptides displayed immunodominance in both screenings. In summary, the present study indicates that the T lymphocyte responses to PCV2 are primarily directed toward epitopes of the nonstructural proteins of ORF1 and ORF3.